Scientific Judgment Research Articles

Mechanism of Realization of National Interests: Efficiency Factors

Relevance. This article is based on the meanings that reveal the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the mechanism for regulating national interests. The main factors of this plan affecting the functionality of the mechanism are considered. In particular, the relevant conditions are investigated, criteria are named, among which the main attention is paid to achieving the goals of the mechanism under study, overcoming the obstacles that arise in this case, as well as some other ways (methods) of its optimization. Scientific judgments, results and conclusions are supported by an analysis of regulatory legal acts.Purpose. To investigate the factors influencing the effectiveness of the mechanism of realization of national interests: conditions, criteria, requirements and others.Objectives: to study, in particular, the conditions, criteria, goals of the mechanism for the realization of national interests, as well as to identify the circumstances that hinder its effectiveness.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research includes general scientific techniques and methods of scientific cognition, as well as special and private scientific methods - formal legal and interpretative.Results. Based on the analysis of scientific, regulatory and legal sources and legal practice, the factors (including requirements) of the effectiveness of the mechanism for the implementation of national interests have been established and systematized, including: economic and resource feasibility; balance of the legal framework; clarity, utmost simplicity and intelligibility of legal constructions and formulations, ensuring in practice their uniform interpretation and subsequent application by authorized entities; social validity and others.Conclusion. The factors of effectiveness of the legal security mechanism in the sphere of realization of national interests are: creation of necessary conditions, including control over its functioning, identification of shortcomings of legal consolidation, reasons for its inefficiency, updating of the regulatory framework in accordance with changing circumstances and existing public needs, elimination of emerging obstacles to the realization of national interests.

Roof of the world: Home and border in the genomic era

Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau, known as the ‘land of snow’ and the ‘roof of the world’, is home to tens of millions of indigenous people who live with a staggering amount of biological diversity. In the past decade scientists have applied genomic tools and methods to substantially advance the understanding of phylogeography and genetic mechanisms behind high‐elevation adaptation of local biota. However, contributions from indigenous researchers and native institutions are underrepresented in this scientific endeavour. We point to the higher degree of indigenous contribution within the discipline of conservation biology and how recognizing the prominence of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) could deliver keen molecular ecological insights. Since the Himalaya‐Tibet ecological interface spans five countries, comprehensive biogeographical and phylogeographical taxon sampling in the region requires multi‐national collaborations across indigenous lands as well as indigenous community participation at both national and international levels. For the next generation of indigenous molecular ecologists, researching and cataloguing the evolutionary history and genetic information of the Tibetan and Himalayan landscape is a race against the melting glacier. At the roof of the world, their scientific judgement and stewardship will have environmental impacts that percolate far beyond indigenous lands.

The role of Marxist ecological view on environmental protection in China

Ecological problems and environmental problems have become more and more frequent, constantly sounding the alarm for people, seriously threatening the safety of people's lives and even survival. The construction of ecological culture has become an essential part of modern society and a vital wealth. Therefore, it is urgent to organize the study of the relevant concepts and theories of ecological construction, explain and solve the problems encountered in practice, and guide people to make scientific judgments. The main purpose of this article is to study the structure of ecological civilization from the perspective of Marxist ecological view. By analyzing ecological and environmental issues, following the principles of ecological civilization construction, adopting appropriate means, and relying on an indicator system for evaluation. This article constructs a comprehensive indicator system for the level of ecological environment protection, and analyzes the global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation of the comprehensive indicators. Research shows that urbanization construction and energy efficiency protection are still in a moderate imbalance state. Due to the lag of urbanization construction in the process of ecological environment protection, the two are in a low coordination state. How to combine Marxist ecological views with specific practices in China and effectively promote the process of ecological civilization construction in China still requires in-depth consideration.

The supportability evaluation of cross-regional major infrastructure projects based on the combination weighting of the game theory–cloud model

PurposeThis study aims to establish an evaluation method for cross-regional major infrastructure project (CRMIP) supportability. The focus is to identify evaluation indicators from a complexity perspective and develop an evaluation model using qualitative and quantitative methods. Case studies are carried out to verify the reliability of the evaluation model, thereby providing theoretical and practical guidance for CRMIP operations and maintenance (O&M).Design/methodology/approachGuided by the idea of complexity management, the evaluation indicators of CRMIP supportability are determined through literature analysis, actual O&M experience and expert interviews. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, consisting of sequential relationship analysis, entropy weighting, game theory and cloud model, is developed to determine the indicator weights. Finally, the evaluation model is used to evaluate the supportability of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB), which tests the rationality of the model and reveals its supportability level.FindingsThe results demonstrate that CRMIPs' supportability is influenced by 6 guideline-level and 18 indicator-level indicators, and the priority of the influencing factors includes “organization,” “technology,” “system,” “human resources,” “material system,” and “funding.” As for specific indicators, “organizational objectives,” “organizational structure and synergy mechanism,” and “technical systems and procedures” are critical to CRMIPs' O&M supportability. The results also indicate that the supportability level of the HZMB falls between good and excellent.Originality/valueUnder the guidance of complexity management thinking, this study proposes a supportability evaluation framework based on the combined weights of game theory and the cloud model. This study provides a valuable reference and scientific judgment for the health and safety of CRMIPs' O&M.

Scientific evaluations and plausibility judgements in middle school students’ learning about geoscience topics

Socially relevant geoscience topics may be difficult for students to learn. For example, connecting hydraulic fracturing to Midwestern US earthquake swarms and using the fossil record to infer past Earth environments may challenge students because of their prior exposures to nonscientific explanations. Sociocognitive theoretical perspectives based on decades of developmental and educational psychology, as well as science education research posit that students may have particular difficulty in evaluating the connections between lines of scientific evidence and explanations. This challenge is especially daunting when students are confronted with various alternative explanations (e.g., scientific and nonscientific explanations). In the present study, we compared two types of scaffolds designed to facilitate Mid-Atlantic middle school students’ (N = 40) scientific thinking and learning about controversial geoscience topics when confronted with alternative explanations. In a less autonomy-supportive scaffold, participants were given four lines of evidence and two explanatory models, one scientific and one nonscientific. (Fracking; Supplementary Materials 1 & 2); in a more autonomy-supportive scaffold, students chose four of eight lines of evidence and two of three explanatory models, one scientific and two nonscientific (Fossils; Supplementary Materials 1 & 2). Quantitative analyses revealed that both activities facilitated students’ evaluations in shifting students’ judgments toward the scientific and deepening their knowledge, although the more autonomy-supportive activity had greater effect sizes. Structural equation modeling suggested that more scientific judgments related to greater knowledge at post-instruction for the more autonomy-supportive scaffold. These activities may help students develop more scientific evaluation skills, which are central to understanding geoscience content and science as a process.

New indicator for a comprehensive evaluation of building energy performance through spatial and temporal dimensions

Building functioning requires energy consumption. Traditional building energy performance (BEP) certification typically takes energy consumption as a single indicator, neglecting to evaluate the effect of energy application. Based on the definition of BEP and integrated consideration of energy consumption and service management, this study proposes a methodological path to construct a comprehensive performance indicator for buildings by evaluating energy consumption efficiency and amplitude of fluctuation using the XGBoost algorithm and objective assignment method. The indicator compares the deviation between actual and benchmark energy consumption in the spatial dimension and the amplitude of energy efficiency ratio fluctuations in the temporal dimension. Consequently, a comprehensive BEP evaluation model is thus coupled to form the comprehensive energy performance indicator (CEPI). The proposed approach is verified based on a city-scale dataset of over 2000 buildings, with CEPIi = 0.5288ECIi + 0.4712*MPIi for Chongqing. Compared with other evaluation systems, it is more intuitive, simple and robust, and can objectively reflect the rationality of energy use and provide a basis for scientific judgment.

Tackling the COVID elective surgical backlog: Prioritising need, benefit or equality?

The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK is currently facing a significant waiting list backlog following the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, with millions of patients waiting for elective surgical procedures. Effective treatment prioritisation has been identified as a key element of addressing this backlog, with NHS England's delivery plan highlighting the importance of ensuring that those with ‘the clinically most urgent conditions are diagnosed and treated most rapidly’. Indeed, we describe how the current clinical guidance on prioritisation issued by The Federation of Surgical Specialty Associations serves this aim. However, whilst there are strong reasons to prioritise elective surgery in accordance with clinical need, we argue that it would be a mistake to assume that prioritisation in accordance with clinical need requires only a clinical or scientific judgement. The understanding of clinical need that we choose to employ in a prioritisation system will be grounded by some key ethical judgements. Moreover, we may also have to make trade-offs between addressing clinical need, safeguarding equality, and achieving other benefits. As the UK faces up to the backlog, it is important that surgical prioritisation guidelines enshrine a broad range of values that we believe ought to determine access to care in non-emergency circumstances. Our analysis suggests that the current approach to prioritisation is not a sufficiently nuanced way of balancing the different moral values that are operative in this context.

Cooperative Epistemic Trustworthiness

AbstractExtant accounts of trust in science focus on reconciling scientific and public value judgments, but neglect the challenge of learning audience values. I argue that for scientific experts to be epistemically trustworthy, they should adopt a cooperative approach to learning about the values of their audience. A cooperative approach, in which expert and nonexpert inquirers iteratively refine value judgments, better achieves important second-order epistemic dimensions of trustworthiness. I suggest that strong objectivity in the feminist standpoint theoretic sense is sometimes a prerequisite for trustworthiness.

Dichotomy and Convergence of the Public and the Private in Legal Personality of an Autonomous Institution

Theoretical ideas about the balance between private law and public law in the activities of autonomous institutions today are not obvious, which often generates biased scientific judgments on many relevant issues. In the doctrine, the issue concerning the search for the optimal balance between public and private legal aspects and their correlation in relation to autonomous institutions has not actually been raised and has not been resolved. The ability to independently provide property for their current activities through participation in civil law relations, as a rule, is studied separately from the norms of public law, creating an unmistakable scientific idea of the exclusively civilistic content of the normative rules that determine the legal personality of autonomous institutions. The author addresses the problem of dualism in determining their status, making a theoretical attempt to coordinate public and private law in this area.In the course of the study, the author demonstrates systemic interweaving of private and public principles when analyzing the status of autonomous institutions. At the same time, there is a lack of well-established theoretical guidelines for the study of relations in which the analyzed entities participate. This, according to the author, is the main reason for the negative nature of scientific research in recent years devoted to the study of such a subject of legal relations.At the same time, realizing that the purpose of any research is to detect advanced and progressive problems, the author sees it necessary to take into account the dichotomy and convergence of the provisions of public and private law in the subsequent analysis and study of such a subject of legal relations as an autonomous institution.

РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИE ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ УЗБЕКИСТАН: ВОПРОСЫ ПРАВОВОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ

This article analyzes the role and importance of legal support for the rational use of natural resources. Based on scientific and legal judgments, the main directions of the environmental policy of the state in the field of rational use of natural resources and issues of further improvement of natural resource legislation are substantiated. The author pays special attention to the definition of such concepts as: “use of nature”, “use of natural resources”, “rational use of natural resources”, “sustainable development” and “legal regime for the rational use of natural resources”. The general and specific features of the legislative acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in the field of rational use of land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna are analyzed. The main shortcomings of the legislation in this area are outlined; conclusions and recommendations are outlined for improving legislation in the field of rational use of natural resource legislation.

Arbitration: The Art & Science of Persuasion

Amidst the vast ocean of books on international arbitration, this book is both unique and remarkable. It draws upon the vast experience of Klaus Reichert SC, a renowned international arbitrator and counsel, and Dr. Donald E. Vinson, a recognized leading authority in the application of behavioural science to legal dispute resolution, to identify the keys to persuading the arbitral tribunal at every stage and in every aspect of the arbitral process. The book is complemented by insightful anecdotal examples, for each topic covered, that have been provided by leading international arbitrators, corporate counsel and behavioural scientists.1 Practitioners in international arbitration will, over the years, have formulated general instincts as to what does and does not work before arbitrators in international arbitration. This book brings these instincts together into a coherent and scientific structure for the purposes of identifying which instincts to accept or reject and what will likely succeed or fail to persuade an international arbitrator. This book, therefore, provides the practitioner with the opportunity to convert instinct into a more scientific assessment and judgment for the purposes of identifying and formulating strategies and tactics. In the humble opinion of the reviewer, it is a ‘must’ read book.

Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Zaltoprofen in Healthy Adults: Exploring the Dosage Regimen.

Zaltoprofen is a drug used for various pain and inflammatory diseases. Scientific and quantitative dosage regimen studies regarding its clinical application are scarce. This study aimed to discover effective covariates related to interindividual pharmacokinetic variability through population pharmacokinetic modeling for zaltoprofen and to explore dosage regimens. The bioequivalence results of healthy Korean males, biochemical analysis, and CYP2C9 genotyping information were utilized in modeling. The established model has been sufficiently verified through a bootstrap, goodness-of-fit, visual predictive check, and normalized prediction distribution error. External data sets derived from the literature were used for further model validation. The final model could be used to verify the dosage regimen through multiple exposure simulations according to the numerical change of the selected covariates. Zaltoprofen pharmacokinetics could be explained by a two-compartment with a first-order absorption model. Creatinine clearance (CrCL) and albumin were identified as effective covariates related to interindividual zaltoprofen pharmacokinetic variability, and they had positive and negative correlations with clearance (CL/F), respectively. The differences in pharmacokinetics between individuals according to CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms (*1/*1 and *1/*3) were not significant or valid covariates. The model simulation confirmed that zaltoprofen pharmacokinetics could significantly differ as the CrCL and albumin levels changed within the normal range. Steady-state plasma exposure to zaltoprofen was significantly reduced in the group with CrCL and albumin levels of 130 mL/min and 3.5 g/dL, respectively, suggesting that dose adjustment may be necessary. This study is useful to guide precision medicine of zaltoprofen and provides scientific quantitative judgment data for its clinical applications.

Analysis of the Qur’anic Concepts of Mashriq (East), Maghreb(West), Mashriqain (Two Easts), Maghribain (Two Wests), Mashariq (Several Easts) and Maghreb(Several Wests):Observations in Quetta, Pakistan

In the current era,various scientific facts revealed by the Holy Qur’an have been scientifically tested and acknowledged by the modern scientists. Scientific knowledge of Earth and related sciences confirms and support the concepts given in the relevant verses of the Qur’an. For example, the Qur’an contains verses that reveal the concepts of Mashriq(east), Maghrib(west), Mashriqain (two easts), Maghribain(two wests), Mashariq(several easts) and Magharib(several wests). This paper pinpoints and put forward scientific analysis of these concepts of the Qur’an, compares and summarizes the pre-existing conventional tafaseer(explanations) with the modern scientific judgments and deliberates on their undisputable integrity. We analyzed these concepts, using scientific methodology, on a fixed location (x,y,z= 67.002, 30.1853, 1684 m) in Quetta, Pakistan. It was observed that the positions and timing of the sunrise and sunset change daily by shifting gradually from their winter to summer extremes and vice versa in a systematicand predictable manner. This leads to a conclusion that the Qur’anic words Mashriq(east) and Maghrib(west) refers to the spans of horizons between the eastern and western extremes of the sun rises and sets. The words Mashriqain(two easts) and Maghribain(two wests) refer to the two extremes, i.e.,northern and southern positions of sunrise and sunset on the eastern and western horizons, on 22ndJune (in summer) and 22ndDecember (in winter), respectively. The words Mashariq(many easts) and Magharib(many wests) simply refer to the numerous positions of the daily sunrise and sunset on the eastern and western horizons. These results are supported by relevant verses and notions of the Qur’an that have been further explained in various tafaseer, with reference to the explanations of Ib-e-Abbas (RAA) and Akrama (RAA).

Historical development of the genitive case in the language of the Armenian-Qypchak monuments

The heritage, written in the Qypchak language with Armenian graphics, is based on religion, literature, history, law, philosophy, natural sciences and covers the political, economic, historical and cultural spheres of life. Since the 20th century, the Armenian-Qypchak heritage, which has become the subject of close study by scientists, has been published in foreign publications, transcribed, updated with dictionaries and translations. At present, scientists clearly feel the need for a deeper study of the linguistic features of the Armenian-Qypchak heritage, which laid the foundation for various scientific judgments and views.The category of case is one of the relevant and diverse topics in the theoretical grammar of the Turkic languages. The study of this grammatical category is closely connected with the historical study of the Turkic languages and originates from the language of ancient monuments. Based on the works of scientists, the article defines the historical genesis of the category of case, including the genitive case, systematically analyzes their endings in ancient Turkic, medieval monuments, Armenian-Qypchak monuments and modern Turkic languages. The article was written within the framework of the scientific project AP13068438 “Universal and special in the language of the Armenian-Qypchak monuments.”

Terri and G&D: celebrating 50 years of enlightened scientific judgment.

GUEST EDITOR.

БАЗОВЫЕ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА МЕНТАЛЬНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

For the formation and establishment in geography of a new research area studying socio-geographical factors and features of the formation, reproduction and transformation of the mentality of the population, called in this article ethological geography, it is extremely important to define the premises. These not only determine the direction of scientific research but are themselves the subject of research, constantly being revised and supplemented with new foundations. Naturally, before formulating any scientific judgments, it is necessary to analyze the premises of other research areas within the same field. Basic conceptual approaches of the geographical analysis of the population’s mentality form a new methodological direction in social geography, justified in the article, – ethological geography. It is built into geographical science as a ‘conceptual joint’, being at the intersection of chorological, anthropogeographic, human geography, and cultural landscape approaches, continuing their methodological developments to solve its own special tasks. The new methodology does not require a theoretical rethinking of behavioral geography as it is shown in this paper as an independent direction in social geography. At the same time, ethological geography has a similar intention to behavioral geography, which appeared in the mid-1960s as an alternative to the then dominant positivism in spatial analysis, and it also reflects a trend toward the humanization of geography, its transformation into a science about people, not places. The article provides a synopsis of the main geographical approaches that the author considers to be initial for geography of mentality, interprets them, and provides the rationale for a synthetic approach to their use in socio-geographical studies of the mentality of the population.

Consciousness of evidence-based medicine in public health emergencies.

Consciousness of evidence-based medicine in public health emergencies.

A Review of Research on Intelligence and High-Quality Development of Enterprises

The development of intelligence in China is in full swing, and it is at the world's leading level in many fields. Guided by the scientific judgment of the government work report ' promoting the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and the real economy ', the deep integration with intelligence is an important starting point for achieving high-quality economic development in China. The realization of high-quality development of micro-enterprises is an important prerequisite and basic guarantee for high-quality development at the macro level. It is undoubtedly an important issue to study intelligent technology and high-quality development of micro-enterprises in the new era. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have made extensive explorations in the economic effects of artificial intelligence, the influencing factors of high-quality development of enterprises, and intelligent ' enabling ' high-quality development, which have contributed important results with reference value and significance to the study of intelligent and high-quality development of enterprises.This paper reviews and summarizes this, in order to provide some help for the high quality development of enterprises.

To build the soul of the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics

PurposeThe socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is the scientific fruit of Xi Jinping thought on socialist economy with Chinese characteristics for a new era. People-centred philosophy is the core values of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee's governance of China with Xi Jinping as the core and has become the core values of the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. According to Xi Jinping thought on socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, it represents the interests of all people and determines the disciplinary attribute of the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, that is, people-centred economics. Xi Jinping has defined the essence of the socialism as eliminating poverty, improving people's livelihood and gradually realising common prosperity. That determines the main line of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is to liberate, develop and protect the productive forces and achieve common prosperity. This study aims to discuss the aforementioned statements.Design/methodology/approachXi Jinping's scientific judgement on the new stage of development and the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has put forward the requirement of problem orientation for the study of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, involving the main contradiction facing Chinese society, high-quality development and modernisation. China's socialist basic economic system consists of a socialist market economy in which public ownership plays the leading role alongside other forms of ownership and distribution according to work is the mainstay, while other forms of distribution coexist alongside it. And this socialist basic economic system, marked out from three dimensions—production, distribution and exchange analysis, is the key of analysis of systems in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. The economic operation analysis in political economy mainly involves resource allocation and the government's macroeconomic regulation and control.FindingsThe new thought and new practices about the role of the market and the government in the new era have opened up a new realm for the economic operation analysis in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. The new development philosophy and new development paradigm define the content of the economic development theory in the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. The new development paradigm reflects the dual circulation theory of social reproduction.Originality/valueThe socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is to study laws of economics in various aspects from economic system, economic operation, economic development to foreign economy and provide the basic principles of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. Its mainstream economic position will be consolidated continuously.

ПЛЮРАЛІЗМ ПІДХОДІВ ДО КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ ПРАВОВИХ АКСІОМ

The article highlights that the classification of legal axioms is understood in several senses: the process of creating a classification scheme; the process of grouping objects; the result of scientific research. It is presented that the classification of legal axioms is an independent and self-sufficient research method and at the same time - an auxiliary, the result of which is important for the continuation of scientific research. It is considered that the classification of legal axioms acts as a method of scientific knowledge and as a stage of scientific research. The view is shown that the classification in law has its own specific features. It is presented that there is a point of view according to which the classification of legal phenomena is carried out by a special method. The division of legal axioms depending on the branches of law into legal axioms of procedural and substantive law has been further considered. It is noted that axioms in procedural law are traditionally more common than in substantive law, due to the specifics of procedural law, rather than the fact that they are more studied. It is highlighted that the axioms of common law, intersectoral, branch are distinguished from the scale of functioning. It is emphasized that this criterion reflects the view of scientists who either identify axioms with principles, or believe that they are very close to each other, but are not similar concepts. It is noted that the content of legal axioms is divided into normative, which are legal commands enshrined in the texts of regulations and scientific judgments are conceptual provisions that contain conceptual provisions formulated by scientists as well-known postulates. Attention is focused on the fact that the following types of axioms can be distinguished from the form of enshrinement: enshrined directly, which are derived from the content of legal norms that have been enshrined in law. The division of legal axioms depending on the ways of origin into legal axioms, which arose as a result of legal practice, and those that appeared as a result of legal awareness, is proposed.