Scientific Revolution Research Articles

A STRUCTURE FOR HISTORY: REFLECTIONS FROM KUHN’S HISTORIOGRAPHIC STUDIES

In the present work, we aim to analyze Lorraine Daston’s critiques of the historiographical value of Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: we will defend its relevance from the attacks of “the history of contingencies”. Daston’s proposal asserts that the Kuhnian historiographical programme of professionalizing the history of science (moving it towards history departments to the detriment of science departments) has been fulfilled but has resulted in the abandonment of the Hegelian spirit from Kuhn’s historiography, i.e. the search for “a structure” of the history of science has been abandoned. We will analyze and incorporate the recent responses from K. Brad Wray and Pablo Melogno. Finally, through a thorough analysis of the relationships between philosophy and the history of science, particularly in Kuhn’s work, we will propose a defense of the systematic and explicit use of metatheoretical structures for historiographical endeavors.

Violence and the public narratives of history of science

The value of the humanities is severely limited by outmoded chronological frameworks, which continue to dominate public discussion and educational curricula while being rejected in current research. Even in adjacent academic fields, the history of science is often understood as a series of revolutions, particularly the much-criticised ‘Scientific Revolution’ of the 17th century. The view of science as a sequence of dramatic revolutions, famously articulated in the work of Thomas Kuhn, originated around 1900 in attempts to market a Eurocentric view of science-based industrial progress. It is, however, seriously misleading. The key issue is violence. The concept of scientific revolutions locates epistemic violence within specialist communities, obscuring the role of the sciences in colonial conquest and in silencing other ways of knowing. (This article is published in the thematic collection ‘The arts and humanities: rethinking value for today—views from Fellows of the British Academy’, edited by Isobel Armstrong.)

Domesticating Human Capital

This article investigates the consumption of knowledge in early modern Amsterdam. A dataset of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century probate inventories is employed to examine the synergies and inequalities between the skilled and educated middle classes and the intellectual elites. A series of democratisation waves in the ownership of books, writing equipment, and measuring tools confirms the unprecedented levels of basic literacy and numeracy skills in the urban centres of the early modern Low Countries revealed by research on signature proficiency and age heaping. The concentration of secular books and advanced knowledge objects in the hands of a small but growing group of affluent households, on the other hand, corresponds to other research that has fixated instead on the role of upper-tail human capital in scientific, technological, and economic progress. Yet, the relatively low value estimates of libraries and scientific instruments, together with a more qualitative examination of two amateur scientists of middling background, dovetails with the hypothesis that the Dutch Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment were marked by a close interaction and mobility between craftsmen and scientists. An above-average income and enough leisure time to develop intellectual interests could be sufficient for inhabitants of Amsterdam to cross the Rubicon from consuming to (re)producing knowledge.

The permanent global crisis of working-class social reproduction: ten propositions

The maintenance and reproduction of the working class remains a necessary condition for the reproduction of capital. But the capitalist may safely leave this to the labourer’s drives for self-preservation and propagation. (Marx [1867] 1976: 718) The capitalist mode of production gives rise to a crisis of working-class social reproduction from the outset, and continually exacerbates that crisis in the course of its development. Far from being in principle a crisis for the capitalist mode of production itself, then, crises of working-class social reproduction are the empirical effects of changes in the capitalist economy, reflecting capitalist power over the fate of the propertyless population. The inherent characteristics of the capitalist mode of production – competition between individual capitals, uninterrupted scientific and technological revolution, an ever-increasing division of labour on local to global scales, the constant process of ‘creative destruction’ as obsolete capitalist enterprises die and new ones are born, the universalisation of commodity production, concomitant to proletarianisation and the creation of a permanent ‘reserve army of labour’, and the tendency for capital to invade and take over any form of production more ‘primitive’ than itself – all continually disrupt areas of social and economic activity within capitalist social formations and those which capitalism has not fully penetrated yet. The effect of state government policies and governance on the part of international organisations is to induce or exploit crises of working-class social reproduction in order to further the hegemony of capital over their own territory and the world market as a whole.

Substitution or creation? Identifying the role of artificial intelligence in employment

Recognising the significant role of artificial intelligence in the labour market is essential for China to develop sustainably. The research utilises the mixed frequency vector auto-regression (MF-VAR) technique, which would innovatively incorporate data at different frequencies into one model to identify the intricate correlation between the monthly artificial intelligence index (AII) and the quarterly unemployment rate (UR) in China. Through comparison, the MF-VAR method has a more substantial explanatory power than the low-frequency VAR (LF-VAR) model, the impulse responses of the former reveal that AII exerts favourable and adverse influences on UR. Among them, the positive effect occurs on the AII in the first and second months. In contrast, the negative one appears on the AII in the third month, highlighting that artificial intelligence has both stimulating and inhibiting effects on the labour market in China. By analysing UR’s predictive error variance decomposition, the total impact of China’s artificial intelligence technology on employment is a substitution; this outcome is accordant with the theoretical dis¬cussion. In the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, meaningful recommendations for China would be put forward to avert the wave of unemployment brought by the development of artificial intelligence technology.

Leveraging Large-scale AI Models for Transforming China's Marine Industry: A TOE Framework Analysis

As an important driving force leading a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change, artificial intelligence is becoming a hot spot. Promoting the deep integration of "artificial intelligence + ocean" will help build a world-class Marine artificial intelligence industry cluster with global competitiveness. How to effectively apply artificial intelligence to the Marine industry to solve the problems of resource redundancy and information island caused by industrial agglomeration is urgent for innovation and breakthrough. In this paper, TOE and modified T-TOE framework are used to analyze the above problems, and the following conclusions are drawn: 1) From the perspective of technical factors, intelligent information technology plays an important role in promoting the construction of large-scale models at the level of hardware and software; From the perspective of organizational factors, enterprise digital transformation and open sharing platform play an important role in supporting organization construction. From the perspective of environmental factors, policy support and market orientation play an important role in encouraging the construction of large models. 2) From the perspective of T-T, the breakthrough and application of technology need to balance the contradiction between development and conflict; From the perspective of T-O, intelligent supply-demand matching and transition resistance have both positive and negative effects; From the perspective of T-E, there is a problem of actively promoting multidimensional interactive innovation and achieving a balance. Relevant studies provide new ideas for the comprehensive development scenario of Marine industry and inject new impetus into the development of Marine industry.

Legacies of States and Social Revolutions

Forty years after its publication, Theda Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions confronts us with a series of questions: Are social revolutions different today compared with 50 years ago, and if yes in what ways and why? What is the state of the study of Revolutions in political science and sociology? More generally, how do we understand and relate to social revolutions in the post-Cold War world? Why do we pay more attention to civil wars now compared with then – and vice versa? If the 40th anniversary of Theda Skocpol’s path-breaking book forces these questions on us, answering them opens up fundamental concerns about how we approach the study of social phenomena and the way we are embedded, as social scientists, into the politics of our world.

Современная цивилизация и перспективы ее развития (к 90-летию В.С. Степина)

The article attempts to combine the ideas of civilizational development formulated by V.S. Styopin with various civilizational concepts and ideas of macrosociology that became widespread in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. An interdisciplinary study of the problems of civilizational development in the era of post-non-classical science allows to show how the philosophical ideas and concepts of V.S. Styopin correlate with the ideas and concepts of representatives of social and humanitarian disciplines, including domestic and foreign sociologists. The importance of ana­lyzing the problems of civilization is largely due to the fact that they affect not only science, i.e. field of knowledge, but also the development of social reality and re­flect the changes that have occurred in Russia and the world – global antagonisms in politics, culture, everyday life. V.S. Styopin, presenting the genesis of the deve­lopment of world civilization, called our time an era of transformation of the type of civilizational development, or an era of transition from one type of civilization to another. Representatives of macrosociology, history, and political science reveal the genesis, structure, and values of the current civilization – the one that Styopin called technogenic – and analyze it in general and at local levels (including the lo­cal Russian civilization), also emphasizing the historicism and variability of any type of society. In terms of their significance, the civilizational ideas of V.S. Styopin can be considered as Russian contribution to the development of the philosophical, scientific and humanitarian revolution of our time

The Ethics of Astrobiology and the Cosmic Bet Argument

Stephen Weinberg posited in 1977 that as the universe becomes more comprehensible, it appears more meaningless owing to a strict division between facts and values. He seemingly overlooked the consideration of the purposes and values of intelligent life in examining its ability to influence the universe's development. The scientific revolution, initiated by Copernicus's heliocentric hypothesis and furthered by Darwin's theory, shifted humanity's perceived place in the cosmos, removing the sacred. However, developments in astrobiology and discoveries related to the Fermi Paradox and the Rare Earth Hypothesis are hinting at humanity's significant role in the universe, suggesting we might be the only intelligent species. This paper argues that advancing scientific knowledge reinforces the hypothesis of human exclusivity and importance in the cosmos, making the potential sixth mass extinction cosmically significant and underscoring the imperative of human persistence in the cosmos.

The nature, causes, and effects of skepticism on technology diffusion

Although skepticism is involved in technical change and scientific revolutions, surprisingly, the literature lacks a systematic analysis of the different forms, causes, and roles of skepticism in the diffusion of innovation.This paper defines, identifies and models different types and causes of skepticism and their role in technology adoption. The paper identifies and studies: skepticism involving the characteristics of the technology and the producer; skepticism that induces to disbelieve market signal; and comparative skepticism i.e., skepticism produced by an unbalance relationship between the perceived complexity of the problem and the solution.Among the theoretical findings of the paper and regarding skepticism on market signals, we found that the non-differentiability and oscillation of diffusion rates occur if individuals use the information on diffusion rates as proxy of the probability of technology working and modify this probability according to their skepticism.

Analysis of the Path to Promote the Integrated Development of the Digital Economy and The Real Economy in the New Era

With the continuous development of economy and society, China's digital economy, as a separate concept, has become a driving force to promote the development of the real economy. Promoting the integration of the digital economy and the real economy is not only the main trend of realizing the scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, but also a necessary way to ensure the effective development of China's overall economy. This paper will explain the path analysis of promoting the integration and development of the digital economy and the real economy in the new era, expound the positive significance of the integration of the two, and put forward the relevant paths of the integration of the two.

A pre-Darwinian account of the facial expression of emotion: Thomas Wright's The Passions of the Minde in Generall (1604).

"The study of emotional expression," it has recently been said, "has long been the provenance of scientific discovery and heated controversy" (Keltner et al., 2016, p. 467)-and nothing has been more central to this inquiry than attempts to understand the precise connection between affective experience and human facial expression. But as science moves forward, it is also wise to consider where it has been. This Brief Report reproduces a pre-Darwinian account of the facial expression of emotion from Thomas Wright's The Passions of the Minde in Generall (1604), one of the most interesting books on emotion from the English Renaissance. Before the modern scientific revolution, Wright's theorization anticipates several key aspects of 21st Century thought on the facial expression of emotion, an intriguing reminder of the connection between historical folk understanding and modern research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Nanotechnology Integration in Proniosomal Drug Delivery System

The scientific revolution that nanotechnology has sparked has resulted in the development of novel dosage forms like liposomes, proniosomes, and niosomes. Proniosomes are the formulation of the dry surfactant coated particles that form niosomal dispersion in a hot aqueous medium immediately upon agitation. This article offers a detailed analysis of proniosomes. They simplify transport, delivery, dosage, and storage while also reducing issues in the vesicular system caused by aggregation, fusion, and pharmaceutical leakage. Stability issues plague conventional vesicular structures like liposomes and proniosomes..This novel method showed promise in improving oral bioavailability to direct medication to a specific site by prolonging the drug's half-life in the bloodstream, this prevents harmful side effects. Proniosomes are investigated and discussed as potentially useful drug delivery systems for a range of medicinal and cosmetic uses. The use of nanotechnology in drug delivery is becoming increasingly important in the creation of novel dosage forms. Nanotechnology has focused a lot of attention on vesicular drug delivery systems like liposomes, proniosomes, and niosomes. Proniosomes are the best type of vesicular carrier. These are dry formulations because proniosomes are surfactant-coated, water-soluble carrier particles. In just a few minutes, they are rehydrated and ready for use on agitation in heated aqueous media to form niosomal dispersion right away. Drugs that are lipophilic or hydrophilic can be added to these proniosomes. Proniosomes reduce the physical stability issues associated with niosomes, such as aggregation, fusion, and leakage. These routes include oral, parenteral, dermal and transdermal, ocular, oralss mucosal, vaginal, pulmonary, and intranasal

KANT, FREGE, HILBERT Y LAS FUENTES DEL CONOCIMIENTO GEOMÉTRICO

1. The scientific revolution of the 18th century was based in capability of predicting, using mathematical models, the structure of the spacio-temporal world. From there, aro se the notion of experimental science whose goals are determine wich of the theorical architectures correspond to spatio-temporal facts. 2. Producing the scientific revolution and destroying the psychologism inherent in the realism of Arostotle is the question "What are the mental structures that permit the creation and development ofthe scientific model achieved by mathematico-experimental physics? This is the problem conceming the sources of geometric knowledge proposed by Kant and later by Fregge and still later by David Hilbert. 3. These lead to a new concept of science seen as creativity of the human mind in order to systematize our experience in the spatio-temporal world inhabited by Horno sapiens.

REVIEW of the textbook "Dzoban O. P. Philosophy of science: textbook. Kyiv-Odesa: Phoenix, 2024. 516 p.»

In the information age, when science has become a direct productive force, and the scientific and technical revolution is gaining an incredibly wide scope, the development of problems of methodology and logic of scientific research is considered one of the most urgent tasks. The continuous and constantly increasing flow of scientific research, a significant increase in the number of people engaged in science, modern professional activity in any social field requires specialists to have fundamental knowledge and skills in one form or another to creatively conduct research, use the achievements of science, and improve their qualifications. All this not only stimulates general interest in the problems of scientific knowledge, but also requires the understanding of science at the philosophical level.

Coca in history and the future

Purpose This study aims to question the psychiatric framework currently adopted by governments toward the traditional plants of great cultures, stigmatized by the paradigm of the unfounded psychiatric doctrine and to propose the need for a change of outlook. Design/methodology/approach Documentary research of the “black history” of coca. Documentary research on academic contributions to the revaluation of coca. Findings This brief chronicle of the coca leaf in history, duly documented, proves that its medicinal and energetic prestige was proven and praised by the naturalistic and experimental medicine of the 19th century, a precedent buried by the psychiatric pathologizing version that invented “drug addictions” without any experimental support. Research limitations/implications Psychiatry can be revealed as the authoritarian and unpunished inquisition of the 20th century, in its arbitrary pathologizing version of coca leaf consumption and in most of its professional work. A scientific revolution is taking place (Kuhn, 1962), given that the psychopathological paradigm does not respond to the facts surrounding coca leaf consumption and virtues. The medical perspective must replace the negative psychiatric perspective that the law maintains Practical implications The author concludes that the way out would be to denounce before the Social and Economic Council of the United Nations, with evidence in hand, the fraud in the 1950 UN Commission on Coca Report, due to concealment on information. Social implications Taking advantage of the hygienic and medicinal virtues of plants stigmatized by psychiatry, such as the coca leaf, would put an end to an omnipresent war and give way to peace in the producing areas. Originality/value The questioning of the psychiatric frame of reference adopted by governments to deal with coca leaf consumption has led to the “war on drugs.”

Disruption, transformation and silos: medical humanities and the management gurus

To disrupt, to transform and to break through silos are common sense aims for the medical humanities and other interdisciplinary endeavours. These keywords arise because of the influence upon the...

Can industrial intelligence promote carbon emission efficiency? --empirical research based on the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The rapid development of intelligent technology characterized by robots under the fourth scientific and technological revolution provides a favorable opportunity for the accurate decision-making of urban pollution control and the effective achievement of the goal of carbon emission reduction in China. This research uses the robot penetration rate as a representative and characteristic index of industrial intelligence development, based on panel data from 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) from 2006 to 2020. It then uses panel quantile regression, spatial measurement, and threshold effect models to provide a more thorough theoretical and empirical discussion of the impact, mechanism, and spatial effect of industrial intelligence development on urban carbon emission efficiency (CEE). Urban CEE may be greatly increased with the use of industrial intelligence, and this finding remains true even after endogeneity and robustness tests are controlled; From an action mechanism perspective, industrial intelligence advances technology, optimizes industrial structure, and ultimately enhances regional CEE; There is a Matthew effect on the degree of development of carbon emission efficiency, and the impact of industrial intelligence on CEE is more pronounced in non-resource-based cities and the lower portions of YEB; Urban CEE increases positively with the spatial spillover impact of industrial intelligence development. The ability for regional sustainable development will be significantly increased if cross-regional cooperative prevention and control of environmental governance can be successfully achieved. This study verifies the enabling effect of industrial intelligence development on the improvement of urban CEE, and provides enlightenment for China to improve industrial intelligence development strategies and policies to achieve regional high-quality development.

Philosophy of education, from the epistemological turn to the paradox of pedagogical goals

Through this research paper in the philosophy of education, I try to clarify the close link between the intellectual and scientific revolution with education as the pivotal link of the Enlightenment, that epistemological turn in Europe after the Renaissance and Reformation, and entering the modern era with means and methods completely different from those that prevailed in the Middle Ages, according to which the mind and its faculties are used in everything, and this is only through education, which needed to be renewed according to the modern perspective seeking not only knowledge, but also the real person behind those artificial formations imposed by human tradition.

Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution: a new interpretation of nature?

This article examines the interpretation of nature from the perspective of Francis Bacon (1561-1626), highlighting how his ideas influenced the development of modern science. Francis Bacon proposed a revolutionary approach to scientific and philosophical investigation, emphasizing empirical observation and controlled experimentation. His main work, Novum Organum, published in 1620, introduced the inductive method as a means of discovering truths about nature, criticizing the Aristotelian deductive approach. Furthermore, Bacon emphasized the importance of experimentation as a way to avoid biases and distortions in human thought, introducing the theory of idols to explain the pitfalls of thinking. His contributions to modern science include the promotion of the scientific method and the valuing of experimentation as pathways to seeking truth. It is concluded that the philosopher left an indelible mark on the history of science, reminding us of the importance of empirical observation, experimentation, and the systematization of knowledge, which ultimately influenced the development of science in the following centuries.