Scientific Criteria Research Articles

Formation of Soviet Postgraduate Studies in History in USSR in 1930s: Legislative Regulation and Practice

The formation of the institute of postgraduate studies in history in the USSR in the 1930s is examined in the article. The sources used are published legislative acts, journalistic materials, archival data. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the proposed problem was often considered in the context of the history of scientific and scientific and educational institutions or exclusively through regulatory legal acts without taking into account the practice that actually existed and developed under the influence of the community of scientists. Using the materials of curricula for the training of graduate students of Moscow University, Leningrad University, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as well as using the individual plans of graduate students, the author proves that the older generation of historians sought to integrate pre-revolutionary standards and mechanisms for training dissertation candidates into the new conditions of Soviet power. It is stated in the article that, despite the publication of numerous decrees, instructions, rules by government structures in relation to the institute of graduate school in the 1930s, there were no clear recommendations on the nature of the process of training scientific personnel. Supervisors of post graduate students, as a rule, themselves determined the scope of requirements for applicants. The author reveals the relative freedom of historians in determining the conditions and scientific criteria for entering the scientific community of neophytes.

Psicologia do Testemunho: dos Primórdios à Atualidade

O presente artigo visa tratar da Psicologia do Testemunho demonstrando a contribuição científica trazida ao Direito, em especial, quanto aos problemas relacionados à veracidade dos testemunhos e aos reconhecimentos pessoais, desvendando o fenômeno das falsas memórias.
 Assim, a hipótese a ser considerada é se a Psicologia do Testemunho traz critérios científicos para a colheita do testemunho e do reconhecimento pessoal, e, consequentemente, a possibilidade de diminuição dos erros judiciais e da condenação de inocentes.
 A metodologia utilizada neste artigo foi a revisão bibliográfica. Para tanto, passa-se a abordar marcos iniciais acerca da Psicologia do Testemunho, como foram desenvolvidos pela ciência com os diversos experimentos e constatações. É importante verificar como funciona a memória humana e o que podemos esperar dela no âmbito dos depoimentos em sede policial e judicial, até chegar à análise do instituto das falsas memórias.
 Em seguida, tratou-se do panorama estabelecido pelo Código de Processo Penal acerca do depoimento das vítimas e das testemunhas, bem como do reconhecimento pessoal. Nesse momento, buscou-se demonstrar a distinção existente entre o regramento do Código e a prática, refletindo em potenciais erros judiciais.
 Por fim, seguem sugestões trazidas acerca de qual seria a melhor forma de realizar o depoimento de vítimas e de testemunhas, além do reconhecimento pessoal, à luz da Psicologia do Testemunho e da dignidade da pessoa humana.

Çocukluk Dönemi Din Eğitimine Gelişimsel Bir Bakış Açısı

Developmental religious education is an educational activity shaped within the framework of developments in the fields of psychology and educational sciences. In our study, developments and theories in the field of psychology and pedagogy in the historical process are presented through the leading figures in this field. Studies in these areas have been adapted to religious development and religious education. In this context, in our study, the methodology, principles and problems of religious education studies, which are based on the data of studies in psychology and educational sciences, were examined. As a method, our study first examined the basic views of the people who developed theories in general development, and then the religious development and religious education theories developed on the basis of these. Our study is based on literature and document review. The primary sources related to the subject were examined and their effects on religious education were evaluated together with different field studies. As a result, it has been seen that religious education should be considered together with developmental theories and should be programmed within the framework of scientific criteria. It is clear that such a religious education activity will have positive contributions in many aspects. However, it should be noted that limiting the subject of religious development and education to purely scientific criteria is faced with the problem of neglecting important components of religious education such as spirituality and holiness.

Revisión de los reglamentos deportivos en baloncesto en etapas de formación (U10, U12, U13 y U14)

The aim of this study was to analyze the current rules of play of the different regional basketball federation in Spain, in the under 10, under 12, under 13 and under 14 (U10, U12, U13 and U14), with incidence on the following variables: a) mode disputed, b) players called; c) time of the game; d) breaking times and time outs; e) change system; f) ball size; g) three-point line distance; h) score system and i) other modifications. The most significant results showed: a) a wide variety of rules in the under 10 and under 12 levels; b) a lack of consensus regarding the distance of three-point line, change system and size ball in the under 13 level, and c) a wide consensus from under 14 level. Despite the wide variability in the basketball's use game in the young levels in the different federations, it can be concluded that: a) in the last years it has been observed constant changes; b) the regional federations act in isolation; c) there is a shortage of scientific criteria for the choice for its rules proposals. It is proposed a permanent search of rules modifications, supported by scientific evidences.

Metodologi Ekonomi Islam

This study aims to analyze the thinking methods used in Islamic economics critically. This study assumes that the methods used in Islamic economics are mostly designed to determine Fallah. Islamic economics was born not as a separate discipline but as an integral part of the Islamic religion as complete life teaching. Islam guides all human activities, including economics. This research is library research with a qualitative approach. Sources of data in this study using secondary data derived from books and relevant research results. The results of this study found that the methodology of Islamic economics must be built on the principles of Islamic epistemology, produce scientific criteria, and convey Islamic values to others. Islamic economics has a complete scientific building, giving birth to theories that explain economic doctrine and reality.

Back to the Iron Age Chronology in Southern Central Asia

Abstract The article reconsiders two major sites of the 1st millennium BC in southern Uzbekistan, Kyzyltepa and Kurganzol. It contests their recent dating – exclusively the Achaemenid and transitional Hellenistic period for the first one, and the end of the 4th c. BC for the second one – mainly based upon dendrochronological analyses relating the samples to the time of Alexander the Great’s conquest or slightly before, and ruling out the other dates given to these sites in previous publications. Our argumentation is based upon (1) various archaeological arguments and (2) scientific criteria that question the dendrochronological data and the supposed aging of the 14C results due to “old waters” from glaciers.

Learning with digital media in emergency medicine-apath through the jungle of possibilities

HintergrundDigitale Medien, wie Podcasts, Wikis, E‑Portfolios und Extended-Reality-Anwendungen, bieten hervorragende Lernmöglichkeiten mit einem hohen Grad an Vernetzung und Flexibilität für die Lernenden, aber auch für Lernbegleitende. Dies ermöglicht nicht nur ortsunabhängiges und pandemieresilientes Lernen, sondern auch ein hohes Maß an Autonomie der Lernenden. Der Megatrend der Digitalisierung eröffnet vielfältige Möglichkeiten, aber auch Stolpersteine und Grenzen.ZielsetzungDieser Beitrag soll Lesenden aus den Bereichen Notfallmedizin, Rettungsdienst und (Notfall‑)Pflege einen Überblick, Denkanstöße und Hinweise auf mögliche Stolpersteine geben. Dabei ist ein Spagat zwischen Didaktik und Medizin sowie dem heterogenen Adressatenkreis der Leserschaft notwendig.MethodenMittels eines narrativen Reviews wird eine Einschätzung digitaler Medien vorgenommen. Die Medien werden einer Bewertung aus Sicht der Bildungspraxis unterzogen.Ergebnisse und SchlussfolgerungLernen verändert sich nicht nur durch neue Lerntechnologien, sondern auch durch die wachsende Bedeutung des informellen Lernens, die zunehmende Bedeutung des schnellen Zugriffs auf qualitativ hochwertiges Wissen, sich schneller verändernde Berufsbiografien und den Einsatz digitaler Universalwerkzeuge. So ist im Dschungel der Möglichkeiten eine Einschätzung wissenschaftlicher Qualitätskriterien oft schwierig und eine differenzierte Betrachtung notwendig. Grundsätzlich ist die Frage nach den geeigneten Methoden zu stellen. Es muss kritisch hinterfragt werden, ob die Lern‑/Kompetenzziele mit den geplanten digitalisierten Medien erreicht werden können. Digitale Medien können und sollen die praktische Ausbildung in der Arbeitsrealität nicht ersetzen.

Guidance Document on Scientific criteria for grouping chemicals into assessment groups for human risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals.

This guidance document provides harmonised and flexible methodologies to apply scientific criteria and prioritisation methods for grouping chemicals into assessment groups for human risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. In the context of EFSA’s risk assessments, the problem formulation step defines the chemicals to be assessed in the terms of reference usually through regulatory criteria often set by risk managers based on legislative requirements. Scientific criteria such as hazard‐driven criteria can be used to group these chemicals into assessment groups. In this guidance document, a framework is proposed to apply hazard‐driven criteria for grouping of chemicals into assessment groups using mechanistic information on toxicity as the gold standard where available (i.e. common mode of action or adverse outcome pathway) through a structured weight of evidence approach. However, when such mechanistic data are not available, grouping may be performed using a common adverse outcome. Toxicokinetic data can also be useful for grouping, particularly when metabolism information is available for a class of compounds and common toxicologically relevant metabolites are shared. In addition, prioritisation methods provide means to identify low‐priority chemicals and reduce the number of chemicals in an assessment group. Prioritisation methods include combined risk‐based approaches, risk‐based approaches for single chemicals and exposure‐driven approaches. Case studies have been provided to illustrate the practical application of hazard‐driven criteria and the use of prioritisation methods for grouping of chemicals in assessment groups. Recommendations for future work are discussed.

Peer review declaration

Peer review declaration

Outcome of the public consultation on the draft EFSA ‘Guidance Document on Scientific criteria for grouping chemicals into assessment groups for human risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals’

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) carried out a public consultation to receive input from the scientific community and all interested parties on the draft guidance of the working group of the Scientific Committee ‘Guidance Document on Scientific criteria for grouping chemicals into assessment groups for human risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals’. The background and the Terms of Reference were prepared by EFSA staff and the working group of the Scientific Committee was set up in 2019. The draft guidance was developed by the working group and endorsed by the Scientific Committee for public consultation at its plenary meeting of 17 April 2021. The written public consultation for this document was opened from 29 May to 10 July 2021. EFSA received responses from 12 interested parties (industry, industry associations, NGOs, consultancy companies, national scientific advisory bodies and individual scientists). EFSA and its Scientific Committee wish to thank all stakeholders for their contributions. In addition, EFSA organised an International Workshop on “Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals” on 18, 19 and 20 October 2021 to discuss specifically hazard-based criteria and prioritisation methods from the guidance document as well future challenges in the area of risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. This report presents the comments received from the public consultation and the international workshop and addressed after consideration by the working group of the Scientific Committee and by the Scientific Committee at its Plenary meeting of 17 November 2021.

Anatomical and Chemical Characterization of Ulmus Species from South Korea.

Ulmus species (Ulmaceae) are large deciduous trees distributed throughout Korea. Although their root and stem bark have been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases and wounds in folk medicine, commercial products are consumed without any standardization. Therefore, we examined anatomical and chemical differences among five Ulmus species in South Korea. Transverse sections of leaf, stem, and root barks were examined under a microscope to elucidate anatomical differences. Stem and root bark exhibited characteristic medullary ray and secretary canal size. Leaf surface, petiole, and midrib exhibited characteristic inner morphologies including stomatal size, parenchyma, and epidermal cell diameter, as well as ratio of vascular bundle thickness to diameter among the samples. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis of anatomical data efficiently differentiated the five species. To evaluate chemical differences among the five species, we quantified (-)-catechin, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and (-)-catechin-5-O-β-D-apiofuranoside using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector. (-)-Catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside content was the highest among all compounds in all species, and (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside content was characteristically the highest in Ulmus parvifolia among the five species. Overall, the Ulmus species tested was able to be clearly distinguished on the basis of anatomy and chemical composition, which may be used as scientific criteria for appropriate identification and standard establishment for commercialization of these species

Scientific and psychosocial ethical considerations for initial clinical trials of kidney xenotransplantation.

The initial clinical trials of pig solid organ xenotransplantation (XTx) are drawing closer and could begin in the coming years. The first clinical trials may aim to transplant genetically-modified pig kidneys into adult humans. The impetus for beginning these first-in-human trials is the severe lack of deceased donor kidneys for transplantation and the number of patients with end-stage renal disease currently on transplant waitlists, which in the USA approaches 100000. The majority of patients on the kidney transplant waitlist receive continuous renal replacement therapy. In the United States, for patients on the kidney waitlist, the median wait-time to receive a deceased human donor organ is approximately 4.5 years for patients aged 45-74, with a 5-year mortality (or removal from the waitlist because of deteriorating health) of approximately 40%. XTx has the potential to reduce the kidney waitlist morbidity and mortality while improving quality of life. By focusing on scientific and psychosocial criteria, we present ethical considerations of certain inclusion and exclusion criteria for these first-in-human clinical trials that we suggest have not yet been fully explored.

Aspects épistémologiques des méthodes qualitatives en psychologie clinique

ObjectiveQualitative methods are associated with the field of human sciences, to which psychology belongs. However, their use is sometimes denounced as less scientific than other approaches. On the contrary, we wish to show that qualitative methods meet all the necessary scientific criteria. MethodBased on an analysis of reference documents, we recall the epistemological fundamentals of the qualitative approach, then the links between this approach and the clinical approach. ResultsOur analysis leads us to present the mixed approach, which is a different way of thinking about the methodological approach, here by combining the qualitative and the quantitative, and which constitutes an approach distinct from the first two. DiscussionAt the end of this analysis, we present the mixed approach, which is fruitful for revealing the clinical complexity that research in the human sciences must account for. ConclusionsWe take the field of complementary practices in full development as an example of the relevance of this methodology. But other practices are obviously concerned. The publication of works using the qualitative or mixed approach is a crucial issue in clinical psychology.

«CUTE FANTASIES» OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT SCIENCE ARE WE TALKING ABOUT?

The author of the paper shows contradictions, which exist between the «scientific» truth (the ascertained facts) and the «psychological» (humanitarian) truth. In the second case, one can talk about concepts, which do not exist and cannot be achieved in reality, but bring benefit to most of the individuals as mental constructs. The author makes a conclusion that contemporary psychology in its present-day construction cannot become a full-fledged discipline, which meets generally accepted scientific criteria.

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Efrén Pérez about Political Psychology and the Study of Race and Ethnic Politics

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Efrén Pérez about Political Psychology and the Study of Race and Ethnic Politics

Evaluation Criteria for Quality Education of Physical Education Lessons Based on Logical Analysis

To cultivate high-quality talents, it is important to develop a set of scientific and complete evaluation criteria for comprehensive quality. The effective evaluation could promote and guide teaching and learning, and improve the overall quality of students. Considering the features of PE lessons, this paper resorts to multiple methods, e.g., questionnaire survey, Delphi’s method, mathematical statistics, and logical analysis, to establish a system of evaluation criteria for the quality education of PE lessons, the proposed system includes 4 primary indices, 10 secondary indices, and 24 tertiary indices. The weight of each index was determined through analytic hierarchy process (AHP), making the criteria more scientific. Taking the PE major of a college for example, the proposed criteria were investigated empirically. The results show that experts, teachers, and students made consistent evaluations. Thus, the proposed system and evaluation criteria are feasible, and capable of evaluating the overall quality of students objectively and fairly. The research results provide a tool and idea for improving the quality education of PE lessons in China, and promoting the evaluation of students’ overall quality.

From European Federalism to the European Union, Insights of Nobel Prize Laureate, Maurice Allais

From 1945 to the end of his life, Maurice Allais, Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics (1988), devoted a large part of his work to the European question. As a staunch Unionist, Allais insisted on the fact that, while the threefold freedom of goods, people and capital was necessary to improve the well-being of individuals, it was also a very ambitious goal. Thus, he argued, it was necessary to promote a European federalism on the basis of a scientific criterion: economic democracy—and via an organized method: competitive planning. However, Allais was aware that political integration had to precede economic integration and that economic efficiency could not be ensured without a single currency. He argued that the introduction of the euro had to be accompanied by real monetary reform (credit system, indexation of future commitments, stock markets, international monetary system) in order to regulate the multiplication of financial crises.

Violence and Illegal Deforestation: The Crimes of “Environmental Militias” in the Amazon Forest

ABSTRACT This article presents a conceptual definition of the “environmental militias,” which are criminal networks responsible for the rampant increase of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. We demonstrate how they combine violence and technology to reinforce the economic interests of agribusiness, illegal mining and logging sectors, providing all the logistic chain that interconnects such illegal activities and the global market. We argue that since the election of Jair Bolsonaro “environmental militias” have not only been supported by the president’s discourse, but also by federal institutions and government programs negatively impacting the Brazilian environmental legislation, reducing monitoring, control and surveillance of environmental assets and the power of institutions responsible for demarcating Indigenous Lands. This article demonstrates the struggle of the Brazilian federal government against scientific data related to deforestation and the increase in human caused fires in the Amazon region. Environmental concern based on scientific criteria has been redefined as “leftist ideology” and the government replaced specialized technicians by military members with no expertise in environmental monitoring or oversight institutions. Finally, we critically analyze market discourses on sustainability by understanding them as corporative reputational strategies rather than effective commitment with the preservation of the Amazon Forest.

The Covid-19 pandemic – A statistical interpretation updated in early 2021

One year after the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, on the world graph of daily morbidity can be seen that we are in the downturn of the third epidemic wave, consistent with the downturn of the third wave of daily deaths from/with Covid-19. However, the written press and the audiovisual media continue to present alarming balance sheets several times a day that lead the public to the idea of public danger. Doubts about the adequacy of declaring the pandemic were interpreted by some "naysayers" as doubts about the existence of the disease and the virus, and some loudly expressed their opposition against the prophylactic measures. Increasingly, public opinion, the press, and the judiciary system are shedding light on the causes of these approaches, which claim to be based on scientific criteria but sometimes prove to be pseudo-scientific, causing an „infodemic”. The best objective orientation in this informational chaos is based on the mathematical-statistical processing of official data that is centralized daily from all countries of the world and published on the Internet. The statistical calculation suggests that in addition to the inequalities inherent in different populations, there are also cases of over-reporting, overdiagnosis, over-treatment, and/or over-media coverage of the Covid-19 case practice. As a general conclusion, the virus is real, the disease is real, but the risk to public health is not particularly serious except in certain geographical areas. If scientifically established prophylaxis and treatment measures are followed, the pandemic may end this year.

Theoretical issues of qualification of knowledge as scientific information and the criteria of its objectness for falling under legal regulation and grants for science in BRICS countries (case study in the military sphere) as one of the method of financing of scientific research

The subject of this research is the qualification of knowledge as scientific information and criteria for its objectness for falling under legal regulation, as well as certain aspects of grants for science in BRICS countries (case study in the military sphere) as one of the methods of financing scientific research. The relevance of this research lies in delimitation of scientific information from information that is not classified as such, which on the one hand would allow to more extensively implement the UNGA Declaration on the Scientific and Technological Progress in the Interests of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind (1975), while on the other hand, provide representation on the approaches towards grants for military scientific research as one of the methods of financing scientific research in BRICS countries. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the goal of research and the acquired results. It is established that first and foremost, the countries try delineate the public access to information that is at the disposal of the state in order to meet their utilitarian interests. At the same time, the article indicates unequal access to information and various approaches towards the definition and legal consolidation of the concept of “information”, which allows reflecting on interpretation of the concept of “scientific information”,  as well as on the absence of legitimate definitions of the latter and its delimitation from other information in different countries having certain characteristic features. It is also demonstrated that BRICS countries have different sources of grant funding for scientific research (including military research), as well as national peculiarities that limit these sources for research aimed at ensuring national security.