Science Movement Research Articles

Discussing the Relationship Between Slavery and Racism; How Slavery Causes Racism?

This study aims to demonstrate the Relationship Between Slavery and Racism in terms of how slavery causes racism in four areas; first, the Greek civilisation; second, the son of Noah “Ham” and slavery; third, the scientific movement and racism; and fourth, the slave trade. This study uses inductive, historical, and critical methods to discuss the four headings stated above. The most important conclusion is that the division into those who were Greeks and those who were non-Greeks (barbarians) had led into a belief in Greek superiority emphasised that, and being a member of a superior group gives a right of doing violence towards barbarians. Second, the story of Ham was an excuse for enslaving black Africans and linking blackness with slavery, while this relationship was not known until the seventeenth century. The story supports the idea of discriminating against black slaves and linking colour with social class and prepares Europeans to accept the modern practice of slavery in the Atlantic slave trade. Third, scientists participated in provoking racism to value the European race over other races, considering it as a central race. Forth, The trade slave was the only alternative to a search for cheap labour in order to cover the gap in supply and stem this increase.

Comparing Two Smoothing Approaches in Estimating Kinematic Parameters.

We compare two signal smoothing and differentiation approaches: a frequently used approach in the speech community of digital filtering with approximation of derivatives by finite differences and a spline smoothing approach widely used in other fields of human movement science. In particular, we compare the values of a classic set of kinematic parameters estimated by the two smoothing approaches and assess, via regressions, how well these reconstructed values conform to known laws about relations between the parameters. Substantially smaller regression errors were observed for the spline smoothing than for the filtering approach. This result is in broad agreement with reports from other fields of movement science and underpins the superiority of splines also in the domain of speech.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Movement Sciences in Cognitive Systems

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Movement Sciences in Cognitive Systems

Feasibility of regional center telehealth visits utilizing a rural research network in people with Parkinson's disease.

Impaired motor and cognitive function can make travel cumbersome for People with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). Over 50% of PwPD cared for at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) Movement Disorders Clinic reside over 30 miles from Little Rock. Improving access to clinical care for PwPD is needed. To explore the feasibility of remote clinic-to-clinic telehealth research visits for evaluation of multi-modal function in PwPD. PwPD residing within 30 miles of a UAMS Regional health center were enrolled and clinic-to-clinic telehealth visits were performed. Motor and non-motor disease assessments were administered and quantified. Results were compared to participants who performed at-home telehealth visits using the same protocols during the height of the COVID pandemic. Compared to the at-home telehealth visit group (n = 50), the participants from regional centers (n = 13) had similar age and disease duration, but greater disease severity with higher total Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale scores (Z = -2.218, p = 0.027) and lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (Z = -3.350, p < 0.001). Regional center participants had lower incomes (Pearson's chi = 21.3, p < 0.001), higher costs to attend visits (Pearson's chi = 16.1, p = 0.003), and lived in more socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods (Z = -3.120, p = 0.002). Prior research participation was lower in the regional center group (Pearson's chi = 4.5, p = 0.034) but both groups indicated interest in future research participation. Regional center research visits in PwPD in medically underserved areas are feasible and could help improve access to care and research participation in these traditionally underrepresented populations.

Inter-trial variability is higher in 3D markerless compared to marker-based motion capture: Implications for data post-processing and analysis

Markerless motion capture has recently attracted significant interest in clinical gait analysis and human movement science. Its ease of use and potential to streamline motion capture recordings bear great potential for out-of-the-laboratory measurements in large cohorts. While previous studies have shown that markerless systems can achieve acceptable accuracy and reliability for kinematic parameters of gait, they also noted higher inter-trial variability of markerless data. Since increased inter-trial variability can have important implications for data post-processing and analysis, this study compared the inter-trial variability of simultaneously recorded markerless and marker-based data. For this purpose, the data of 18 healthy volunteers were used who were instructed to simulate four different gait patterns: physiological, crouch, circumduction, and equinus gait. Gait analysis was performed using the smartphone-based markerless system OpenCap and a marker-based motion capture system. We compared the inter-trial variability of both systems and also evaluated if changes in inter-trial variability may depend on the analyzed gait pattern. Compared to the marker-based data, we observed an increase of inter-trial variability for the markerless system ranging from 6.6% to 22.0% for the different gait patterns. Our findings demonstrate that the markerless pose estimation pipelines can introduce additionally variability in the kinematic data across different gait patterns and levels of natural variability. We recommend using averaged waveforms rather than single ones to mitigate this problem. Further, caution is advised when using variability-based metrics in gait and human movement analysis based on markerless data as increased inter-trial variability can lead to misleading results.

THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH IN THE ISLAMIC EAST: NISHAPUR AS A MODEL OF THEOLOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC INNOVATION IN THE FOURTH CENTURY AH

This research provides a concise exploration of “Islamic theology” in Nishapur. The city’s profound impact on Islamic civilization has led it to be recognized as one of the three most influential cities of its time. That is why this study, aims to encompass all the cities, districts, and villages of Nishapur that contributed to the development and prominence of theology through the efforts of its scholars, educational institutions, and cultural centers. Following the Islamic conquest of Nishapur in the 31st year after Hijra (AH), during the time of Caliph Uthman bin Affan, the people of Nishapur embraced Islam peacefully. Subsequently, they actively engaged in scientific pursuits across various fields, including both Experimental and Religious Sciences. However, the share of Experimental sciences, particularly the science of theology, did not attain the same prominence as Religious sciences, i.e. those sciences that focused solely on Islamic jurisprudence. This disparity may be attributed to Nishapur’s, in deed all other Islamic countries at that time, intense emphasis on religious sciences, which often overshadowed other areas of inquiry. Notably, religious sciences, especially those related to the Qur’an and Sunnah, were regarded as the most sublime and beneficial among all disciplines. Nishapur, however, played a pivotal role in the development of Theology as a science. The city established specialized schools, like that of Abi Ishaq Al-Esfrayini (418 AH), which nurtured a community of scholars. These institutions became a sought-after destination for those seeking this unique form of knowledge. In this research, we delve into this aspect of Nishapur, employing a descriptive methodology and relying on analysis and deduction.Our investigation draws upon several key references and research works, including: • “Tabaqat Al-Fuqaha” by Abi Eshaq Al-Sirazi (476 AH) • “Ta’rifat” by Ali bin Muhammad Al-Jirjani (816 AH) • “Al-Ghuniah fi Usul Al-Din” by Abi Saeed Al-Nishapoury (478 AH) • “An Introduction to the Arabic Scientific Movements in the Islamic East” by Dr. Tariq Fathi Sultan and others

TRAINING IN MANAGEMENT SCIENCES AS A COMPLEMENT FOR PROFESSIONALS IN HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCES IN COSTA RICA

Today, rapid, and continuous business growth requires employees who have a deep understanding of the market and can make timely decisions, so it is necessary for employees to receive specific training for this. The objective of this article is to determine the level of training in business administration and management that specialists in human movement sciences have in Costa Rica. A quantitative investigation was carried out in which 108 individuals related to the sciences of human movement participated, who completed the Training Needs Questionnaire. The results of the research show that the participants mostly have little training in entrepreneurship and administration, but they recognize their interest in receiving training in this area.

CORRELATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT METHODS AND PROCEDURES WITH RISK MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEMS

Task. Issues devoted to the delimitation of methods and procedures of related scientific areas: risk management, economic security, management and risk management are studied and researched by many authors. This gives rise to thoughts about a single basic basis for the listed scientific movements. So, the author, in order to avoid constant repetition of listing the scientific directions under consideration in the article, calls them directions, economic categories, etc., but the problem raised by the author of the article is the differentiation of the main elements, in particular methods, procedures, goals, objectives, principles between the studied categories, namely risk management, economic security, management and risk management. The purpose of the article is to systematize the listed elements and consider their duplication in the scientific areas under consideration. Model. The author systematizes, on the basis of those reviewed by modern economists and analysts, as well as classic scientific works, the basic elements of risk management, economic security, management and risk management. An attempt was made to find an answer to the question «are there specific developed methods and techniques for risk management of an organization that would distinguish it from the risk management system and other scientific areas?» Conclusions. Economic categories: risk management, economic security, management and risk management are considered as a single process in economic research, and therefore economists do not have a clear opinion and understanding of the differences between these categories. Practical significance. A comparative analysis of the essence of the main elements of risk management, economic security, management and risk management allows us to determine the most appropriate methods and procedures for the practical application of risk management in organizations. Allows you to develop an understanding of the implementation of risk management principles in organizations to achieve their goals. Originality. The list of goals, objectives, procedures and principles of risk management, economic security, management and risk management has been clarified, expanded and systematized

Improved subjective sleep quality after three months of balance learning in older adults

Improved subjective sleep quality after three months of balance learning in older adults

Auditory Versus Visual Interruptions: A Skeptical Perspective on Auditory Preemption and Suggestions for Advancing Theory

ABSTRACT Auditory preemption applies to the case where a person is engaged in an ongoing visual task and intermittently is required to engage in an additional discrete task. Some research has suggested that an interruption from an auditory discrete task is more damaging to the ongoing visual task than an equivalent interruption from a visual discrete task – a phenomenon that has been described formally as Auditory Preemption Theory. In this critical comment, I review the definition and history of the notion of auditory preemption and survey the most cited literature that has purported to show auditory preemption. I argue that the foundational evidence of auditory preemption has been characterized by shortcomings that weaken or preclude the conclusion that auditory preemption occurred. I argue that there is little evidence that the effect described by Auditory Preemption Theory is a modality effect – findings across laboratory studies appear approximately consistent with what would be expected due to sampling error if no auditory preemption effect exists. Plausible alternate candidates to explain phenomena that have been attributed to auditory preemption include startle responses, cognitive demands associated with speech generation in communication tasks, and possibly social demands associated with human communications. Suggestions from the open science movement to improve methods and theory are applied to the problem of building theories of interruption modalities. These suggestions include methodological reforms and making more explicit auxiliary assumptions about theories.

Saxophone Players’ Self-Perceptions About Body Movement in Music Performing and Learning

Quantitative studies demonstrate that performers’ gestures reflect technical, communicative, and expressive aspects of musical works in solo and group performances. However, musicians’ perspectives and experiences toward body movement are little understood. To address this gap, we interviewed 20 professional and pre-professional saxophone players with the aims of: (1) identifying factors influencing body movement; (2) understanding how body movement is approached in instrumental pedagogy contexts; and (3) collecting ideas about the impact of movements on performance quality. The qualitative thematic analysis revealed that musical features (i.e., musical character, dynamics) constitute a preponderant influencing factor in musicians’ body behavior, followed by previous experiences and physical and psychological characteristics. In the pedagogical dimension, participants presented an increased awareness of the importance of body movement compared to their former tutors, describing in-class implementation exercises and promoting reflection with their students. Still, a lack of saxophone-specific scientific knowledge was highlighted. Regarding performance quality, participants discussed the role of movement in facilitating performers’ execution (i.e., sound emission, rhythmical perception) and enhancing the audience’s experience. We provide insights into how professionals conceive, practice, and teach motor and expressive skills, which can inspire movement science and instrumental embodied pedagogy research.

Undergraduate students’ perception of cardiorespiratory physiology during exercise: teleological vs. mechanistic thinking

BackgroundPhysiology is widely recognized as a difficult course, which can potentially increase students’ withdrawal and failures rates. Several factors are likely contributing to the difficulties in learning physiology, including inherent features of the discipline as well as aspects related to instructions and/or students’ perception. With regards to the later, it is currently unknown how students of exercise physiology think and explain physiology in terms of its cause or consequence (i.e., teleological or mechanistic thinking). Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine 1) whether undergraduate students’ perception of cardiorespiratory physiology during exercise follows a predominant teleological or mechanistic thinking, and 2) whether prior enrollment in physiology courses can influence the predominance of teleological vs. mechanistic thinking.MethodsThe test instrument was an online questionnaire about exercise physiology consisting of nine incomplete sentences about exercise physiology where students had to choose between a teleological or a mechanistic complement. The questionnaire was administered to undergraduate students in the following areas: 1) Movement Sciences (n = 152), 2) Health-related (n = 81) and, 3) Health-unrelated programs (n = 64). Students in Movement Sciences and Health-related programs were also analyzed separately in the following categories: 1) students who previously undertook physiology courses, and 2) students who did not take physiology courses.ResultsOverall, all groups presented a percentage of teleological thinking above 58%, which is considerably high. Teleological thinking was significantly higher in health-unrelated programs than health-related and movement sciences programs (76 ± 16% vs. 58 ± 26% vs. 61 ± 25%; P < 0.01). Further, students with prior enrollment in physiology classes presented a significantly lower percentage of teleological thinking than students without physiology classes (59 ± 25% vs. 72 ± 22%, respectively; P < 0.01), but the overall teleological reasoning remained predominant.ConclusionsThese results confirm the hypothesis that undergraduate students tend to present teleological as opposed to mechanistic thinking in exercise physiology. Furthermore, although undergraduate students with prior enrollment in physiology classes presented significantly lower teleological thinking, it remained highly predominant suggesting that teleological thinking is partially independent of the degree of familiarity with this discipline.

Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning.

Neuroscience applied to motor activity is a growing area that aims to understand the effects of motor activity on the structures and functions of the Central Nervous System. Attention has been paid to this multidisciplinary field of investigation by the scientific community both because it is of great importance in the treatment of many chronic diseases and because of its potential applications in the Movement Sciences. Motor activity during a developmental age is, in fact, an indispensable tool for the physical and mental growth of children, both able-bodied and disabled. Through movement, individuals can improve their physical efficiency and promote their own better health, establish relationships with the environment and others, express themselves and their emotions, form their identity and develop cognitive processes. This literature review aims, therefore, to highlight how an adequate practice of motor activity offers extraordinary possibilities for everyone in relation to learning, from the perspective of an integral development of the person, and, consequently, can raise the awareness of those involved in the training and growth, especially the youngest, towards the educational value of motor and sports activities. According to this review, and in line with the modern neuroscientific approach toward the relationships between motor activities and cognitive functions, it is possible to claim that hypokinesia tends to inhibit learning. Therefore, it now seems more topical than ever to draw attention to the need to introduce working proposals that integrate brain-based motor activity programs into the school curriculum.

Welcoming More Participation in Open Data Science for the Oceans.

Open science is a global movement happening across all research fields. Enabled by technology and the open web, it builds on years of efforts by individuals, grassroots organizations, institutions, and agencies. The goal is to share knowledge and broaden participation in science, from early ideation to making research outputs openly accessible to all (open access). With an emphasis on transparency and collaboration, the open science movement dovetails with efforts to increase diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in science and society. The US Biden-Harris Administration and many other US government agencies have declared 2023 the Year of Open Science, providing a great opportunity to boost participation in open science for the oceans. For researchers day-to-day, open science is a critical piece of modern analytical workflows with increasing amounts of data. Therefore, we focus this article on open data science-the tooling and people enabling reproducible, transparent, inclusive practices for data-intensive research-and its intersection with the marine sciences. We discuss the state of various dimensions of open science and argue that technical advancements have outpaced our field's culture change to incorporate them. Increasing inclusivity and technical skill building are interlinked and must be prioritized within the marine science community to find collaborative solutions for responding to climate change and other threats to marine biodiversity and society.

Does open identity of peer reviewers positively relate to citations?

Referees play an essential role in the peer review process, significantly contributing to improving the quality of scholarly publications. In the context that the Open Science movement is gaining increasing attention and support, the open identity of peer reviewers has become a crucial aspect requiring more relevant research. To enhance the comprehension of the relatively unexplored phenomenon of publishing reviewer identities, this study investigates how such identification and the academic performance of reviewers identified in the acknowledgements of articles relate to these articles’ citations. Our sample comprises 1,120 articles within the field of Biological Sciences and published in Nature between 2016 and 2020. The publication and citation history for 787 identified reviewers were obtained from Scopus to measure their academic performance. Based on Negative Binomial Regression results, we found that the presence of at least one reviewer's identity is not statistically associated with citations, whereas articles with all reviewers’ identities published tend to receive fewer citations. However, our dataset supports a significant positive correlation between the academic performance of recognised reviewers and the citation impact of the articles they reviewed. These findings have significant implications for the scholarly community and publication policies.

Visual digital data, ethical challenges, and psychological science.

Digital visual data afford psychologists with exciting research possibilities. It becomes possible to see real-life interactions in real time and to be able to analyze this behavior in a fine-grained and systematic manner. However, the fact that faces (and other personally identifying physical characteristics) are captured as part of these data sets means that this kind of data is at the highest level of sensitivity by default. When this is combined with the possibility of automatic collection and processing, then the sensitivity risks are compounded. Here we explore the ethical challenges that face psychologists wishing to take advantage of digital visual data. Specifically, we discuss ethical considerations around data acquisition, data analysis, data storage, and data sharing. We begin by considering the challenges of securing visual data from both public space security systems and social media sources. We then explore the dangers of bias and discrimination in automatic data processing, as well as the dangers to human analysts. We set out the ethical requirements for secure data storage, the dangers of "function creep," and the challenges of the right of the individual to withdraw from databases. Finally, we consider the tensions that exist between sensitive visual data that require extra protections and the recent open science movement, which advocates data transparency and sharing. We conclude by offering a practical route map for tackling these complex ethical issues in the form of a Privacy and Data Protection Impact Assessment template for researchers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Using R to Apply Open Science Principles in Second Language Acquisition and Didactics

In this article, the advantages of the Open Science movement in terms of open access to publications and results, collaboration between researchers, and especially methodological transparency, are presented. It is then argued that the R software is a useful tool which can contribute to the sharing of data analysis methods by providing explicit information about the pre-treatment of data files and the statistical analyses used. R also helps with the comprehension of results by facilitating the production of data-accountable graphics. This is illustrated in the context of a large-scale research project requiring the use of statistics to analyze data from pre- and post-tests to validate the use of Luciole, an educational app teaching English listening comprehension in first- and second-grade classrooms in France.

ISchools movement science maps

Objective. The iSchools Movement is an academic network that studies the interaction of people, technologies and information. The study aims to represent the scientific production of the schools of the iSchools Movement. Design/Methodology/Approach. The research is descriptive with a quantitative approach, it uses as method and fundamental techniques: bibliometric, social network analysis and clúster analysis. A stratified probabilistic sample was formed with 73 member universities from the North American, European and Asian regions in the period 2005-2019. The scientific production was obtained from the Web of Science (WoS), a total of 19,986 records that make up the selected sample were processed. 10 univariate indicators and multivariate representations were calculated from the variables: publications, authors, citations, journals, countries, keywords and themes. Results/Discussion. The intellectual structure from the co-citation of journals and the impact of iSchools point to other areas of knowledge more focused on computational sciences. In Europe, publishing habits and collaboration behavior are expressed within the continent itself, while in North America and Asia greater interrelationships are evident. Conclusions. The consolidation of the iSchools is reaffirmed; It is not only given by the incorporation of new iSchools, but also by the strength of its research. It promotes study and scientific collaboration in the information field and has an impact on other fields of knowledge: computational sciences, interdisciplinary applications and software, information systems, artificial intelligence, management and administration, health sciences and of education.

Open Science events: A best practice overview

In the wake of the Open Science movement, a large number of training events have emerged. Addressing different topics and target audiences ranging from students to senior researchers, they all are contributing to the goal of making the psychology more open, transparent, and reproducible. In the present paper, the authors, based on their active involvement in the Open Science Community and their experience of leading a Germany-wide Open Science initiative, provide a best practice overview of Open Science events. Six different event types including talks, workshops, podcasts, panel discussions, event series, and summer schools are outlined and ranked on five criteria: accessibility, feasibility, scalability, specificity, and needed expertise. The present best practice article should help individuals interested in Open Science to organise their own educational events and offer established Open Science initiatives for expanding their range of events. We further outline how each of the six presented events can be used for teaching in psychology by illustrating practical examples.

ISO standards for terminology resources management

Abstract The ‘FAIR terminology’ paradigm is the first initiative that aims to establish a strong interrelation between the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles, promoted at the European level to foster the Open Science movement, and the specifications advocated in the framework of ISO TC 37/SC 3 about the management of terminology resources. Through the complementary adoption of the SC 3 standards, the paradigm, therefore, proposes guidelines paving the way for the FAIRification of terminological data, metadata, and infrastructure. In this context, this study has a threefold objective. First, we will show the impact of three ISO TC 37/SC 3 standards (mainly ISO 16642: 2017; ISO 12620: 2019 and ISO 30042: 2019) for the foundation of the FAIR terminology paradigm. Secondly, we will present the integration of this data representation model in the framework of the European project ‘Terminology Without Borders’ (TWB) launched in 2019 by the Terminology Coordination Unit (TermCoord) of the European Parliament. Finally, we intend to reflect in a critical perspective to highlight some possible limitations of the previously mentioned SC 3 standards in terms of FAIRification of terminological data.