Scientific Criteria Research Articles

Techno-economic analysis and energy modelling as a key enablers for smart energy services and technologies in buildings

Smart energy services and technologies are key components of energy transition and decarbonisation strategies for the built environment. On the one hand, the technical potential of the building stock in terms of energy, emissions and cost savings is large and exploited only partially at present. On the other hand, the increasing availability of data generated by smart meters, smart devices, sensors and building management systems can help monitoring, verifying and tracking building energy performance improvements in a transparent way. In particular, energy modelling and data analytics can provide empirically grounded and tested methods to standardize the way energy performance is measured and reported. Further, techno-economic analysis is crucial to ensure the feasibility of innovative business models. For these reasons, this paper aims to address the role of techno-economic analysis and energy modelling as key enablers for next-generation energy services and technologies. In terms of methods, scientific literature selection criteria are derived from previous research and are focused on limitations and bottlenecks to the achievement of innovative business models, which are motivated, at their very basics, by energy, emission and cost savings. Additionally, besides these potential savings, smart energy services and technologies can provide multiple additional benefits such as improved Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and energy flexibility on the demand side, with respect to energy infrastructures. First, the research identifies the key elements that are necessary to integrate and to streamline techno-economic analysis and energy modelling processes. After that, it highlights potential advances in the broad area of energy transitions and decarbonisation of the built environment that can be achieved as an evolution of current practices and processes. Finally, it envisions the creation of “eco-systems” of interacting models for the building sector that share common underlying principles.

Épistémologie psychanalytique : une épistémologie aux frontières

ObjectivePsychoanalysis and epistemology raise multiple questions, and provoke debate and lively controversies. Without wishing to take up the old debate on the scientific nature of psychoanalysis, we wish to question its place in a contemporary epistemology, an epistemology of research, rather than one of science. We propose to think about psychoanalytic epistemology on the borders: between the theoretical and the clinical, between research and the practice of the cure, but also in dialogue with other hybrid disciplines such as psychiatry. MethodStarting from the observation that progress in scientific disciplines such as physics has led to the abandonment of the illusion of a universal theory of knowledge and to the shattering of the affirmation of epistemology's unique conception, we study the specificities of psychoanalytic epistemology as well as current conceptions of epistemology in science, research, and evaluation. We are interested in metapsychology as a Freudian epistemology, as well as in its limits and the criticisms it raises. ResultsPsychoanalysis carries a specific form of knowledge based on the hypothesis of the unconscious. It is a hybrid object with a hypercomplex causality that mixes nature, culture, and the clinic. Thinking about its epistemology roots us in the processual logic of the notion of epistemological obstacle, as opposed to epistemological impasse. The liveliness of psychoanalytical epistemology rests both on its confrontation with clinical practice, and with the progress of other sciences such as the chaos sciences, which open up to non-linear causalities and take dissipative structures into account. The epistemology of research in psychoanalysis requires compromise but also makes “border work” possible; here, a metapsycho-epistemological gap is put to work. DiscussionThe possibility of a psychoanalytical epistemology is not unanimously accepted. The best-known skeptic is perhaps K. Popper, whose proposals on the criteria of scientificity were ultimately refuted by epistemologists of the physical sciences. Scientific models’ lack of uniqueness makes the exclusive recourse to the experimental model based on the triptych observation-hypothesis-verification obsolete from an epistemological point of view. Its epistemological specificity lies in its method, which articulates the theory of unconscious processes with a transference-based clinical practice, making it a regional epistemology. The epistemology of psychoanalysis is situated at the borders of the natural and the cultural, the individual and the intersubjective, science and fiction, hermeneutics and phenomenology, clinical practice and research. Its multiple borders are, according to the times and the theoretical choices, more or less open or even porous, more or less closed or even impassable. ConclusionPsychoanalysis's epistemological stakes reflect the contemporary evolution from an epistemology of science to an epistemology of research and therefore of evaluation. The hypercomplex nature of the human psyche and of psychic facts makes the transposition of epistemic models from other sciences inadequate. The border position of psychoanalytic epistemology cannot be limited to a form of causalist and theoretical originality; it is first and foremost rooted in the specificity of its method, which is itself on the border between practice and theory. The processual part of psychoanalysis as a theory, but also as a therapy, is essential and thus opens to a questioning of the transmission of psychoanalytic epistemology to the field of research, to the sciences as a whole. The wager of the transmissibility of the epistemology of psychoanalysis remains a challenge but we consider that thinking about it as a dialogue – that is, a confrontation with and an opening-up to other disciplines – is necessary in this between compromise and border work.

RENEWAL OF THE ARABIC GRAMMAR AT IBN ROSHD

This Paper aims to analyse and discuss one of the issues that have preoccupied Muslim philosophers, chief among them Ibn Rashid, who has devoted particular attention to the grammatical lesson. It is meant to be common to all tongues and to achieve the most scientific and objective, and Ibn Rashid wanted to make it a welcome space to legalize and arrange language according to scientific criteria, which would make it easier to treat it as a science that transcends all differences and geographical boundaries. How did Ibn Roshd find the grammatical lesson before him? And what are the details of his regenerative project? In order to deal with this problem, we first followed the features of the grammatical lesson in Andalusia and all the changes that he had learned. We then turned to the efforts of Ibn Hazm Al-Zahiri and Ibn Madhaa in resurrecting and reviving this lesson. "Necessary in the grammar" as combining his two arguments with the new vision adopted by the philosopher of Córdoba for the development of this science and its openness to other cognitive fields.

Application of scientific criteria for identifying hydrothermal ecosystems in need of protection

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields are globally rare (abundant in numbers, but extremely small in area) and are rich in extraordinary life based on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. Vent fields are also sources of polymetallic sulfides rich in copper and other metals. Mineral resources of the international seabed beyond national jurisdictions (referred to as the “Area”) are administered by the International Seabed Authority (ISA), which has the mandate to organize and control mineral resource-related activities and to ensure effective protection of the marine environment from harmful effects which may arise from such activities. To date, the ISA has approved 3 contracts for mineral exploration on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (nMAR) and is developing a Regional Environmental Management Plan (REMPs) for polymetallic sulfide resources in the Area of northern MAR, including the application of area-based management tools to address the potential impacts of mining activities. Several intergovernmental organizations have developed suites of criteria to identify vulnerable, sensitive, and ecologically or biologically significant ecosystems in need of protection. In this case study, we combine criteria developed by FAO for VMEs (Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems), by CBD for EBSAs (Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas), and by IMO for PSSAs (Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas) to assess whether the 11 confirmed vent fields on the nMAR may meet these criteria. Our assessment indicates that all vent fields meet multiple criteria for vulnerability, sensitivity, and ecological or biological significance, and 10 of 11 vent fields meet all criteria for ecosystems in need of protection.

The Big Digital Contact Tracing Experiment1

AbstractOver a third of the world’s countries have launched contact‐tracing apps in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, generating much hype about the prospect of automating contact‐tracing to manage outbreaks and to alleviate costly and labour‐intensive ‘manual’ contact tracing. Despite the stringent scientific criteria applied to the development of vaccines and other ‘biomedical countermeasures’ in responding to the pandemic, digital contact tracing has been widely recommended despite being an unproven public health intervention. Evidence for its effectiveness is thin, based on theoretical mathematical modelling and unsystematic observations across diverse country contexts. Establishing evidence of effectiveness is complicated by the fact that two private corporations, Apple and Google, own the technology upon which most government contact‐tracing apps are based and which, by design, restricts access to needed data on privacy grounds. In this policy insight, we make the case for why public health authorities urgently need to establish the effectiveness and societal implications of this big digital contact‐tracing experiment.

Evaluation of Slope Stability in an Urban Area as a Basis for Territorial Planning: A Case Study

Slope stability is determined by pre-conditioning and triggering factors. The evaluation of the stability by scientific criteria provides crucial input into land-use planning and development. This work aimed to evaluate the slope stability of “Las Cabras” hill (Duran, Ecuador) through geological and geotechnical analysis and a susceptibility assessment that allowed the definition of areas potentially susceptible to landslide and detachment for land planning recommendations. The methodology included (i) analysis of background information about the study area; (ii) fieldwork, sampling and laboratory tests; (iii) assessment of susceptibility to landslides and detachment through a theoretical–practical evaluation (using suggestions by various authors); (iv) a safety factor assessment employing the simplified Bishop method; and (v) analysis of the relationship between susceptibility and stability. Sixteen geomechanical stations were evaluated. Of these, seven stations are characterised as category III (medium susceptibility), six stations as category IV (high susceptibility) and three stations as category V (very high susceptibility). According to the susceptibility zoning map, 58.09% of the total area (36.36 Ha) is in the high to very high susceptibility category. The stability analysis based on 16 critical profiles shows that three of these profiles have safety factor values of less than one (0.86, 0.82 and 0.76, respectively), and two profiles have values close to one (1.02 and 1.00). The northern area is conditioned mainly by a vertical slope with an outcrop of fractured and weathered sandstones, thereby favouring rockfall. The landslide vulnerability in the case of the southern zone is principally conditioned by the fact that the slope and dip are parallel. The described characterisation and susceptibility analysis provide a basis for security measures and territorial planning.

Reliability validation for file system interpretation

This paper examines current best practices for Digital Forensic (DF) tool and method validation in the context of file system interpretation for digital evidence. In order to meet the legal and scientific requirements in criminal procedures file system (FS) reverse engineering (RE) is a necessity. Currently, there is no standard procedure for reliability testing of FS RE. Ideal validation requirements exist, but they are on high-level and practical implementation is missing. In this paper we propose a formal reliability validation procedure for file system reverse engineering, documenting the forensic process, including the tools used, ensuring reliability and reproducibility of the method and the results. The procedure is based on legal and scientific criteria and tested against file system reverse engineering methods. It is applicable to all types of reverse engineering methods in digital forensics.

Directional Selection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Towards Site-Specific Fungicides in Mato Grosso State

This review focus on the sensitivity reduction of Phakopsora pachyrhizi to site specific fungicides in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.The soybean grown area in this state in the 2018/19 growing season was 9,756,668 hectares. The main crop disease is Asian soybean rust that depending on disease severity may cause 80% yield reduction. The rust chemical control started in the 2002/003 season with site-specific fungicides applied solo and with 3.6 sprayings/ha/season. For these reasons, the fungus had sensitivity reduction to the fungicides DMIs, QoIs and SDHIs resulting in a short effective life. Anti-resistance strategies were not adopted to prevent or delay the development of soybean rust resistant population to site-specific fungicides. Reduced sensitivity to the target site has been observed for all site-specific fungicides involving cross and multiple resistance resulting in ineffective control. So far, eight mutations in Phakopsora pachyrhizi have been identified conferring reduced sensitivity to DMIs, QoIs and SDHIs but so far specific mutations are not considered in chemical control. The directional selection has occurred and has been aggravated season-after-season by the continuous use of site-specific fungicides in a large area, for 18 season and with more than three sprayings/area/season. The presence of soybean weed in one million hectares of cotton crop infected by rust aggravates the directional selection. Anti-resistance strategies should include sowing at the beginning of the recommended season, avoid the December season and replacing it by February, use of scientific criteria to time the first application and the use of multisite fungicides in all applications and in the entire area cultivated with soybean.

Large-Scale Recombinant Production of the SARS-CoV-2 Proteome for High-Throughput and Structural Biology Applications.

The highly infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 poses a severe threat to humanity and demands the redirection of scientific efforts and criteria to organized research projects. The international COVID19-NMR consortium seeks to provide such new approaches by gathering scientific expertise worldwide. In particular, making available viral proteins and RNAs will pave the way to understanding the SARS-CoV-2 molecular components in detail. The research in COVID19-NMR and the resources provided through the consortium are fully disclosed to accelerate access and exploitation. NMR investigations of the viral molecular components are designated to provide the essential basis for further work, including macromolecular interaction studies and high-throughput drug screening. Here, we present the extensive catalog of a holistic SARS-CoV-2 protein preparation approach based on the consortium’s collective efforts. We provide protocols for the large-scale production of more than 80% of all SARS-CoV-2 proteins or essential parts of them. Several of the proteins were produced in more than one laboratory, demonstrating the high interoperability between NMR groups worldwide. For the majority of proteins, we can produce isotope-labeled samples of HSQC-grade. Together with several NMR chemical shift assignments made publicly available on covid19-nmr.com, we here provide highly valuable resources for the production of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in isotope-labeled form.

Andexanet Alfa or Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Factor Xa Inhibitor Reversal in Acute Major Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To combine evidence on andexanet alfa and prothrombin complex concentrates for factor Xa inhibitor-associated bleeding to guide clinicians on reversal strategies. Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Observational studies and randomized clinical trials studying hemostatic effectiveness of andexanet alfa or prothrombin complex concentrate for acute reversal of factor Xa inhibitor-associated hemorrhage. Two independent reviewers extracted the data from the studies. Visualization and comparison of hemostatic effectiveness using Sarode et al or International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Scientific and Standardization Committee criteria at 12 and 24 hours, (venous) thrombotic event rates, and inhospital mortality were performed by constructing Forest plots. Exploratory analysis using a logistic mixed model analysis was performed to identify factors associated with effectiveness and venous thromboembolic event. A total of 21 studies were included (andexanet: 438 patients; prothrombin complex concentrate: 1,278 patients). The (weighted) mean effectiveness for andexanet alfa was 82% at 12 hours and 71% at 24 hours. The (weighted) mean effectiveness for prothrombin complex concentrate was 88% at 12 hours and 76% at 24 hours. The mean 30-day symptomatic venous thromboembolic event rates were 5.0% for andexanet alfa and 1.9% for prothrombin complex concentrate. The mean 30-day total thrombotic event rates for andexanet alfa and prothrombin complex concentrate were 10.7% and 3.1%, respectively. Mean inhospital mortality was 23.3% for andexanet versus 15.8% for prothrombin complex concentrate. Exploratory analysis controlling for potential confounders did not demonstrate significant differences between both reversal agents. Currently, available evidence does not unequivocally support the clinical effectiveness of andexanet alfa or prothrombin complex concentrate to reverse factor Xa inhibitor-associated acute major bleeding, nor does it permit conventional meta-analysis of potential superiority. Neither reversal agent was significantly associated with increased effectiveness or a higher rate of venous thromboembolic event. These results underscore the importance of randomized controlled trials comparing the two reversal agents and may provide guidance in designing institutional guidelines.

The Karst of the Northern Middle Atlas (Morocco): An Invaluable Heritage to Inventory

The northern part of the Middle Atlas is the most deformed of the chain. Made up of essential carbonate and marly outcrops of Jurassic, it shelters a particular karstic richness. Its integration into the Moroccan geoheritage is amply justified by its diversity, its typicity, and its exceptional extent. Indeed, its exokarstic forms cover 30% of its surface and its endokarst includes, to date, more than 370 underground cavities. Among the main karst geosites of the northern Middle Atlas, 9 have been inventoried and studied in this article based on four scientific criteria, namely, representativeness, rarity, geological diversity, and documentation. We consider these geosites as reference and unique sites for Morocco. Out of 9 inventoried geosites, 6 geosites are exokarstic (Chiker polje, dolines of Ademame, Chaâra lapiaz, Guelta Tameda, Taffert canyons, Ain Sebou) and 3 geosites are endokarstic (Chiker cave, Ras El Oued, Chaâra cave). These geosites, presenting various phenomena with remarkable lithological, morphostructural, and paleoclimatic features, hold high scientific value and bear witness to the geological evolution of this region.

Misinformation about fake news: A systematic critical review of empirical studies on the phenomenon and its status as a ‘threat’

After the 2016 US presidential elections, the term ‘fake news’ became synonymous with disinformation and a catch-all term for the problems that social networks were bringing to communication. Four years later, there are dozens of empirical studies that have attempted to describe and analyse an issue that, despite still being in the process of definition, has been identified as one of the key COVID-19 cyberthreats by Interpol, is considered a threat to democracy by many states and supranational institutions and, as a consequence, is subject to regulation or even criminalization. These legislative and criminal policy interventions form part of the first stage in the construction of a moral panic that may lead to the restriction of freedom of expression and information. By analysing empirical research that attempts to measure the extent of the issue and its impact, the present article aims to provide critical reflection on the process of constructing fake news as a threat. Via a systematic review of the literature, we observe, firstly, that the concept of fake news used in empirical research is limited and should be refocused because it has not been constructed according to scientific criteria and can fail to include relevant elements and actors, such as governments and traditional media. Secondly, the article analyses what is known scientifically about the extent, consumption and impact of fake news and argues that it is problematic to establish causal relationships between the issue and the effects it has been said to produce. This conclusion requires us to conduct further research and to reconsider the position of fake news as a threat as well as the resulting regulation and criminalization.

Análisis de la calidad de la lengua meta de la traducción a la vista del EEE8 en la perspectiva de “desverbalización”

The sight translation is a basic method used for evaluating the level of foreign languages. Also, the target language quality form a fundamental part of the evaluation of the performance of sight translation. In the EEE8 test (Test for Spanish Majors-level 8), sight translation, as the unique form, is introduced to evaluate the oral capacity and that of interpretation, which also requires a scientific criterion so as to distinguish the performances with different marks. In this article, in the perspective of “deverbalization”, we focus on the samples of sight translation of EEE8 between 2017-2018 through the construction of a corpus. In addition, we investigate the correlations between the level of “deverbalization” and the performances of the students with regard to their target language quality. Hereafter, we analyze the factors that will affect “deverbalization” so that the learners will improve their target language quality of sight translation. In the end, it is our attempt to offer some suggestions for the study and the teaching of sight translation.

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Single-blind• Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions? The reviewers’ criteria used are categorised into three parts;(i) Technical criteria: In this criterion the scientific merit; notably scientific rigour, accuracy and correctness considered. Clarity of expression; communication of ideas, readability and discussion of research scope and suitable referencing.(ii) Scientific criteria: Originality and motivation; all papers should clearly demonstrate the scientific interest of the results. The significant parts of the manuscript should not have been published or being with any sort of plagiarism.(iii) Presentation criteria: The tittle should be adequate and appropriate for the scope of the article. Same applies the abstract must contain the essential information of the article and complete with a brief elaboration of background, problem scope, results, discussion and conclusion. Moreover, diagrams, figures, tables and captions should be essential and clear. Text and mathematics: Should be briefly and clear.• Conference submission management system: Submission management systems are web-based system operating in a browser environment and the form of a desktop application. Submissions are completed electronically through both email (paper-workshop2020@geothermal.itb.ac.id) and web. Call for abstracts then papers employ workshop management systems to collect, review and shortlist research abstracts and papers and then notify the authors whose abstracts/papers are shortlisted for publication and presentation.• Number of submissions received: 63• Number of submissions sent for review: 63• Number of submissions accepted: 27• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 42.86• Average number of reviews per paper: 2• Total number of reviewers involved: 29• Any additional info on review process (ie plagiarism check system): We originally design the plagiarism checker for authors, for satisfying the writers created a fresh, original and plagiarism-free work.• Contact person for queries:Suryantini Dr.EngChairman 9th IIGW 2020Geothermal GeologistGeology Study Program FITB andGeothermal Graduate Study Program FTTMInstitut Teknologi BandungEmail : suryantini@gl.itb.ac.id; ninik_suryantini@yahoo.comPhone : +62 813 9230 1388

Female mice are more prone to develop an addictive-like phenotype for sugar consumption

The concept of “sugar addiction” is gaining increasing attention in both the lay media and scientific literature. However, the concept of sugar addiction is controversial and only a few studies to date have attempted to determine the “addictive” properties of sugar using rigorous scientific criteria. Here we set out to systematically test the addictive properties of sugar in male and female mice using established paradigms and models from the drug addiction field. Male and female C57BL/6N (8–10 weeks old) were evaluated in 4 experimental procedures to study the addictive properties of sugar: (i) a drinking in the dark (DID) procedure to model sugar binging; (ii) a long-term free choice home cage drinking procedure measuring the sugar deprivation effect (SDE) following an abstinence phase; (iii) a long-term operant sugar self-administration with persistence, motivation and compulsivity measures and (iv) intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Female mice were more vulnerable to the addictive properties of sugar than male mice, showing higher binge and long-term, excessive drinking, a more pronounced relapse-like drinking following deprivation, and higher persistence and motivation for sugar. No sex differences were seen in a compulsivity test or reward sensitivity measured using ICSS following extended sugar consumption. This study demonstrates the occurrence of an addictive-like phenotype for sugar in male and female mice, similar to drugs of abuse, and suggests sex-dependent differences in the development of sugar addiction.

Оценка ресурса и характеристик изоляции тяговых двигателей локомотивов методом ускоренного теплового старения

Objective: An equivalent mode of accelerated thermal aging of the insulation system of electrical ma- chines is described to confirm the resource corresponding to a given period and operating conditions. Methods: The equivalent mode of accelerated heat aging was determined based on the Montzinger rule and tested in the course of research and development work (R&D) on the development, manufacture and implementation of a set of bench and operational tests of the insulation system of an increased heat resistance class of a diesel locomotive traction motor. Results: The relevance of R&D has been revealed, as a result of which the implementation of the idea was required, based on the statement about the re- duction of the insulation resource of electrical machines when the permissible heating is exceeded by 8–12 °С to various types of insulating materials. The advantages of the method presented in the article in relation to traditional solutions of this problem are demonstrated, and also improved consumer proper- ties of the traction electric motor of a diesel locomotive with a replaced insulation system of an increased class of heat resistance are presented. Generally, experimental tests and preliminary operational data are an acceptable basis for thermal evaluation of electrical insulating materials. However, it is important to remember that the scientific criterion is met and not to use the results of different types of tests in the analysis. Based on the world experience in diagnostics of additional insulation parameters for monitoring the state of insulation parameters, the possibility of using the “Doctor” series insulation monitoring de- vices has been determined and practically confirmed. Together with the results of subsequent operational tests, during which the insulation was also monitored using these mobile devices, it is argued that after carrying out the relevant research work, thanks to the mobile devices of the “Doctor” series, it is pos- sible to carry out predictive analytics of the failure of traction motors (TED) in any operating conditions. The functional value is determined and applied in practice. The “H” class insulation system developed by the specialists of JSC “VNIKTI” is mainly based on insulating materials produced by JSC “Holding Company „Elinar“”; the compound “Elplast 180ID” (JSC “Electroizolit”) or its analogue “Elkom-180” JSC “Holding company „Elinar“”), for anchor coils and equalizers, a wound PPIPK-2 wire in polyimide- fluoroplastic insulation (GC “Moskabelmet”) is used. Practical importance: It is stated that all stages of manufacturing and testing, determined at the initial stage of R&D, confirmed the results of the deve- lopment stages (overhaul (manufacture) of prototypes of TED using a new isolation system according to the design documentation of JSC “VNIKTI”). Bench tests have confirmed typical characteristics, speci- fied resource and insulation characteristics with equivalent accelerated thermal aging corresponding to an electric motor’s service life of 20 years in ordinary operation on a diesel locomotive, residual life of elements of the insulation system of naturally cut armature segments, main and auxiliary poles coils. In the specialized laboratory of JSC “Holding Company „Elinar“”, an experimental TED diesel locomotive set with the investigated insulation system was manufactured and installed on two sections of the main- line diesel locomotive 2TE116. Operational tests of an experimental TED diesel locomotive set under operating conditions were successful.

Apakah Paradigma Nonpossitivsm (Interpretif, Kritis dan Posmodernis) dalam Akuntansi ”Ilmiah”?

This study aims to show that the non-positive paradigm, namely interpretive, critical and postmodernist, is scientific research. The technique used in this research is literature study by collecting literature either through journals, articles, news, books, and websites related to scholarship in a non-positive paradigm, namely interpretive, critical and postmodernist. The results show that there are several opinions that state non-scientific research methods are unstructured, subjectivity, can be accounted for, but the truth is subjective, differences with journalistic work, escape from statistics, and accounting originates from mathematics. Some of the previous statements can be countered by proving that the non-positive paradigm is scientific. In addition, there are several scientific criteria that are fulfilled by the non-positive paradigm, namely the purpose of scientific thinking, namely obtaining in-depth information, scientific truth with relevant methods and systems and using deductive / inductive analysis methods. There are several main problems that become criticisms in non-positive research, namely validity and validity, as well as research structure. In making it happen, it is done by testing the validity of the data in qualitative research. In the research structure, the interpretive, critical and postmodernist paradigm already has many examples of procedures, structures and methods so that we can use these examples to model and structure our research and perform data validation and reliability so that the results become scientific. The limitation of this research is that there are several sources of information that researchers need but not in the literature review.

Análisis de las principales tendencias para la fundamentación constitucional del derecho de autor. Especial referencia a Cuba.

The article aims to found the constitutional fundament of authorship-right in Cuba recurring to the analysis of different criteria about the legal nature of the institution, its response in the international governmental tools, constitutional regulations and ordinary home laws. Its main result was found in clarifying, from a scientific criterion, that the protective precept that was not explicitly regulated in the Cuban Constitution, is considered a fundamental right after being stated by the nations in the Universal Human Rights Declaration in 1948.

Consenso 2: Tamizaje Nutricional CONSENSO 2: TAMIZAJE NUTRICIONAL

Los miembros y coordinadores de los capítulos nacionales integrantes del Comité Internacional para la Elaboración de Consensos y Estandarización en Nutriología (CIENUT), después de un proceso profundo de discusión y análisis, declaramos lo siguiente:
 
 La detección precoz de problemas nutricionales, que pudiesen afectar el estado de salud de las personas o reagudizar una patología, es una parte fundamental del proceso de atención nutricional en todo nivel de atención. Por diversas circunstancias, existe una brecha significativamente grande de atención nutricional no cubierta por parte de profesionales de la nutrición, lo cual se ve reflejado en tasas elevadas de morbi-mortalidad que acarrean daños al paciente y gastos innecesarios a las instituciones, aspectos que pudieron evitarse oportunamente.
 En este contexto, hemos elaborado el Consenso 2 denominado Tamizaje Nutricional; este consenso busca fijar los criterios técnicos y científicos, por los cuales se logre lo siguiente:
 
 
 La implementación de herramientas de tamizaje nutricional en todo nivel de atención tomando en cuenta tanto su validez interna como externa.
 La reglamentación básica necesaria para que sea el profesional de nutrición quién, en principio, sea el encargado de llevar a cabo la aplicación de herramientas de tamizaje y que, en caso no pudiese hacerlo por escasez de recurso humano, sea otro profesional de la salud debidamente capacitado tanto en la ejecución como en la importancia de los resultados.
 
 
 Invocamos, además, a todas las instituciones que brindan atención nutricional suscriban este consenso y hagan todo lo necesario para que pueda implementarse en la forma más rápida posible.
 
 Firmado el 14 de setiembre de 2019 en Lima, Perú.

Nombre de la Ciencia y denominación del Profesional de Nutrición

Los miembros y coordinadores de los capítulos nacionales integrantes del Comité Internacional para la Elaboración de Consensos y Estandarización en Nutriología (CIENUT), después de un proceso profundo de discusión, declaramos lo siguiente:
 
 Como las demás especialidades de la salud, la Ciencia de la Nutrición ha debido recorrer un camino largo de trabajo marcado por un proceso de constante evolución y afianzamiento; se ha beneficiado significativamente del desarrollo de disciplinas complementarias como la Física, la Química o la Bioquímica; ha alcanzado un grado suficiente de madurez científica como para que los profesionales que la ejercemos, nos tomemos el tiempo necesario para reflexionar y re-pensar nuestras definiciones, procesos y todo lo relacionado con nuestro quehacer.
 
 En este contexto, hemos elaborado el Consenso 1 denominado Nombre de la Ciencia y denominación del Profesional de Nutrición; este consenso busca fijar los criterios técnicos, científicos y filosóficos, por los cuales se logre lo siguiente:
 
 
 Universalización del término Nutriología Humana para denominar a la Ciencia de la Nutrición que se estudia como carrera profesional.
 
 
 
 Universalización del término Nutriólogo Humano para denominar al profesional que ha estudiado la carrera de Nutriología Humana y que la ejerce de acuerdo a los estándares que la ciencia y el conocimiento demandan en la actualidad.
 
 
 
 Invocamos, además, a todas las instituciones que forman y representan a profesionales de la Nutrición a suscribir este consenso y hacer todo lo necesario para que pueda implementarse en la forma más rápida posible.
 
 Firmado el 14 de setiembre de 2019 en Lima, Perú.