Scientific Procedures Research Articles

Critical approach for drafting scientific paper procedures & practice

In today's informative age, producing a well-structured scientific paper is critical for ensuring that research is read, well understood, and valued. This work focuses on the key components of a modern scientific article, providing practical advice on structure, writing, and formatting in the classical IMRAD style (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). By following this methodology and resolving frequent issues, researchers can create clear and impactful papers that stand out in a academic orbit. Target writing for a scientific paper: When you begin writing about your research, begin with a specific target journal in mind. The ability to accurately describe ideas, protocols/procedures, and outcomes are the pillars of scientific writing.

Science teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning related to content and procedural goals

AbstractScience teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning are a vital component of teachers' professional competence and are often assumed to impact classroom practice. To date, these beliefs have been predominantly investigated regarding teaching and learning in general or for a particular science subject (e.g., physics). It remains to be determined whether these beliefs are similar across different goals within a subject. The study reported addresses this question by investigating and comparing beliefs about teaching and learning regarding two prominent main goals of science education: content goals that refer to scientific phenomena, laws, theories, and disciplinary core ideas and procedural goals that refer to scientific procedures and practices. To that end, data from 170 German teachers were collected in 2019 and 2020 with an online questionnaire. After modeling the data and assessing the quality of measurement via Rasch analysis techniques, subsequent t‐tests were employed to compare beliefs. Results reveal that science teachers' beliefs vary between both main goals. For instance, teachers believe that achieving procedural goals requires primarily doing science with lesser relevance of discussing and elaborating with students explicitly the rules and strategies for engaging appropriately in scientific practices (e.g., control of variables strategy). In contrast, teachers believe that for achieving content goals, explicit instruction about corresponding conceptual knowledge is of higher relevance. Furthermore, the analysis reveals differences in teachers' beliefs about their own abilities. Teachers typically believe they are more able to teach and deal with content goals compared with procedural goals. The differences reported may help to understand research on teachers' classroom practice and can inform teacher training and professional development.

The Paradoxical Development of Liberal Governance: International Adoption Policy and Professional Social Work in Authoritarian South Korea, 1953–1976

Abstract This article explores the development of international adoption policy in post-liberation South Korea, emphasizing the roles of American and Korean professional social workers. By analyzing the orphan registry and a pivotal international adoption law, it reveals how international adoption in South Korea presents a unique opportunity to observe the formation of modern social policy in a newly liberated nation during the Cold War. The study argues that adoption policy served as a crucial locus of transnational governance, where American and Korean social workers pursued their liberal ideals of professional social work within the context of the authoritarian policies of the South Korean state. However, their quest for scientific professionalism, standardized procedures, and public oversight led to a paradoxical evolution of adoption policy, diverging sharply from the trajectory seen in Western liberal democracies where social work significantly contributed to the consolidation and expansion of the welfare state. In South Korea, embedded transnationality and ideological mismatch resulted in the state’s further withdrawal and the creation of policy workarounds that undermined the core social work principle of the child’s best interests. This case highlights the complexities and blurred moral boundaries in the shaping of modern governance and the broader journey toward modernity under postcolonial, Cold War conditions.

Imagen y poder: debates historiográficos en la reconstrucción del rostro de Bolívar (1825-2012).

Through the exhumation of Simón Bolívar's remains in 2010, two historically established facts were sought to be reformulated: the cause of his death and his corresponding physiognomy. The replacement of the portrait made by Gil de Castro in 1825 with a 3D image was part of a strategy in which scientific procedures and historical discourses were used to strengthen a nationalist mythology. From political history and visual studies, this article addresses the two faces of the Liberator, as well as the debates between historians and politicians, in order to reflect on the role of images in the reconfiguration of the events of the past in light of the political ideologies of our time.

Organizational conflict management scale for first division league football players in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The importance of the study is to crystallize the concept of organizational conflict management by developing an organization conflict management scale for the first-division club players in the Kurdistan Region who face conflict through the game and matches. In addition, the players of the first-division clubs under study may benefit from this study in developing their level and getting rid of the difficulties of negative competition, and thus ascending and raising their performance and achieving the best results which helps them increase scientific knowledge of organizational conflict management in matches and its effects and how to confront and address it in a positive way. This study aims to develop an organizational conflict management scale for the first-division club players in the Kurdistan Region, using the descriptive approach in the survey method for its suitability with the nature of the study. Eighteen clubs from the first- division league of Kurdistan Region- Iraq season (2021-2022) were selected as a community of the study. The building sample (292) players were selected in a simple random way (draw) from the basic research sample. The sample of the exploratory experiment was chosen (27) players from Koya sports Club using the intentional method. Mean (M), standard deviation (SD), percentage (%), simple correlation and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used as a statistical analysis by using (SPSS). Attaining the organizational conflict management scale that the researcher developed through the scientific procedures followed in building the standards, The number of paragraphs of the scale was (46) paragraphs and the distribution of paragraphs on (4) areas.

Teachers’ Perceptions of the Degree of Practicing Organizational Justice among Physical Education and Sports Sciences Department Heads in Selected Universities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The research aims to prepare a measure of organizational justice among department heads of colleges of physical education and sports sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view of teachers, and to identify the level of organizational justice among department heads of colleges of physical education. Physical education and sports sciences in some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view of teachers. The descriptive approach using the survey method for its suitability and the nature of the study. The research community was identified using the intentional method of teachers in the College of Religious Education and Sports Sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq for the academic season (2023-2024), numbering (5) colleges. The researchers used the following statistical parameters to find the results of their research. Using the statistical package (SPSS) (percentage - arithmetic mean - standard deviation - simple correlation coefficient - Spearman Brown), the results were obtained by preparing a measure of organizational justice among heads of departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view Teachers through scientific procedures. The number of items in the scale was (28) items, distributed over (4) dimensions. The heads of departments of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences of some universities in the Kurdistan Region have a high level of practicing organizational justice.

A bibliometric review of functional ingredients and their efficacy in developing functional biscuits

Introduction Numerous studies have concluded that the functional ingredients benefit human health. Similarly, present times have seen exponential growth in functional food in bakery product segments like breads and biscuits. However, there is a lack of information on functional ingredients and their usefulness in developing functional bakery products. This bibliometric study addresses this gap by identifying the current research trends in functional ingredients. Objective To investigate current research trends on functional ingredients and their usefulness in developing functional biscuits. Method The study followed the “Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews” standards for retrieving literature. The study went through three major stages, “assembling”, “arranging”, and “assessing” to retrieve 612 articles from the Scopus database from 2013 to 2023. Through further filtering, 395 articles were selected. Result The analysis was conducted using R Studio and VOS viewer. The performance analysis and science mapping tools were used to evaluate the articles. The results showed a 5.76% annual growth in publication trends. The most researched functional ingredients were antioxidants, bioactive compounds, and dietary fiber. The review summarized the most studied foods used to develop functional biscuits and highlighted the most experimented technological advancements. Conclusion The study revealed the need for future research studies on functional ingredients with a focus on studying the implications of technical implications of technical advancements in extracting functional ingredients from foods. The study highlights the significance of future studies based on the acceptance of functional biscuits and their sensory properties focusing on the mass population. The study derives the knowledge on possible applicability of functional ingredients in developing new formulations from publications and their usefulness in developing new formulations. This insight on the applicability of functional ingredients provides an opportunity for biscuit/cookie manufacturing to boost consumption among the population to a new ascending graph.

Mapping Green Supply Chain Practices: An Extensive Bibliometric Review with the SPAR-4-SLR and TCCM Framework

Purpose: The growing global awareness of environmental sustainability and the threat of climate change has prompted organisations to embrace green supply chain practices (GSCP) to minimise their ecological footprint and improve their competitive edge. The primary objective of this study is to offer a comprehensive, insightful analysis of the GSCP utilising the TCCM (theory, context, characteristics, and methods) framework. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study conducts an extensive bibliometric analysis, incorporating the TCCM framework and SPAR-4-SLR (Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews) protocol, to delve into the dynamic field of GSCP spanning 2004 to 2023. Findings: This article offers a nuanced exploration of the intricacies of GSCP research dynamics, shedding light on influential articles, distinguished authors, prominent academic institutions, publication sources and nine key thematic research clusters that have had a substantial impact and propelled this pivotal domain forward. TCCM framework is used to construct an all-encompassing citation network, elucidating five significant domains guided by the theoretical framework. These domains include social and economic theories, resource and strategy theories, innovation and change theories, systems and interdisciplinary theories, and management and organisation theories. Every subcategory within the GSCP realm represents a distinct and unique facet and is supported by an individual theoretical framework and scholarly contribution. Practical Implications: The findings from the bibliometric review yield significant insights for researchers and green supply-chain practitioners. This article aims to guide future research endeavours and policy formulation by evaluating the existing knowledge base and pinpointing diverse research avenues. It underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among academics from different domains to address the complex aspects of sustainability in supply-chain operations, thus highlighting the multidisciplinary character of green supply-chain research. Originality/Value: To the best of our knowledge, this review study is the first to present a bibliometric analysis of GSCP using the TCCM framework and the SPAR-4-SLR protocol.

Beyond samplism: Rethinking the field in exposure science.

Given the many forms of environmental pollution that have accompanied the global spread of industrial capitalism, there is an urgent need to carry out extensive assessments of the potential toxicity of many compounds on human and nonhuman populations. However, the scientific procedures developed to carry out such assessments present several critical shortcomings that greatly diminish their capacity to protect populations at risk. Through an ethnographic analysis of two field campaigns centered on the assessment of polluted sites in northern Chile, this article will reveal that these campaigns are embedded in what we can call samplism. Contrary to approaches that see fieldwork as generative spaces for knowledge creation, samplism radically simplifies the field into a neutral space for the collection of singular and well-defined lab-bound samples. However, samplism entails that multiple field phenomena relevant for assessing pollution levels are left completely unaccounted for, which greatly diminishes exposure science's overall capacity to help improve the lives of those in need. Thus, exposure science urgently needs todevelop more capacious forms of engagement with the field, an ecological fieldwork that truly represents the complexity of forces and processes behind contemporary processes of pollution and damage.

ESG investing & firm performance: Retrospections of past & reflections of future

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to investigate the current state of the literature on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing, and study the impact of ESG ratings on firm performance. Corporate sustainability has evolved as a concept and is increasingly being integrated with investment analysis. The present study performs a systematic literature review (SLR) using the theory, context, characteristics, and methodology (TCCM) framework to provide valuable insights and research directions in the context of ESG investing. The review is based on 198 articles published from 2010 to 2022 and follows the scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR‐4‐SLR) protocol using the Scopus database. Further, the research also re‐examines the empirical studies based on ESG as a determinant of firm performance using a meta‐analytical approach. The research findings suggest a positive impact of ESG ratings on firm performance. However, an intriguing discovery surfaced when empirical studies were segmented according to the ESG rating methodologies provided by Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters. The purpose of this research is to offer a comprehensive and collective scholarship of the subject by adopting a mixed‐method approach. Further, it provides a conceptual framework, thereby linking the various elements of ESG investing and explaining the channels of transmission of ESG translates into value creation for the shareholders. It encompasses extensive research agendas discussing barriers to ESG implementation, the materiality of ESG practices, informativeness of sustainability reporting, sustainability performance, and sustainable underpinnings.

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar PAK dengan Menggunakan Model PBL pada Kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Belimbing

This research is motivated by the lack of maximum student learning outcomes in Catholic Religious Education subjects in Class VII SMP Negeri 1 Belimbing. Efforts to improve learning outcomes in Catholic Religious Education are continuously developed by the government and schools through curriculum improvement. This Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model is designed with stages of solving problems, students will explore the concepts they must master themselves, and students are activated to ask questions and argue through discussions, hone investigative skills, and undergo other scientific work procedures. The purpose of this research is designed to develop effective learning strategies and determine the learning outcomes of students in Catholic Religious Education subjects with the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model. The mode of this research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of one meeting and four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The research subjects consisted of 12 students of class VIIA SMP Negeri 1 Belimbing. Data collection techniques were in the form of tests and observations. Data analysis and processing techniques are carried out periodically at the end of each cycle, the technique used in data analysis is descriptive qualitative. The success indicators in this study can be seen from the abilities and activities of students while learning by using the PBL model from the achievement of students' scores at the end of the cycle with indicators of proficient = 40%, capable = 50%, feasible = 10% and newly developing = 0% students are also expected to be able to reach the target with a score of 48 on each indicator of a sense of responsibility. The results of this study can be concluded that the results in cycle one there were 3 students in the advanced category with a percentage of 25% increased, in the second cycle there were 5 people who were in the advanced category with a percentage of 42%. Thus it can be concluded that using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) method can improve the learning outcomes of Catholic Religious Education class VII students at SMP Negeri 1 Belimbing.

Dimensions of ethical consumption: A systematic review and future outlook

AbstractUN's sustainable development goals view ethical consumption as a multi‐dimensional construct addressing production and consumption‐related sustainability challenges. The present study is the first to assimilate the five dimensions of ethical consumption—concern for environment, love of organic, preference for fair trade, regard for animal welfare, and anti‐consumption/boycott movements—in a single review. This framework‐based review using Theory‐Context‐Characteristic‐Methods (TCCM) and employing Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR‐4 SLR) protocol, thoroughly synthesizes the state of knowledge, identifies research gaps and proposes directions for future research in ethical consumption. The authors review 123 articles from 2000 to 2024 sourced from SCOPUS by thoroughly examining antecedents, mediators, moderators, outcome variables, and interrelationships for all five dimensions. The authors recommend applying new consumer personality theories instead of familiar frameworks, adopting qualitative methods and longitudinal designs with multicultural and cross‐national focus, and testing novel mediation and moderation mechanisms in clarifying interrelationships.

Deciphering the growth of digital payment adoption: an extensive SPAR-4 bibliometric exploration

Purpose This study aims to perform a detailed bibliometric analysis of digital payment adoption and map the trends and growth in this field by examining seminal works, conceptual foundations and intellectual networks. Design/methodology/approach The Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR-4-SLR) technique was applied to retrieve 1,016 journal articles from Scopus and Web of Science (2003–2023). Diverse performance analyses and science mapping methods were performed using the Biblioshiny package in R to gain a comprehensive understanding of the field’s knowledge base. Findings The findings reveal a significant increase in scholarly interest, marked by a surge in publications and citations in recent years. Co-citation and factorial analysis identified distinct research clusters, delineating core themes and suggesting future research avenues relevant to theoretical exploration in digital payment technologies. Originality/value This study is a groundbreaking effort to explore the adoption of digital payment through bibliometric analysis. It uniquely addresses key domains for science mapping, including intellectual and conceptual structures. These innovative findings provide valuable insights for future practitioners, academics and aspiring researchers in the field.

Human Self: Structure of the Recognition-Behaviour Model-System Working with Language-Metabolism and Significance Induced by Symbolical Figuring the Meta-Model-System

Science organizes the recognizable targets of objects and phenomena in the testable form, and it functions to understand, define, quantify, visualize or simulate properties of the target in the syllogistic-hierarchy of framing, modeling, and explanation with sound inferences of language. Human Self maintaining the homeostasis is defined in the thinking-frame. The physical Self is the substantial model-system defined in the physical frame, and the mental Self is the recognition-behavioral model-system defined in the psychological frame. The recognition-behavioral model-system that was analyzed via the scientific procedure, was considered to perform language-metabolism with the thinking-codes of homology-/simplification, clustering, operation and modeling, which are mounted in the Modeling-layer of Neuronal Network of the brain, with economic and stubborn manner coming from the biological characteristics. Systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of systems complex-networked interrelated and interdependent components. Human Self is the meta-model-system complex-networked the functional single-model-systems. The mental Self that was re-defined corresponding to the physical/psychological model-system coming from Chinese philosophy and Chinese traditional medicine, developed to the neuro-psychological Self under the idea of Systems theory. Neuro-psycho-pharmacological effect of the anti-epileptic agents Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine and Valproate on Exceed Stimulation-amplify of patients suffering from Bipolar-disease, which was not clear until recently, was compatibly explained via the neuro-psychological Self. Finally, the emergent neuro-psycho-pharmacological explanation was considered to be induced by symbolically-figuring the neuro-psychological Self in the neuro-psychological frame.

Mathematical Methods for Control Systems in Electrical Engineering

Control frameworks are exceptionally imperative in electrical building since they make it conceivable to absolutely control and move forward complicated gadgets and forms. This unique talks almost essential scientific procedures that are required to get it and construct control frameworks within the field of electrical designing. Through science structures, it appears vital thoughts like criticism control, soundness examination, and framework optimization. Differential conditions, which depict how energetic frameworks carry on, are the building squares of control frameworks. These conditions appear how framework variables are associated to each other and how quick they alter over time. They are utilized to ponder how frameworks move and remain steady. These forms decide how electric circuits, engines, generators, and other critical parts of advanced innovation foundation work in electrical building employments. The thought of control gives us ways to form these frameworks more steady, controlled, and successful. Differential conditions can be effectively interpreted into the recurrence space utilizing strategies like Laplace changes. This makes it simpler to think about how frameworks react to distinctive inputs and changes. This alter makes it less demanding to figure out framework exchange capacities, which makes a difference when making controls that alter how frameworks carry on to meet execution objectives. Steadiness investigation too makes beyond any doubt that controlled frameworks work reliably and typically indeed when conditions alter. Strategies like root locus, Nyquist measure, and Bode plots offer assistance us get it the limits of a system's steadiness and how it reacts, which is vital for making beyond any doubt it works well and anticipating undesirable variances or insecurity.

A profissão de sociólogo-sociologia: Os preceitos teórico-prático, as práticas técnicas e os procedimentos profissionais do conhecimento do mundo humano

In the nineteenth century, with the constitution of the capitalist system, social life coexisted with a situation of crisis and social pathologies that put at risk the very sociability of the political system in evidence. At this time, philosophical and naturalist thinkers and intellectuals considered the need for a field of scientific study that would study the causes and origins of social disturbances and problems: sociology emerges – the science of the direction and orientation of society. Its institutionalization process resulted in the professionalization of the sociologist or social scientist and in the school constitution of vast areas of teaching and research. Today, the training of the sociologist is outdated for the resolution of contemporary problems, mainly due to some theoretical-methodological inconsistencies that have not yet been diagnosed or defined with greater precision and methodical systematicity, such as, for example. the theme of subjectivity that has brought all kinds of forms of erratic perceptions and left social science at the mercy of all kinds of antagonism, oppositions and ambiguities of divergent interests and points of view. With the use of the hypothetical-deductive-inductive method of social science and procedures of methods and techniques of investigation, it was identified that social science was constituted on solid bases of scientific foundations that go back to ancient Greek thought, and as Auguste Comte had announced, when he defined the dimension of the social as an objective unit of sociology, conferring to its objectivity the maximum degree, even going so far as to call sociology – the science of the direction and organization of society – as social physics and social mathematics for its high level of sociological precision of its scientific procedures in line with the interpretations and explanations of the course of events, facts or phenomena of life in society

Scientific Mapping of Audit Committee: A Bibliometric Analysis

The audit committee (AC) literature has witnessed significant growth and evolution leading to ongoing debates and controversies surrounding the functions of ACs. The study uses bibliometric analysis (scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews protocol) to create a scientific map of ACs using 922 papers from the Web of Science database from 1998 to 2022. The analysis uses specialized tools like Biblioshiny and VOSviewer for performance analysis and academic mapping. The results show that particularly AC is a dynamic area of study, with the United States having the highest number of publications and the United Kingdom being the most influential contributor. The cluster analysis of bibliographic connections reveals prominent themes in the document, and the authors reveal that corporate governance, AC, directorship, board composition, firm performance, and earning management themes are in trend and individual ACs’ functions have been less explored. JEL Classification: M41, M42

Sosialisasi Teknik Penyusunan Proposal Penelitian bagi Mahasiswa

The purpose of community service (PkM) in the form of this socialization activity is to provide understanding to students about the importance of knowing and understanding matters related to the preparation of research proposals. This is done so that students do not experience significant obstacles and difficulties while making the research proposal. Of course, the preparation of a research proposal is preceded by the selection and determination of a research title that must be understood by students, because the research title will direct students to be able to conduct research in accordance with scientific procedures. The title of the research was obtained through the findings of problems that occurred in the community until later the problems obtained were raised as a topic of discussion to be used as a research title for students. Then, it was also explained about the rules for writing the correct research proposal in accordance with the university rules. Participants in this socialization activity are students of the Sharia Banking Study Program Semester VI of 2024. This socialization activity was carried out face-to-face in the Sharia Banking Student Proposal Seminar room. This socialization activity was carried out by providing basic material and discussing in groups about research proposal preparation techniques which were preceded by finding various topic problems that occurred in a community environment so that they could be used as research titles.

Blockchain and Smart Cities for Inclusive and Sustainable Communities: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review

Smart cities are urban areas that leverage technological solutions to enhance traditional network management and efficiency to benefit residents and businesses. Based on the Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR-4-SLR) protocol, this study presents a systematic literature review aimed at analyzing the existing literature on smart cities research. The literature review specifically focuses on the impact of blockchain technology on the urban environment and its potential to contribute to the development of inclusive and sustainable communities, including financial systems and infrastructures with similar characteristics to serve these societies. The findings reveal a lack of studies on the practical applications of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), particularly blockchain, that specifically focus on the urban context capable of developing the (financial) ecosystem of smart cities. To address this gap, a future research agenda is proposed, highlighting several research questions that could guide academics and practitioners interested in exploring the development of smart city systems, with particular attention on the financial framework.

Pharmaceutical Market Access in Latin America: Analyzing Approval Requirements in Three Key Nations: Ecuador, Dominican Republic and Nicaragua

: This article presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks governing the approval of pharmaceuticals in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Nicaragua. It delves into the intricate scientific terminology and complex procedures inher-ent in these regulatory systems, shedding light on the demanding requirements that pharmaceu-tical companies must fulfil to secure market access in these countries. Employing a comparative approach, the article explores both the analogy and differences in the approval processes, focus-ing on factors such as safety standards, efficacy assessments, clinical trial prerequisites, post-marketing surveillance, and overall transparency. The findings contribute to a deeper under-standing of the scientific accuracy and ongoing efforts towards regulatory harmonisation within the pharmaceutical industry across these countries. Furthermore, this study aims to define the regulatory requirements for drug approval in the LATAM region, explicitly emphasising the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Nicaragua. It provides insights into the current pharmaceuti-cal market landscape in Latin America, compares the regulatory requirements for drug approval in these three countries, and offers guidance on preparing dossiers for obtaining authorisation of pharmaceutical drug products. By examining the similarities and differences in regulatory stand-ards, this article facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the stringency ratios between these countries and assists companies in navigating the specific regulatory landscapes to achieve suc-cessful drug approvals