Scientific Research In China Research Articles

A preliminary view of some foundational and contemporary research on singing in China: Introducing translations of two contrasting works.

ABSTRACT - This brief essay provides an introduction in historical context for subsequent Chinese translations of two contrasting contributions that focus on the science of singing. first is the translation of a chapter from a classic book by Dr. Jun-Qing Hn who was a pioneer in vocal science research in China. second is a translation of a more recent contribution by Dr.Jing Wu who reports on and compares acoustical analyses of several examples of Chinese and Western Singing. (ProQuest: denotes non-USASCII text omitted.) A famous passage in Huangdi Neijing (the earliest Chinese extant medical text compiled over 2,000 years ago in the Warring State Period, 475-221 B.C.) discusses the relationship between singing and health. It stated that ... (singing can represent the status of the spleen and stomach system) (Wang, 2002). Examples such as this suggest, in a broad sense, that singing science has existed in China for thousands of years. In modern China, Guang-Qi Wang (1927) first introduced music psychology from Germany to China in his article The Psychology of Sound. After that, many Chinese scholars showed great interest in music psychology and contributed to the field. However, as far as I know, most of these works report subjective impressions rather than more objective experiments that would interest readers of Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, ?if Brain, especially in the field of singing and psychology which is the main theme of this volume. In the latter regard, it is Jun-Qing Lin's scientific work on vocal physiology as well as voice training method that stands out. Jun-Qing Lin (1914-2000) was undoubtedly a phenomenon in his time. In addition to being a great singer and singing instructor, Dr. Lin also pioneered vocal science research in China as a result of both his excellent musical talent and medical background. It is widely recognized in China that Jun-Qing Lin founded a Chinese pharyngeal school of singing based on the Italian traditional bel canto methods. Many famous Chinese singers during this time reaped the benefits of Lin's training. His academic influence was continued by Ying-Zhe Zhang (1928-2005); one of whose best students is Fan Zhang. present author was also one of the students of Fan Zhang. Dr. Lin's formal studies on vocal science can be separated into two phases divided by the Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). In the earlier phase, which occurred mainly during the period of the Shanghai Institute of Vocal Music between 1958 and 1965, Dr. Lin's research focus was on the study of Western singing and the Italian pharyngeal voice training method from the perspective of science, especially physiology. He also focused on voice evaluation and therapy. Through his investigations of hundreds of singers, Lin began to establish his unique voice training system. book Scientific Principles of Singing (Lin, 1962/1996), introduced here for the first time in English translation, is his most important contribution at that time. Other significant books of Lin in this phase are Physiology of Singing (1957) and Correct Methods and Reasons for Incorrect Singing Voice (1960). They are available only in Chinese. first edition of Scientific Principles of Singing has five sections. Chapter 1, Introduction, gives a general view of the book. Chapter 2, Physiology of Voice Production in Singing, begins with discussions of breathing, and then, step by step, explores all the physiological processes of voice production in singing; to understand this chapter well, readers should have some basic knowledge of anatomy, acoustics and biomechanics. Chapter 3, Physiology of Pronunciation in Singing, provides detailed information about the physiological principles of vowel and consonant pronunciation in singing; in order to understand this chapter well, it would be helpful for readers to have a prior background in phonetics and acoustics. After an introduction highlighting achievements in vocal science of singing by both Western colleagues and the author himself in the first three chapters, Chapter 4, Artistic Application of the Voice, turns to discuss the application of vocal science to singing. …

In Remembrance: Professor Qian Ying‐Qian (1932–2010)

In Remembrance: Professor Qian Ying‐Qian (1932–2010)

The development of grain storage scientific and technical research in China and relevant theory exploration

China is a major grain producer as well as a major grain consumer in the world. Grain storage was always highly regarded, and a long history and abundant management experience of grain storage and relevant theory has been accumulated in China. The development of grain storage scientific research in China in the twenty-first century had been summarized in this paper. Grain-storage safety theory and the establishment of Chinese grain storage ecological system is also discussed. New ideas on grain-storage research for the future are also introduced. Keywords : Grain, Storage, Theory, China

Protein science research in China

Proteins are major executors of life processes, carrying out essential and nonessential functions inside and outside of the cell, in species ranging from simple unicellular organisms to mammals. Thus, not surprisingly, studies of structure and function of proteins span the entire spectrum of molecular biology and modern biomedical sciences in general. Due to historical reasons, protein science research in China was isolated and limited in scope until late 1970s. In the last two decades, China has seen an outburst of research activities, government initiatives, and aggregation of human talents in protein science research. This article provides an overview of major initiatives in research funding, investment in infrastructures, and research forces for protein science research in China.

A historic review of management science research in China

The development of management science (MS) in China has been a long and dynamic journey involving many unexpected events. Beginning in 1955 and continuing through the present, the revolution roughly consisted of four stages. The first stage (1955–1965) was characterized by large-scale campaigns. Critical path method (CPM) and optimum seeking method swept the country resulting in astonishing economic efficiencies. The Cultural Revolution halted MS during the second stage (1966–1976). The third stage (1977–1992), began when the door to the outside world was officially opened, but half-closed due to Tiananmen Incident later, and re-opened again owing to spirit of Deng Xiaoping's speech in Southern China. The fourth stage (1992–present) has pushed MS into almost every field, accelerating national modernization. The impact of research by many scholars is evidenced through history by examples that include conducting war, building dams, and developing postal service routes.

On trategic administration for original biomedical science research in China

21世纪将是生物医学的时代,科学的学科结构重心将转移到生命科学领域.近10多年,我国生物医学科学发展虽在总体上不尽如人意,但也在国际生物医学科学部分领域占据了一定的有利位置,具备了冲击国际前沿的一定基础.要想在21世纪由科技大国变成科技强国,需要确立原创性研究目标,需要从5个方面加强原创性生物医学科学研究的战略管理:科技经费投入需要高比例、多渠道、强重点,充分发挥大学在国家基础研究中的主要作用,努力形成生物医学科学在学科领域中的优先地位,极力培养一批世界级的生物医学科学家,尽力营造竞争、合作、创新的学术环境。

Library and information science research in China

This study is to quantitatively analyze the research activity in the area of Chinese Library and Information Science (LIS) from 1975 to 2004 based on Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Results show that there are increases in both the number of papers and the quality of publishing channels. It was higher than the world average for Chinese research effort in LIS area. About 79% of the total LIS papers in China were from universities. The web of science (WOS) journals are representative for the Chinese LIS publications in general. The quantity and quality of papers from Hong Kong were higher than that from Mainland China. About half of the papers from China were completed through either international or domestical collaborations. The major collaborators were from Europe and North America and the higher quality of collaborations were from Oceania and North America.

A Tribute to Jia Lanpo (1908-2001)

Born during the twilight years of China’s last imperial dynasty, Jia Lanpo was known nearly universally to his Chinese-speaking colleagues and students as Jia Lao, a referent of supreme respect that may be translated roughly as Elder Jia. In the traditional Chinese worldview—still very much central to the ways in which ethnic Chinese reckon social relationships, irrespective of their national origins—one accumulates wisdom and, consequently, reverence with advancing years. In middle age, Jia Lanpo had become as cholar and mentor of such universal respect that the more common age-based honorific, Lao Jia (Older Jia), and the equally formal, though less adulatory, forms of address—Jia Jiaoshou (Professor Jia) and Jia Laoshi (Teacher Jia)—were no longer often used in reference to this truly extraordinary man. By the beginning of his tenth decade, Jia Lanpo was lauded for his scholarly accomplishments and leadership qualities by scores of Chinese and foreign scientists alike (e.g., Clark 2002 : 261–263; Wei 1999; Wen 1999). Assessing the significance of Jia Lanpo’s scientific research in China and its impact on global paleoanthropology is no simple task. As Dennis Etler has so correctly observed in his definitive obituary, Jia Lanpo ‘‘. . . was an indefatigable worker and meticulous scholar, the author of hundreds of scientific and popular articles, treatises, and books detailing archaeological discoveries in China spanning over six decades’’ (Etler 2002 : 297). Understanding Jia and his contributions requires contextualization on several historical and social levels. Many Western scholars assume that Chinese academics of Jia’s generation labored solely under restrictive intellectual paradigms ranging from virtual foreign domination in the years prior to 1949 to hard-line MarxismLeninism–Mao Zedong Thought during and immediately after the repressive decade known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). In spite of the fact that the bulk of Jia’s scholarly career played out during an isolationist period, when China had very little o‰cially sanctioned scientific interchange with the Western world, the earliest and latest phases of his life were conspicuously influenced by regular and fruitful collaboration with a wide range of non-Chinese and non–Communist Bloc colleagues. Like scholars everywhere, Jia Lanpo was in measure a product of his intellectual milieu, especially that of his formative years. The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), the smallest of the many diverse

Governing Marine Scientific Research in China

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has created a consent regime for coastal states to manage, control, and promote marine scientific research in offshore areas within their national jurisdiction. China, as a party to the Law of the Sea Convention, has promulgated laws and regulations on foreign-related marine scientific research conducted within its jurisdictional waters. This article addresses the legal regime on marine scientific research in general and the Chinese legal governance in particular.

Fish science research in China: How does it compare with fish research in India?

Fish and aquaculture research in the People’s Republic of China over the six years 1994-1999 has been mapped using data from six databases – three abstracting services and three citation indexes. The results are compared with fish science research in India. During the six years China has published 2035 papers (roughly 4.5 –5% of the world output) and India 2454. More than 95% of China’s papers are journal articles, compared to 82.8% of Indian papers. About 78% of China’s journal paper output has appeared in 143 domestic journals compared to 70% from India in 113 Indian journals. Less than one-eighth of the journal articles published by Chinese researchers are published in journals indexed in SCI, compared to 30% of journal articles by Indian researchers. Less than a dozen papers from each of these countries have appeared in journals of impact factor greater than 3.0. Fish research institutes and fishery colleges are the major contributors of the Chinese research output in this area. In India academic institutions are the leading contributors (61%), followed by central government institutions (>25%). Qingdao, Wuhan, Beijing and Shanghai are the cities and Shandong, Hubei and Fujian are the provinces contributing a large number of papers. As we do not have addresses of all authors in most of the papers, we are unable to estimate the extent of international collaboration. Although China’s research output and its citation impact are less than those of India, China’s fish production and export earnings are far higher than those of India. Probably China is better at bridging the gap between knowhow (research) and do-how (technology and creation of employment and wealth). China is pretty strong in extension.

Materials Research in China: Successes and Problems

What is known in the West about materials research in China? In an introductory essay to this special issue, the guest editors sketch past events that have affected scientific research in China, in particular during the twentieth century, and outline the current situation of researchers there. Recent improvements are noted and confidence is expressed that these will continue. Finally, the editors hope that this special issue will encourage more western materials scientists to interact and collaborate with their colleagues in China.

Redrawing China's Intellectual Map: Images of Science in Nineteenth-Century China

REDRAWING CHINA'S INTELLECTUAL MAP: IMAGES OF SCIENCE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY CHINA David C. Reynolds Conventional wisdom has it that China failed twice to adopt Western science and technology: first, when the Jesuits, beginning in the seventeenth century, brought knowledge of pre-Renaissance Western mathematics and astronomy to China; second, in the post-Taiping Rebellion period (1865-) when Western Protestant missionaries offered the Chinese knowledge of postRenaissance Western science and technology. These early attempts to bring science and technology to China floundered, in the conventional account, on the shoals of traditional culture and Confucian orthodoxy. Only the iconoclasm of the New Culture period (1915-1927) which discredited Chinese tradition and substituted science as the "functional equivalent" of Confucianism provided the cultural conditions necessary for the emergence of a nascent, but weak, scientific community in China.1 If these conventional accounts are correct in their argument that the formation of a scientific community and institutions of scientific research in China awaited the twentieth century,2 their explanations of the earlier "failures " are misleading. As recent research has demonstrated, many in the community of "evidential scholars" (k'ao-cheng) that developed in the lower Yangtse valley during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw science as a legitimate form of intellectual work.3 Other research has suggested "resonances " between traditional learning and modern science.4 If traditional culture and Confucian orthodoxy did not impede the scientific interests of many 1Goldman and Simon 1989; Baum 1982. 2Jonathan Porter (1982) argues that "by the late seventeenth century scientific activity in China evinced many characteristics of a continuous and systematic social activity." Nonetheless, as he points out, this nascent scientific community was at best ill-defined and fragile. Science "was not yet perceived as a form of knowledge having inherent goals" and "the social status of scientists remained imperfectly differentiated, and often linked to nonscientific activity." Only in the twentieth century did a fully professionalized community of scholars who self-consciously saw themselves as "scientists" emerge in China. See Buck 1980 and Reynolds 1986. 3Elman 1984:62-64, 79-85. 4Henderson 1980; Henderson 1986. Late Imperial China Vol. 12, No. 1 (June 1991): 27-61© by the Society for Qing Studies 27 28David C. Reynolds important 17th and 18th century scholars, other research strongly suggests that China's "failure" to undergo a scientific revolution may be as much the result of the inability of the Jesuits to introduce Copernican and Newtonian science as the results of any limitations imposed by "Confucianism."5 Paradoxically , China's "failure" in the pre-Taiping Rebellion period was, perhaps, more a Western failure than a Chinese failure. Like their counterparts in the pre-Taiping period many Chinese in the late Ch'ing were eager to see science as a legitimate interest for Chinese scholars. Their efforts, as this essay will demonstrate, succeeded in creating intellectual space for science in China.6 Traditional culture and Confucian orthodoxy did not impede the creation of that intellectual space. Rather, the very complexity and diversity of China's traditional culture allowed nineteenth century writers to adopt rhetorical strategies that provided a sense of legitimacy for science within the Chinese intellectual world. The rhetorical strategies adopted in post-Taiping writings on science can be seen as a part of the institutional construction of science in China. According to Thomas Gieryn, rather than viewing science as an institution as an objective social fact, an institutional contructivist approach to science sees science as socially constructed in that its "definitions, relationships, values, and goals are negotiated by ordinary people in ordinary settings."7 Like functionalist approaches to the institutionalization of science, social constructivist approaches stress the importance of differentiation. However, constructivism differs from functionalism in its "attention on actor's constructions of institutions like science, on what people mean when they use the words science, scientist, or scientific."8 This approach leads to a focus on "rhetorical accomplishments " : "Processes of differentiation are to be found in the actor's discursive efforts to draw 'maps' of their society that show overlapping, contiguous , or distanced institutional territories-and in their efforts to persuade others that this or that map is reality."9 Gieryn's application of an institutional contructivist approach to...

Professor Brookes' work and information science research in China

Professor Brookes' work and information science research in China

The light of imagination: Mavis Gallant's fiction

This intriguing volume brings together written versions of the papers given at an innovative interdisciplinary conference held in Honolulu in 1987 on the ways in which we have perceived and continue to perceive nature. The organizers selected a group of some twenty-five scholars from disciplines as disparate as philosophy and economics, anthropology and poetry, biology and history, and from parts of the world as distant as Australia and China, to bring their different perspectives to bear on this question. The papers reflect that diversity, ranging through conventional essays, autobiographical reflections on life with the gorilla, Koko, statistics about the growth of scientific research in China, to a dialogue of poems. The editor has sensibly grouped them topically and prefaced each section with an invited overview essay. The main topics are perceptions of landscape, perception as projection of self, poetry as a way of perceiving the universe, domination and cooperation between man and nature, perception and representation, literary natures, and sound, mind, and sight. Given my own historical interests, I was particularly taken with I. S. MacLaren's vivid description of the often disastrous influence that conditioning in picturesque landscape art had on Arctic explorers, and with James Romm's unravelling of the ways in which Greeks handled monstrosities and deformities of nature. But there is something in this volume for every kind of interest.

Low temperature education and research in China

University education and scientific research in China are briefly discussed with particular emphasis on and examples from low temperature physics. The report is based on its author's recent visit to Peking, Shanghai, Hangchow, and Nanking at the invitation of Academia Sinica

A New X-Ray Synthesis

S. H. Yü has recently developed a synthesis of X-ray intensity data which, it is claimed, has certain advantages over the Patterson synthesis. An account of the method has been published in NATURE (June 6, 1942, p.638). S. H. Yu and C. P. Ho have illustrated the synthesis by a detailed treatment of iron pyrites (Science Records, Academica Sinica, 1 ; 1942). In a further study, submitted to NATURE, they have investigated the effect of the approximations necessary in practice, and the conditions for obtaining satisfactory results from the new method. It is necessary to use a mean value for the variation of atomic structure factor with angle; that given by the Thomas-Fermi atom proves to be a sufficient approximation. For a good determination of the atomic parameters the edge of the unit cell must be divided into at least 100 parts. For the synthesis described in NATURE it is necessary to know at least 13 orders of h00 to get a good result, but it is shown that it is possible to modify the method so that it is applicable to a smaller number. Yü and Ho are to be congratulated on maintaining scientific research in China in difficult circumstances, and the application of the method to unknown structures will be awaited with interest.

Scientific Research in China: The Academia Sinica

‘ACADEMIA SINICA’ is the official dcsignation for the Central Research Organisation established by the National Government in Nanking in 1928. According to its charter, it is the highest institution for scientific research in China. In the mind of its founders it is to be a sort of Academy of Sciences, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft combined. Unlike all the other institutions, it is independent of political control, for it docs not come under any Ministry or Board, but is directly responsible to the National Government, which means the President of the Republic. It also functions as the highest national organisa-tion for conferring honours upon individuals and institutions both at home and abroad that have distinguished themselves in science. For the purpose of directing and co-ordinating scientific activities in China, there is a council consisting of thirty members, selected from among the scientific workers of the country, and a certain number of ex-officio members who have also the right to elect candidates for the presidency of the Academia Sinica.