Scientific Entities Research Articles

Annotation and Joint Extraction of Scientific Entities and Relationships in NSFC Project Texts

Annotation and Joint Extraction of Scientific Entities and Relationships in NSFC Project Texts

Overview of STEM Science as Process, Method, Material, and Data Named Entities

We are faced with an unprecedented production in scholarly publications worldwide. Stakeholders in the digital libraries posit that the document-based publishing paradigm has reached the limits of adequacy. Instead, structured, machine-interpretable, fine-grained scholarly knowledge publishing as Knowledge Graphs (KG) is strongly advocated. In this work, we develop and analyze a large-scale structured dataset of STEM articles across 10 different disciplines, viz. Agriculture, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Earth Science, Engineering, Material Science, Mathematics, and Medicine. Our analysis is defined over a large-scale corpus comprising 60K abstracts structured as four scientific entities process, method, material, and data. Thus, our study presents, for the first time, an analysis of a large-scale multidisciplinary corpus under the construct of four named entity labels that are specifically defined and selected to be domain-independent as opposed to domain-specific. The work is then inadvertently a feasibility test of characterizing multidisciplinary science with domain-independent concepts. Further, to summarize the distinct facets of scientific knowledge per concept per discipline, a set of word cloud visualizations are offered. The STEM-NER-60k corpus, created in this work, comprises over 1 M extracted entities from 60k STEM articles obtained from a major publishing platform and is publicly released.

Aeroallergen Monitoring by the National Allergy Bureau: A Review of the Past and a Look Into the Future

Monitoring aeroallergens has a long history within the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The Aeroallergen Network of the National Allergy Bureau is composed mainly of members of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, whose objectives are to enhance the knowledge of aerobiology and its relationship to allergy, increase the number of certified stations, maintain the standardization and quality of aerobiology data, improve the alert and forecast reporting system, and increase ties with other scientific entities inside and outside the United States. The public has a keen interest in pollen counts and pollen forecasts, as do many health professionals in the allergy community. In this review, we explore the past, present, and future of allergen monitoring with a focus on methods used for sampling, the training of those performing the analysis, and emerging technologies in the field. Although the development of automated samplers with machine intelligence offers great promise for meeting the goal of a fully automated system, there is still progress to be made regarding reliability and affordability.

Immersive virtual environment for scale cognition and learning: Expert-based evaluation for balancing usability versus cognitive theories

While scale cognition and learning is a crosscutting concept that pervades science and can aid students in making connections across disciplines, students struggle to conceptualize and consider scales that go far beyond their everyday world experience. Virtual reality technology affords embodied learning experiences, which enable students to physically engage in learning activities in an environment with rich information. Scale Worlds is a virtual learning environment implemented in an immersive CAVE, which portrays scientific entities of a wide range of sizes. A user can scale themself up or down by powers of ten, in order to experience entities from an atom to the Sun. This paper reports on an expert-based usability evaluation of Scale Worlds, including three sets of A/B testing, by five usability experts. Outcomes of the usability evaluation will inform the refinement of Scale Worlds. The evaluation provides insights for usability evaluation and design in immersive virtual environments.

Methodology of measuring the benefits of participation in business clusters

Objective – Running a business in the complex and global world requires the cooperation of entities with different complementary resources and competencies. A socio-economic organization that wants to be competitive in the modern market must have relevant human, financial, material, and information resources and be able to make use of them in the most effective way. Methodology – Enterprises, and institutions that join together in cluster initiatives bring to them their material potential, to multiply the possibilities of achieving benefits. The scientific basis of the article is a hypothesis that participation in the above-mentioned clusters provides economic, or marketing, benefits to the economic, social, and scientific entities, as well as know-how development and socio-economic revival of a region. Findings – The main scientific issue to delve into, not only for the purposes of this thesis but also for the knowledge that is essential to managers, is the effectiveness level of the adopted project. The main goal of the article is to present the economic benefits of cluster enterprises resulting from the rationalization of their operating costs in a common chain of utilising their potential. Novelty – The research problem is to present the way and procedures for examining the benefits that companies achieve by operating in a joint economic venture. The empirical study was based on the cost-consumption rates of selected groups of costs as well as calculated profitability rates calculated for logistics processes in the year 2014 and 2020 in Thermal Energy Company Morąg. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: C83, D24, D61 Keywords: Clusters, Innovation, Efficiency, Competitiveness, Logistics. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Dmuchowski, R; Szmitka, S. (2022). Methodology of measuring the benefits of participation in business clusters, J. Bus. Econ. Review, 7(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2022.7.1(1)

Methodology for Measuring the Benefits of Participation in Business Clusters

Running a business in the complex and global world requires cooperation of entities with different complementary resources and competences. A socio-economic organization which wishes to be competitive in the modern market must possess proper human, financial, material and information resources and be able to use them in the most effective way. A significant element in creating a network of connections is the absorption of knowledge and its skillful use linked with shaping innovation. Stimulation of the flow of knowledge between cooperating entities increases the level of innovation of undertaken projects. Enterprises and institutions that join together in cluster initiatives bring their material potentials, skills and experience in order to survive in a competitive market (most often small and medium-sized enterprises, scientific and research institutions) and to multiply the possibilities of achieving benefits. The accepted thesis of the article which claims that new, cooperating, innovative inter-organizational networks supported by local institutions contribute to an increase of their competitiveness in the market does not require special justification. However, the research problem is to indicate the methods by which it is possible to assess if participation in a business cluster brings benefits in specific areas of activity.The starting point for considerations in the presented study is the assumption that participation in clusters provides economic, social and scientific entities with economic or marketing benefits as well as knowledge development and socio-economic revival of a region. The main scientific inquiry, not only for the purposes of this thesis but also knowledge necessary for managers, is the effectiveness level of the adopted project. The aim of the article is to present research methods that can be used to assess the benefits that individual organizational entities achieve due to participation in a business cluster or a cluster initiative. Keywords: Clusters, Innovation, Efficiency, Competitiveness

Detecting and analyzing missing citations to published scientific entities

Proper citation is of great importance in academic writing for it enables knowledge accumulation and maintains academic integrity. However, citing properly is not an easy task. For published scientific entities, the ever-growing academic publications and over-familiarity of terms easily lead to missing citations. To deal with this situation, we design a special method Citation Recommendation for Published Scientific Entity (CRPSE) based on the cooccurrences between published scientific entities and in-text citations in the same sentences from previous researchers. Experimental outcomes show the effectiveness of our method in recommending the source papers for published scientific entities. We further conduct a statistical analysis on missing citations among papers published in prestigious computer science conferences in 2020. In the 12,278 papers collected, 475 published scientific entities of computer science and mathematics are found to have missing citations. Many entities mentioned without citations are found to be well-accepted research results. On a median basis, the papers proposing these published scientific entities with missing citations were published 8 years ago, which can be considered the time frame for a published scientific entity to develop into a well-accepted concept. For published scientific entities, we appeal for accurate and full citation of their source papers as required by academic standards.

Science Policy Through a Local Lens: The Role of State-Level Advisory Groups in the 21st Century

As new challenges arise in the 21st century, state and local governments play an increasingly critical role in science policy, contrasting the traditional focus on the federal government in this landscape. To meet these challenges, states require access to subject area expertise and evidence-based advisory resources as part of their policy toolkits. Many states have independent academies of science that have potential to provide scientific expertise to state governments. However, steps need to be taken to capitalize on these resources and integrate them with other key elements in the policymaking process. By prioritizing the development of relationships with state and local governments, academies of science and other state-level scientific entities could improve the utility of their advisory resources. We present case studies from Connecticut and Missouri, where such a model has allowed scientists to contribute to policymaking on state-level issues. We further discuss the benefits and limitations of this advisory model and explain how this approach can benefit states with different political compositions and legislative structures. By partnering more intentionally with state and local governments, academies of science can make more effective contributions to address the growing science policy issues of the 21st century and beyond.

Self-citation and its impact on scientific workflow assessment: The review of publications. Part I

The author reviews publications on the problem of self-citation and resulting mispresentations at the stage bibliometric analysis. He introduces the definition of self-citation and its special cases, i. e. author’s, institutional, publisher’s and disciplinary. The formulas for general self-citation metrics, i. e. self-citation and self-citedness coefficients, are provided. The global publications on author’s, institutional, national and journal self-citation are reviewed thoroughly. The current concepts of the role and impact of self-citation on scientific activity assessment are generalized. On the basis of his analytical review, the author argues that the researchers obtain consensus on several aspects, e. g.: а) excessive and absent self-citation are both seen as pathologies; в) self-citation has insignificant impact on large research entities though this influence can be critical when analyzing contributions by individual authors; с) self-citation impact is well-expressed for scientific entities with weak bibliometric indicators, while the top scientists, organizations, journals, etc., get most of external links. The author examines the response of bibliometric indicators and databases to self-citation manipulations to adjust the indicators.Part I of the review is intended to define the basic concepts and terms and to examine the most popular author’s self-citation.

Themes, communities and influencers of online probiotics chatter: A retrospective analysis from 2009-2017.

We build on recent examinations questioning the quality of online information about probiotic products by studying the themes of content, detecting virtual communities and identifying key influencers in social media using data science techniques. We conducted topic modelling (n = 36,715 tweets) and longitudinal social network analysis (n = 17,834 tweets) of probiotic chatter on Twitter from 2009-17. We used Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to build the topic models and network analysis tool Gephi for building yearly graphs. We identified the top 10 topics of probiotics-related communication on Twitter and a constant rise in communication activity. However the number of communities grew consistently to peak in 2014 before dipping and levelling off by 2017. While several probiotics industry actors appeared and disappeared during this period, the influence of one specific actor rose from a hub initially to an authority in the latter years. With multi-brand advertising and probiotics promotions mostly occupying the Twitter chatter, scientists, journalists, or policymakers exerted minimal influence in these communities. Consistent with previous research, we find that probiotics-related content on social media veers towards promotions and benefits. Probiotic industry actors maintain consistent presence on Twitter while transitioning from hubs to authorities over time; scientific entities assume an authoritative role without much engagement. The involvement of scientific, journalistic or regulatory stakeholders will help create a balanced informational environment surrounding probiotic products.

Analyzing the relationship between text features and grants productivity

Predicting the output of research grants is of considerable relevance to research funding bodies, scientific entities and government agencies. In this study, we investigate whether text features extracted from projects title and abstracts are able to identify productive grants. Our analysis was conducted in three distinct areas, namely Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine. Topical and complexity text features were used to identify predictors of productivity. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between text features and grants productivity, however such a dependence is weak. A feature relevance analysis revealed that the abstract text length and metrics derived from lexical diversity are among the most discriminative features. We also found that the prediction accuracy has a dependence on the considered project language and that topical features are more discriminative than text complexity measurements. Our findings suggest that text features should be used in combination with other features to assist the identification of relevant research ideas.

Heidegger’s Relative Essentialism

ABSTRACT There is relatively little comprehensive treatment of Heidegger’s theory of essences despite his ubiquitous use of essences. It is commonplace in contemporary analytic philosophy to view essences as the ground for true de re modal claims. I argue that Heidegger offers an account of essences that can best be understood as a type of relative essentialism. Relative essentialism is the view that more than one being can occupy the same space at the same time and those beings have distinct sets of de re modal truths about them. Heidegger’s account of essences allows for true de re modal claims about a wide variety of things including scientific and cultural entities. At the same time, Heidegger rejects absolute essentialism: the view that there is one privilege collection of beings whose natures determine the truth values of de re modal claims about them. Relative essentialism is distinguished from contextual essentialism.

Beliefs about Unobservable Scientific and Religious Entities are Transmitted via Subtle Linguistic Cues in Parental Testimony

ABSTRACT We explored the role of parental testimony in children’s developing beliefs about the ontological status of typically unobservable phenomena. US parents and their 5- to 7-year-old children (N = 25 dyads) separately rated their confidence in the existence of scientific and religious unobservable entities (e.g., germs, angels), and were invited to engage in an unmoderated dyadic conversation about the entities. Both parents and children were more confident in the existence of the scientific entities compared to the religious entities. Parental religiosity predicted the strength of their belief in the religious entities, and these beliefs were positively associated with their children’s judgments in the domain of religion. We coded parental testimony produced during the unmoderated conversation for a number of subtle linguistic cues that convey their confidence and prevailing beliefs in an entity’s existence. The results revealed consistent cross-domain differences: parents expressed more uncertainty, were more likely to mention variation in people’s beliefs and make explicit claims about the ontological status of the religious, as compared to the scientific entities. However, with increasing religiosity, parents produced fewer cues to uncertainty, mentioned belief variation less often, and were more likely to make claims of endorsement when talking about the religious unobservables. Importantly, the pattern of coded linguistic cues in parental testimony was significantly associated with children’s ontological judgments. The present findings have implications for understanding the socio-cultural mechanisms by which confidence in the existence of invisible agents and processes develops in childhood.

Covid-19 will not "magically disappear": Why access to widespread testing is paramount.

Covid-19 will not "magically disappear": Why access to widespread testing is paramount.

Police simulation systems in the education process of traffic police officers

Technologies supporting the process of educating police personnel have become an indispensable element of the infrastructure of police schools. The primary source of financing for the technologies built is the National Center for Research and Development. In consultation with the Minister of National Defense and the minister competent for internal affairs, the institution carries out activities related to research for the benefit of state security and defense. In competitions for specifically defined research topics, projects that promise the most considerable real increase in national security are financed. The programs and projects being implemented aim not only to increase the Polish scientific and industrial entities’ potential but also to strive for technological independence by creating Polish “know-how” in critical technologies in the area of national security and defense. The article presents technologies supporting the training process of traffic officers developed by Polish scientific and industrial consortia. The first presented trainer is Simulator Supporting the Training of Police Officers in the Implementation of Activities at the Scene of a Road Accident (project no. DOB-BIO9/06/01/2018). On the other hand, the second training solution presented in the article is the Emergency Vehicle Driving Simulator During Typical and Extreme Operations (project no. OROB 001101/ID/11/1). The mentioned projects were co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development as part of a competition for the implementation and financing projects in the field of scientific research or development work for the national defense and security.

Intellectual Property Issues in Enterprise Science and Technology Cooperation

Open innovation has become the mainstream innovation paradigm of enterprises since its introduction, which must have a platform for knowledge sharing and open communication to achieve long-term development. The attribution and protection of intellectual property rights must be involved in the cooperation among enterprises in foreign scientific and technological cooperation and other innovation entities. This study initially categorizes the cooperation models among enterprises in Anhui Province and other innovation entities under open innovation. Then, the study summarizes the characteristics and applicable objects of each model. Combined with specific laws and regulations, the current ownership and the existing deficiencies of intellectual property in Anhui Province are discussed. Moreover, the study classifies the dilemma of intellectual property income distribution and proposes specific countermeasures. Simultaneously, the study explores the current existence of intellectual property protection in Anhui Province with the revised “Promotion of the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Law” as the background. Finally, this study suggests perfect measures from five aspects, namely, strengthening the construction of laws and regulations, increasing innovation investment, promoting result conversion mechanism, improving the enterprise-based assessment system, and cultivating intermediary institutions. The objective is to promote the healthy development of Anhui’s intellectual property system. Keywords: open innovation, cooperation mode, ownership of property rights, income from property rights, protection of property rights DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-27-08 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

The distinctiveness of author interdisciplinarity: A long-neglected issue in research on interdisciplinarity

In the research on interdisciplinarity (RID), measures for evaluating the interdisciplinarity of scientific entities (e.g., papers, authors, journals or research areas) have been proposed for a long time. The author interdisciplinarity is very different from the other types of interdisciplinarity because of the complex interpersonal relationships between the connected authors. However, previous work has failed to uncover the distinctiveness of author interdisciplinarity and has regarded it as equivalent to other types of interdisciplinarity. In this work, an extended Rao–Stirling diversity measure is proposed, which incorporates the co-author network and a network similarity measure to specifically evaluate the author interdisciplinarity. Moreover, betweenness centrality is used for improving network similarity measure, because of its intrinsic advantage of expressing how an entity loads on different factors in a network, which is highly in line with the characteristic of interdisciplinarity. An experiment on the papers about Public Administration in the Web of Science is conducted; based on the final results, a deeper investigation is performed into by typical authors. The work proposes a novel idea for measuring author interdisciplinarity, which can promote the study of interdisicplinarity measuring in RID.

Embedding Scientific Explanations Into Storybooks Impacts Children's Scientific Discourse and Learning.

Children’s understanding of unobservable scientific entities largely depends on testimony from others, especially through parental explanations that highlight the mechanism underlying a scientific entity. Mechanistic explanations are particularly helpful in promoting children’s conceptual understanding, yet they are relatively rare in parent–child conversations. The current study aimed to increase parent–child use of mechanistic conversation by modeling this language in a storybook about the mechanism of electrical circuits. We also examined whether an increase in mechanistic conversation was associated with science learning outcomes, measured at both the dyadic- and child-level. In the current study, parents and their 4- to 5-year-old children (N = 60) were randomly assigned to read a book containing mechanistic explanations (n = 32) or one containing non-mechanistic explanations (n = 28). After reading the book together, parent–child joint understanding of electricity’s mechanism was tested by asking the dyad to assemble electrical components of a circuit toy so that a light would turn on. Finally, child science learning outcomes were examined by asking children to assemble a novel circuit toy and answer comprehension questions to gauge their understanding of electricity’s mechanism. Results indicate that dyads who read storybooks containing mechanistic explanations were (1) more successful at completing the circuit (putting the pieces together to make the light turn on) and (2) used more mechanistic language than dyads assigned to the non-mechanistic condition. Children in the mechanistic condition also had better learning outcomes, but only if they engaged in more mechanistic discourse with their parent. We discuss these results using a social interactionist framework to highlight the role of input and interaction for learning. We also highlight how these results implicate everyday routines such as book reading in supporting children’s scientific discourse and understanding.

Success in the Commercialization of Academic Life Science Discoveries in Poland – A Case Study from Jagiellonian University

Jagiellonian University (JU) is one of the top universities in Central and Eastern Europe. Several faculties of the university are conducting research in the life sciences area. These projects include both direct drug discovery and development activities as well as research aimed at the creation of novel technologies with significant commercial potential. The present case study is based on a series of examples illustrating the cooperation between JU and various business entities, both in Poland and globally, which successfully implemented the inventions made at the university. These cases include JU technologies already commercialized and also some of the most promising inventions still awaiting further development in close collaboration with various business partners. The article also describes a few examples of JU world-class research centres and their unique collaboration opportunities with scientific and business entities.

Epistemic justifications for belief in the unobservable: The impact of minority status

Children hold beliefs about religious and scientific entities, such as angels or germs, that they cannot directly observe or interact with. Given their limited opportunities for first-hand observation, children's beliefs in these entities are a clear example of cultural learning and are likely to vary based on cultural factors. In the present study, we investigated variation in the epistemic stance of 4–11-year-old children growing up in a religious minority in China (N = 47), a religious majority in Iran (N = 85), and a religious majority in the U.S. (N = 74). To assess the role of community status as a domain-specific, as opposed to a domain-general, factor contributing to children's beliefs about unobservable entities, we compared children's beliefs about religious unobservable entities with their beliefs about scientific unobservable entities in these three communities. In all three communities, younger and older children were confident that unobservable religious and scientific entities exist. However, compared to children in Iran and the U.S., children from the religious minority group in China were more likely to justify their ontological beliefs about religious entities by appealing to the source of their beliefs. These results highlight the impact of community status on learning from testimony about unobservable entities. Additionally, the results show that under certain circumstances – notably when holding minority beliefs – tracking the source of beliefs serves as a central epistemic justification.