Scientific Objectives Research Articles

IMPORTANCE OF AAHAR AND AAHAR VARGA W.S.R. SHOOK DHANYA VARGA AS PER CHARAK SAMHITA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE PRESENT ERA

Ayurveda is the science of the knowledge of life and the art of life. The uniqueness of Ayurveda is that it sets values on physical, mental, social and spiritual health. Every living and non-living being in this world/universe are composed of five basic elements in the Panch Mahabhoota, namely Earth, Fire, Water, Air and Ether and this is well known that all goods and medicines are also made of Panchmahabhoot. 1 So the Panchbhautik components of ingested food nourish the body and their respective tissue elements in the body as well. Aahar is the best of all medicines, and the preventive and curative aspects of Ayurveda revolve around the theme of food (Aahar), firstly, later Vihar and Vyasan. The journey of hibernation from the bandage of living can be achieved only through the path of food because food is the Life of living beings. The entire living world runs towards food. All things, physical (Built, confirmation, strength, beauty and complexion ) and mental (Happiness, calmness, satisfaction, intelligence and Goodness ), depend on food. All things are obtained from food only. Hence it is proved that the basis for achieving the desired and eternal objective of Ayurveda science is first of all the food is consumed by man and then the medicine and then the Vihar, Vyasan and medicine.

Historical Forms and Principles of Democracy

Examines the political view and historical forms of democracy, democratic values and the democratic regime. It is impossible to give a one-sided definition of democracy - one can observe its versatility in a full reflection of its essence. If we understand it from the point of view of political science, then it manifests itself as a form of state in all its manifestations. This tradition originates from ancient political thought. The methodological basis of the study is relativity, systematicity, scientific objectivity, historical, social and other principles.

Analytical solution for optimal protocols of weak drivings

One of the main objectives of science is the recognition of a general pattern in a particular phenomenon in some particular regime. In this work, this is achieved with the analytical expression for the optimal protocol that minimizes the thermodynamic work and its variance for finite-time, isothermal, and weak processes. The method that solves the Euler–Lagrange integral equation is quite general and depends only on the time-reversal symmetry of the optimal protocol, which is proven generically for the regime considered. The solution is composed of a straight line with jumps at the boundaries and impulse-like terms. Already known results are deduced, and many new examples are solved corroborating this pattern. Slowly-varying and sudden cases are deduced in their appropriate asymptotic limits. Comparison with numerical procedures is limited by the nonavailability of the present methods of the literature to produce solutions in the space of distributions.

A holistic approach for efficient greener in-space propulsion

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for designing in-space propulsion systems, integrating four criteria: global propulsive performance, environmental impact, cost efficiency, and architectural reliability. The study focuses on the emerging class of Orbital Transfer Vehicles to illustrate the application of this method. By examining the synergistic potential of OTVs and greener propellants, the paper addresses different mission scenarios, including LEO, GEO, and lunar missions, with both scientific and commercial objectives. The proposed framework aims to go beyond traditional cost-centric approaches, offering a more complete evaluation method for early design phases. A case study comparing three liquid bipropellant options, pressure-fed MON-3/MMH, 98%-HTP/RP-1, and self-pressurizing N2O/Ethane, demonstrates the utility of the tool. Findings suggest that scientific missions benefit most from 98%-HTP/RP-1, while traditional propellants remain preferable for cost-driven commercial missions to GEO and the Moon, though greener alternatives are competitive for less demanding LEO missions. This innovative framework aims to guide the selection of propulsion systems to achieve greener space missions, aligning traditional performance figures with environmental responsibility.

EXPLORING SCIENTIFIC TRUTH THROUGH THE LOGIC OF SCIENCE IN VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

This research has several objectives, namely: (1) to know Science in the perspective of Islamic philosophy; (2) to know science in the perspective of the Qur'an; (3) to know science in the Western perspective. The method used to explore this uses a literature study method with qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study are three, namely (1) The characteristics of Islamic epistemology about science are belief in spiritual power, having a harmonious relationship between reason and revelation, interdependence of reason and intuition, Theocentric orientation, and associated Values Development; (2) science in the perspective of the Qur'an is illustrated in Q.S Imran : 190 and Al-Baqarah: 29; (3) Epistemology in the Western view suggests that the concept of science is based on logical principles, hypothesis generation, and verification process. There are three theories of truth, namely coherent truth theory, correspondence theory, pragmatic truth theory. In addition, there are material objects and formal objects in science. The contribution of this research describes how truth can be explained in various perspectives so that the truth becomes scientific.

Where does the balance lie? Scientific, societal, and individual goals of citizen science projects

Citizen science is growing rapidly with positive outcomes documented for ecological research, conservation, policy, innovation, and increased citizen stewardship. This rapid increase provides an opportunity to reflect on the characteristics of citizen science projects and determine their diverse goals, practices and outcomes. This paper focuses on the perspective of those initiating and leading citizen science projects in the third largest growing citizen science landscape – Australia, discussing the varying goals, outcomes and impacts. Findings from the statistical and thematic analysis of an online questionnaire (for multiple-choice and open-ended questions respectively), demonstrate the Australian citizen science landscape as growing exponentially, dominated by ecological and biodiversity projects, yet mostly local in scope and limited in numbers of participants. Individual and community goals such as education, raising awareness and public engagement, were found to be the focus of most citizen science projects, whilst scientific developments and policy advancement were often considered secondary goals. Projects leaders describe inherent tensions in managing projects and balancing their many goals. For example, public engagement was concurrently considered a benefit of citizen science enabling non-scientists participation in science discourse and research, and a challenge in recruitment, retention and ongoing communication with citizens scientists. The findings underscore the imperative of striking a balance between scientific rigor, policy objectives and societal aims, for advancing the vision of citizen science and maximizing its effectiveness and ecological impact. This relevance extends globally, urging nations from the Global North to the Global South, to consider replicating and adapting these approaches for broader societal benefit.

ISAND: AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY ANALYSIS (IN THE FIELD OF CONTROL THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS)

This paper describes the approaches underlying ISAND, an information system for scientific activity analysis in the field of control theory and its applications. ISAND is being developed at the Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences. The ISAND ontology is oriented toward the representation and collection of knowledge in the field of control theory and its applications, namely, scientific knowledge (the ontology of control theory) and knowledge related to the scientific activity of agents (organizations, journals, conferences, and individual researchers) in this field. Based on this ontology, the ISAND architecture is a complex program system to collect, store, and analyze publications and their metadata from external sources. The ISAND algorithm for building the thematic profiles of scientific objects (publications, researchers, organizations, journals, and conferences), as well as ISAND text processing and network analysis capabilities, are presented. Finally, the main possibilities of using ISAND are considered.

Data homogeneity impact in tree species classification based on Sentinel-2 multitemporal data case study in central Sweden

ABSTRACT Spatial information on forest composition is invaluable for achieving scientific, ecological, and management objectives and for monitoring multiple changes in forest ecosystems. The increased flow of optical satellite data provides new opportunities to improve tree species mapping. However, the accuracy of such maps is affected by training data, and in particular on the homogeneity of individual classes. Thus, we evaluated the effect of data homogeneity in tree species classification. We performed tree species classification by considering different ways to partition data into tree species classes. The class sets considered were (i) only mixed coniferous and mixed deciduous forest classes, (ii) single-species classes, (iii) single-species, mixed coniferous and mixed deciduous classes, and (iv) single-species, mixed coniferous and mixed deciduous classes and a true mixed class. Using data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, we varied the threshold that defined dominating species. Tree species were classified for a study area in central Sweden using Sentinel-2 data and two classification approaches: Bayesian inference and random forest (RF). Images were selected by class separability and the most informative images based on variable selection with RF. The most informative images tended to be selected by both methods. However, in forests with tree species of similar spectral behaviour, image selection on the basis of class separability was found to be more reliable. More accurate classification results were achieved as the number of classes decreased and the threshold of plot purity increased. The Bayesian classification approach of only mixed coniferous and mixed deciduous classes gave the highest OA, always greater than 90%. When discriminating between pure plots of Birch (Betula spp.), Spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), the best OA values were 84% for Bayesian and 80% for RF. In more complicated scenarios, RF resulted in higher overall accuracies (OA).

What is race? Epistemic ambiguity and liberal international order

Abstract There is increasing interest in how anticolonial actors advanced a norm of racial equality in mid-century formations of liberal international order (LIO). Less attention, however, is afforded to simultaneous epistemic conflicts over the scientific object of ‘race’ and their political effects. During postwar order-building and alongside political struggles for racial equality, there was wide and deep scientific debate on the analytical utility of race as a means to categorize human diversity. Race, I demonstrate, was rendered as epistemically ambiguous, caught between social scientists and philosophers who understood it as a social construct akin to ethnicity and natural scientists who maintained a biological basis. This split was not confined to academic debate but shaped political and normative struggles over the institutionalization of racial equality in LIO. Adopting an object-oriented approach, I argue that the epistemic ambiguity of race generated political effects, at once permitting the reproduction of colonial logics in LIO as well as providing latitude for strategies of resistance. Rather than a linear causal effect, I empirically map the work that epistemic ambiguity performed in the creation of mid-century international order.

The metaphysics of mechanisms: an ontic structural realist perspective

Existing metaphysical accounts of mechanisms commit to the existence of objects or entities posited in scientific theories, and thus fall within the category of maximal metaphysics. In this paper, I demonstrate the incompatibility of object-based metaphysics of mechanisms with the prevailing trend in the philosophy of physics by discussing the so-called bottoming-out problem. In response, I propose and flesh out a structuralist metaphysics of mechanisms based on Ontic Structural Realism (OSR), which is a kind of minimal metaphysics. I argue that the metaphysical underpinnings of mechanisms are structures, whose metaphysical nature is elaborated through comparison with existing metaphysical theories of mechanisms. After that, I address the concern of whether objects in mechanisms can be accommodated in my account by invoking existing metaphysical theories of objects in special science by structuralists, such as Ladyman, J., & Ross, D. (2007). Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized. Oxford University Press.)’s real pattern account, and suggesting a potential alignment between OSR and processual ontology. Finally, I demonstrate how my view can naturally serve as the metaphysics for Mechanism 2.0 and be applied to systems biology.

Women's participation in health care development in Dagestan in the 1960s: history, problems

Satisfaction of the increased demands of medical institutions for trained doctors and secondary medical workers, ensuring gender equality in this socially significant matter, especially in its Muslim regions are considered to be the most important factors in the effective development of healthcare in modern Russia. This necessitates the analysis and use of the positive experience of previous decades. In this context, the experience of multinational Dagestan in the development of healthcare, including increasing its human resources, is of exceptional scientific, theoretical and practical interest. In this research, for the first time in regional historiography, an attempt is made to analyze the experience of the Republic's authorities in meeting the requests and needs of healthcare institutions in the personnel of medical workers in the gender aspect in the 1960s.The article is based on the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism, descriptive and systematic research methods are used, which allowed us to recreate a full-fledged picture of the topic under study.The analysis of the factual material allowed us to come to a reasonable conclusion that despite the objective difficulties and unresolved issues in the economic and socio-cultural development of Dagestan in the decade under review, there have been significant positive changes in the development of healthcare, including meeting the requests and needs of healthcare institutions for personnel with higher and secondary medical education. During this period, despite the decrease in the proportion of women in the medical staff, they continued to prevail. However, as it is traced in the article, by the end of the analyzed decade, significant difficulties and unresolved issues remained in the Republic in meeting the needs of healthcare institutions for medical personnel and secondary medical workers from among women, primarily Dagestanis, in rural areas.

Analysis of Factors Causing Students Learning Difficulties in Learning Science

This study employed a mixed method to analyze learning difficulties faced by students in seventh-grade science subjects and identify factors that cause them. This study was conducted on 96 students in the first semester. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The result of this study indicated that the form of a ranking of the science material in seventh grade in the first semester from the most difficult to the easiest; Heat and Its Transfers, Temperature and Its Changes, Matter Classification and Its Changes, Classification of Living Things, Energy in Living Systems, and Scientific Objects and their Observations. While the factors that cause it are internal and external factors. Internal factors include psychological aspects such as talent, interest, and emotions; and physiological aspects like minor health problems. External factors cover the family conditions; the school environment, such as learning media and infrastructure; and the community, such as the use of social media.

Pacifism, the Science of Peace, and the Constitution of War as a Governance Problem

Abstract Conflict prevention is a core item on the agenda of major international organizations and fora. In this article, I trace how war became a problem accessible to international governance. Adopting an object-centered approach to international relations (O-IR), I argue that war’s constitution as a problem of international governance unfolded in three interrelated processes. Firstly, pacifists and philanthropists designated war as a scientific object, thus giving rise to a “science of peace.” Secondly, scholars and pacifists compiled statistics on war, thus translating it across contexts and representing it as a global phenomenon. Statistics helped to make war accessible to advocacy and policymaking as an object of expertise. Thirdly, peace advocates problematized war as a governance object by representing it as a cost-benefit problem and a major cause in the reversal of economic development. By tracing the historical development of war as an epistemic object that can be investigated systematically, an object of expertise that can be measured and compared, and an object of governance that can be manipulated, this article bridges the strands of O-IR that have previously only focused on either knowledge and expertise or governance. Further, it adds to peace and conflict scholarship by providing an intellectual history of the prevention idea and its entanglement with modernism. Finally, it advances broader IR scholarship by offering an analysis of the role of scientific developments and nonstate activism in producing ideas and enabling policy agendas.

Scientific Objectivity and Its Limits

Measurement outcomes provide data for a physical theory. Unless they are objective they support no objective scientific knowledge. So the outcome of a quantum measurement must be an objective physical fact. But recent arguments purport to show that if quantum theory is universally applicable then there is no such fact. This calls for a reappraisal of the notions of fact and objectivity. If quantum theory is universally applicable the facts about the physical world include a fact about each quantum measurement outcome. These physical facts lack an ideal kind of objectivity but their more modest objectivity is all that science needs.

Idea, Action, and Outcome

Abstract Idea, action, and outcome are identified as the three key objects of social sciences and are also explained as the key tasks of social sciences. Our failure to grasp the ontological differences between these three objects is shown and the fact that explaining them may require different epistemological stands and methodological tools has been a key cause of the sterility of many epistemological and methodological debates. Explicitly differentiating the three objects and understanding that an explanation is required for these different stands and tools therefore provides us with a better picture of the empirical challenges of social sciences and paves the way toward more scientific progress. This discussion also holds important pedagogical value.

Colonial legacies and the British geological survey in cold war South Asia: 1960s–1980s

ABSTRACT This article explores change and continuity in the institutional objectives and actions of the British Geological Survey across independent South Asian countries, namely India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Ceylon/Sri Lanka, and Burma/Myanmar. By focusing on this geographical space from the 1960s, the article tells a political tale of adjustment, in which the colonial background of the British presence in the region was overlain by the Cold War foreground of international competition. The Geological Survey had the required pedigree to prolong the British presence in important technical arenas of these emerging nation-states, albeit within the redefined parameters of development, overlapping interests, and competing benefits. The article sketches the Survey’s history of exchange and collaboration across South Asian countries (except Bhutan), as its projects adapted to national preferences and global pressures. It traces how and why its proposals prioritised certain interactions over others and tracks the ways-and-means through which it pursued geological and attendant commercial aims. The article also attempts to situate these interplays within regional and ideological frames, within which politically conscious technocrats sought capital and influence to reorient earth science objectives so that these could simultaneously accrue national products and generate neo-colonial prestige.

Generalized quantum master equations can improve the accuracy of semiclassical predictions of multitime correlation functions

Multitime quantum correlation functions are central objects in physical science, offering a direct link between the experimental observables and the dynamics of an underlying model. While experiments such as 2D spectroscopy and quantum control can now measure such quantities, the accurate simulation of such responses remains computationally expensive and sometimes impossible, depending on the system’s complexity. A natural tool to employ is the generalized quantum master equation (GQME), which can offer computational savings by extending reference dynamics at a comparatively trivial cost. However, dynamical methods that can tackle chemical systems with atomistic resolution, such as those in the semiclassical hierarchy, often suffer from poor accuracy, limiting the credence one might lend to their results. By combining work on the accuracy-boosting formulation of semiclassical memory kernels with recent work on the multitime GQME, here we show for the first time that one can exploit a multitime semiclassical GQME to dramatically improve both the accuracy of coarse mean-field Ehrenfest dynamics and obtain orders of magnitude efficiency gains.

Multidisciplinary Case Studies of Neuro-Oncology Disorders: Administration, Clinical and Pharmacological, Organizational and Legal, Pharmaceutical Management

This article presents a series of multidisciplinary case studies on neuro-oncology disorders, encompassing aspects such as administration, clinical and pharmacological approaches, organizational and legal frameworks, and pharmaceutical management. A comprehensive plan has been developed for studying neuro-oncology disorders amid comorbid conditions in the context of military conflicts. The research outlines key directions, including the scientific hypothesis, objectives, anticipated innovations, research design, study subjects, methodologies, endpoints, evidence levels, and descriptions of scientific and technical products. Various facets of project effectiveness are detailed, emphasizing the discovery of new correlations between neuro-oncology disorders and comorbid conditions, paving the way for innovative therapeutic methods. The research design includes specific indicators of treatment effectiveness, covering assessment, diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, psychosocial support, psychocorrection, and strategies for professional reintegration. The degree of evidence and effectiveness is thoroughly evaluated. The study is expected to yield highly credible results that will enhance the optimization of neuro-oncology disorder treatments, improving medical, pharmaceutical, social, and economic outcomes. By integrating these multidisciplinary approaches, the research aims to significantly advance the understanding and management of neuro-oncology disorders, particularly in challenging environments such as military conflict zones.

How the INCOSE Model‐Based Capability Matrix Has Steered Model‐Based Systems Engineering Transformation at NASA

AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is embarking on new, complex, and diverse missions to accomplish its scientific and exploration objectives, and it views digital transformation as a key enabler for those missions. The NASA Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Leadership Team (MLT) is leading the charge in the digital transformation of the systems engineering domain at NASA, and it is using the INCOSE Model‐Based Capability Matrix (MBCM) as a roadmap. This paper discusses the modifications and tailoring of the INCOSE MBCM (Hale & Hoheb, 2020) for use at NASA, the process the team has taken on multiple rounds of assessment, findings to date, and work products that have been generated as a result of the assessment. The paper will also discuss findings and potential changes that should be made to the original product.

ICESat‐2 Onboard Flight Receiver Algorithms: On‐Orbit Parameter Updates the Impact on Science Driven Observations

AbstractThe ICESat‐2 (Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite‐2) photon‐counting laser altimeter technology required the design and development of very sophisticated onboard algorithms to collect, store and downlink the observations. These algorithms utilize both software and hardware solutions for meeting data volume requirements and optimizing the science achievable via ICESat‐2 measurements. Careful planning and dedicated development were accomplished during the pre‐launch phase of the mission in preparation for the 2018 launch. Once on‐orbit all of the systems and subsystems were evaluated for performance, including the receiver algorithms, to ensure compliance with mission standards and satisfy the mission science objectives. As the mission has progressed and the instrument performance and data volumes were better understood, there have been several opportunities to enhance ICESat‐2's contributions to Earth observation science initiated by NASA and the ICESat‐2 science community. We highlight multiple updates to the flight receiver algorithms, the onboard software for signal processing, that have extended ICESat‐2's data capabilities and allowed for advanced science applications beyond the original mission objectives.