Methods Of Scientific Knowledge Research Articles

Перспективы развития рынка мяса и мясной продукции России в условиях новых вызовов

Abstract. Topicality of adjusting the targets of agri-food policy and food security policy in Russia is determined by changes in both external and internal conditions for agri-food complex functioning. Macroeconomic forecasts create the basis for revising and adapting the directions of development of the main sectors of the agri-food complex. The purpose of this study is to develop alternative forecasts for the production and consumption of main types of meat and meat products in Russia to substantiate strategies for domestic market development. Methods. General scientific methods of cognition were used, such as dialectics, analysis and synthesis, and monographic methods. Forecast calculations were carried out using economic and mathematical methods. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: the development of a methodological approach to substantiate the prospects for the development of meat and meat products production considering the balance of the meat products market and the consistency of conflicting targets in the field of import substitution, physical and economic accessibility of food for the country's population. The methodological recommendations developed during the study can serve as the scientific basis for midterm development programs of individual segments of the Russian food market. Results. It was revealed that in the short term, new challenges related to economic sanctions and COVID-19 had minor impact on the meat and meat products market. Limiting barriers to development are systemic economic problems: demographic situation and low real income. Alternative forecasts for development of markets for the main types of meat were developed.

Современные виды корпоративной отчетности: их содержание и принципы формирования

New conceptual approaches in the context of sustainable socio-economic development of society predetermined the processes of evolution of corporate reporting and the introduction of new types of reporting into management practice. The information preferences of individual groups of interested users suggest different target orientations of corporate reports. The lack of unity in approaches to understanding the essence of corporate reporting has led to interest in studying the diversity of its types. Purpose of the work: research and systematization of approaches to the content of corporate reporting and its components, their target orientation and principles of formation, classification of reports in the corporate reporting system. Methods and results of the study: using a systematic approach and general scientific methods of cognition, analysis, synthesis and generalization, approaches to understanding the essence of corporate reporting are systematized, the constituent elements of the corporate reporting system are identified, trends in the development of corporate reporting and its regulatory regulation are considered, types of corporate reports are determined according to the target directions and principles of their formation.

REFLECTIONS ON THE LEGAL FEATURES OF COLLABORATIONIST ACTIVITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE IN TERMS OF THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF UKRAINIAN TERRITORY

Background: In this article, the co-authors contribute to the development of Ukraine's criminal policy on the legal evaluation of collaboration with occupying forces, necessitated by the ongoing Russian Federation occupation of Ukrainian territory. The study, to some extent, continues the scientific discourse that was actualised after the addition of Article 111-1 to the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Its objective is to delineate the generic legal features of collaborationist activity, the responsibility for which was introduced in the Criminal Code of Ukraine in March 2022. By critically analysing the common features of collaboration with the occupier currently reflected in theory and practice, the authors develop a comprehensive vision of collaboration as a phenomenon distinct from high treason and related concepts. Methods: The research methodology employs a blend of general scientific methods of cognition (induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, abstraction) and historical, linguistic and systemstructural research methods. The strategy focuses on identifying the features of collaboration with occupying forces, selecting the most typical and essential traits that differentiate it from related phenomena. Structurally, the article consists of two parts. The first part explores existing definitions of collaboration in literature and identifies the five most frequently mentioned features. The second part involves a detailed analysis of each feature to determine its suitability for characterising collaboration and distinguishing it from related concepts. At the same time, the features set forth in the current criminal law of Ukraine (lex lata) are compared against the perspective of the ideal model (lex ferenda). Results and conclusions: The phenomenon of collaboration with occupying forces has long been the subject of research by historians, while legal scholars traditionally examine it through the lens of high treason. However, establishing collaborationism as an independent crime in criminal law, along with high treason, requires its conceptualisation. This study demonstrates the impossibility of automatically transposing an array of effective historical research into the legal field. Criminal law requires clarity, unambiguity, and logic. At the same time, de lege lata, Ukrainian criminal law provides for a casuistic and eclectic set of features of collaborationist activity. Therefore, this article analyses each of the features that are commonly used to characterise collaborationism, aiming to improve the normative framework and formulate a clear concept that deserves to exist independently alongside the concept of high treason.

The situation of "double protection" and its impact on evidence in criminal proceedings: appearance analysis and recommendations to lawyers

Relevance. A lawyer, not being a subject of proof in criminal proceedings, nevertheless, is an active participant in the proof process, which he carries out throughout his activities to protect his client from suspicion or formed and put forward an accusatory thesis. At the same time, the current situation of "double protection" significantly hinders the participation of a lawyer in proving innocence or lesser guilt in comparison with the accusatory thesis put forward, and at the same time establishes an obstacle to the implementation of the provisions enshrined in Article 48 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which enshrines the right of everyone to receive qualified legal assistance. The situation of "double protection" is one of the most negative factors in advocacy. In order to avoid the occurrence of a "double protection" situation, the author proposes an algorithm of actions when entering the process as a defender.Objective: to develop an algorithm for entering the process in order to avoid a situation of "double protection".The purpose of the study is to continue the research of advocacy in criminal proceedings, refuting the arguments of the prosecution and proving the innocence or lesser guilt of the defendant.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the universal dialectical method of cognition of socio-legal phenomena, general scientific research methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, system-structural and others). In addition, private scientific methods of cognition were used logical-formal and system analysis.The results of the study are both theoretical and applied in nature, and have elements of scientific novelty. The author considers the issues of the lawyer's entry into the criminal process by appointment, proposes an algorithm for the lawyer's actions in order to avoid possible violations and the emergence of a situation of "double protection".Conclusions. The discussion of the identified problems will allow us to develop solutions to eliminate the identified gaps in the implementation of protection in criminal proceedings, protect lawyers from possible violations of internal corporate regulations.

The organization of provincial control bodies in 1920-1922: based on the materials of the Kursk region

Relevance. In modern conditions, the main directions of reforming control (supervisory) activities are to increase its efficiency and effectiveness, reduce the administrative burden on enterprises and entrepreneurs. The improvement of control (supervisory) activities remains relevant in the context of increased external sanctions pressure. At the same time, the history of the control system, which extended to all types and forms of public administration and economic activity, remains poorly understood in terms of existing regional experience. The study of the formation of control bodies in the Soviet state is of particular practical interest, since it allows accumulating achievements and mistakes of the past, thereby setting benchmarks in the present.Purpose. The study of the experience of organizing socialist control bodies in 1920-1922 on the example of the Kursk provincial branch of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection.The objectives of the article follow from the set goal and consist in investigating the conditions and methods of work of the Kursk provincial department of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection during the designated period.Methodology. During the research of the designated topic, the author used both general scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and special historical methods: problem-chronological, comparative historical.Results. The study of the working conditions of the Kursk provincial department of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection in the designated period allowed, in historical retrospect, to determine the specifics of the methods used by it, as well as to establish the reasons for the subsequent reforms.Conclusion. The basis for the unification of party and Soviet state control was the analysis of the provincial experience of the RKI in 1920-1922. A significant obstacle to the broader development of both organizational and auditing activities of the Kursk Provincial Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the period under study was the insufficient number and low level of their training.

International practice of the bonus-malus system

Purpose of the research – evaluation of the eff ectiveness of the "bonus-malus" in the class of compulsory insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners and the identification of the conceptual foundations of compulsory insurance of civil liability inherent in the experience of foreign countries, as well as the development of proposals to improve the rules of this insurance. Methodology – the methodological basis of the research was the works and publications of foreign economic scientists, a set of general scientifi c and private methods of scientific cognition (analytical, systematic method, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.). Originality / value – in order to ensure a balance with favorable values of compulsory civil liability insurance, methodological approaches to the modernization of the bonus-malus system are provided and determined by the expediency and possibility of use in the insurance market of kazakhstan. Findings – it provides for the use of optimal ways of differentiating insurance tariff s by domestic insurance companies, taking into account the degree of risk and interests of policyholders of various categories, and maintaining the availability of tariffs for a wide range of consumers of insurance services.

Concepts of management accounting in the context of its definition and relation to the accounting essence

Subject. This article examines the present-day essential content of the category promoted by foreign professional associations, and assesses its compliance with the functionality used in the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to find and describe the essential content of what is called Management Accounting in Russia and abroad due to the lack of a clear institutional scientific justification. Methods. For the study, we used general scientific methods of cognition, namely induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, modeling, comparison, extrapolation, as well as the comprehensive, and functional-and-targeted approaches. Results. The article identifies and describes significant problems that underlie the versatility of the semantic content of the term Management Accounting. Conclusions and Relevance. The Global Principles of Management Accounting is a framework document that defines the principles of management based on accounting and analytical data, but not management accounting in the sense of collecting information and recording and summarizing it. It would be logical to break down the categories into accounting for management, that is management accounting, and management based on accounting data, that is analytical (accounting) management. Language (term translation) inconsistencies can also be considered a negative impact on the understanding of foreign documents. The results of the study of the subject and functional area of management accounting, presented in the article, are useful for continuing the discussion and understanding the semantic content of individual accounting categories.

Regional investment potential as a factor in achieving technological sovereignty in key sectors of the Russian economy

Aim. To develop a model of interrelation of factors and tools for increasing the region’s investment potential, aimed at accelerating the processes of achieving technological sovereignty in key sectors of the Russian economy by increasing the efficiency of regional investment policy on its basis.Objectives. To study the main approaches to understanding the essence and role of technological sovereignty; to group the key factors and tools for managing the region’s investment potential, to give their generalizing characteristic; to develop an algorithmic model of the relationship between factors and tools for increasing the region’s investment potential; to identify the main discussion aspects in understanding the essence and objectives of managing the level of investment potential of the region and technological sovereignty of the national economy.Methods. The principles and approaches of general scientific methods of scientific cognition: historical, logical, comparison, dialectical, system approach, structural-functional analysis, qualitative analysis and synthesis served as the methodological basis of the research.Results. Purposeful management of factors of the region’s investment potential allows to use its objective and potential advantages as an object of investment investments more effectively. In this regard, it seems reasonable to use a complex algorithmic model of interrelation of factors and tools to increase the investment potential of the region. The model proposed by the authors includes three groups of factors and related tools for the analysis of investment potential, as well as a block of generalizing tools for its comprehensive development. Technological sovereignty in modern conditions to a greater extent acquires the role of an effective protective mechanism of national identity and subjectivity for the states facing the problems generated by the external environment. The task of ensuring technological sovereignty today is a rational response to the rapidly changing world order, in which opportunities for free trade and international cooperation are no longer guaranteed in equal proportions to the countries concerned, which becomes a significant factor in their global vulnerability; it is an opportunity for more active development of national scientific and production potential, which will contribute to a relative equalization of the existing imbalances in the levels of technological development with the international community; is the first priority need to take into account long-term systemic effects, rather than current economic benefits, when making decisions on the conscious rejection or priority development of certain competencies, technological niches, types of production at the national and regional levels.Conclusions. High dynamism due to fierce competition in the technological sphere requires from federal and regional government bodies systematic systematic work aimed at ensuring a high level of investment attractiveness of key sectors and segments of the economy. Strengthening the role and attention to the issues of investment policy management due to the achieved level of investment potential both at the level of individual regions and industries, and the country as a whole, is now associated not only with current economic interests, but also with the strategic priorities of national identity and preservation of statehood. At the national level, it is necessary to form and regularly adjust the list of critical products and technologies, key industries that require continuous development while maintaining a leading rate of investment in research and development in order to create demanded and competitive products and services on their basis.

Improving the efficiency of the state youth policy by a project management method (on the example of the Irkutsk Oblast)

This study addresses the feasibility of adopting the Strategy of Youth Entrepreneurship Development in the Irkutsk Oblast for the period of up to 2030 in the context of digital economy. According to relevant data, specific features of youth entrepreneurship are outlined, and the necessity of its systemic support by regional executive and legislative authorities is noted. In the context of academic discourse on youth policy, an analysis of possible directions for launching various initiatives is conducted. Areas to be considered include civic initiatives, strengthening security measures, protecting, overcoming social exclusion, information enrichment, integration of modern technologies, and support in professional selfdetermination. Such multidimensional interventions seek to expand the horizons for young people and to promote their active social, economic, and cultural integration into public life. Particular attention is paid to the importance of supporting social and entrepreneurial youth projects, which form the basis for the development of digital economy and the small-business sector in the Russian state. The research methodology included comparative-legal and historical approaches, the method of deduction and induction, and a formal-legal approach with the application of other scientific cognition methods. Additionally, the conclusion is made that the improvement of youth policy in the context of youth entrepreneurship is possible only based on a comprehensive approach. The latter implies supporting measures of the current legislation, as well as the formation of a positive public opinion on the entrepreneur image through a specialized youth community, such as a Club of young entrepreneurs.

Партнерство государства и бизнеса с использованием офсетного контракта: возможности и препятствия в развитии

The purpose of the study is to identify and disclose opportunities and obstacles in the development of partnership between the state and business using an offset contract. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific methods of cognition of economic processes and phenomena, in particular, the synthesis method (ensured the unification of the essential features, advantages and risks of an offset contract into a single whole), the analysis method (contributed to the identification of the results of using offset contracts in modern Russian conditions), logical methods (helped to identify obstacles to the use of an offset contract in Russia), the expert assessment method (contributed to the proposal of measures to develop the Russian practice of partnership between the state and business, taking into account the possibilities of an offset contract). The main results of the study: the signs, advantages, risks and key indicators of the use of offset contracts in Russia are systematized; obstacles in the development of partnership between the state and business on the basis of an offset contract are highlighted; guided by the possibilities of an offset contract, the trajectory of further development of partnership between the state and business is determined. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the development of the scientific foundations of the use of offset contracts at the present stage of development. The practical significance of the study is related to the possibility of using the results obtained in making managerial decisions to ensure the effective development of partnership between the state and business on the basis of an offset contract.

FIRST RESPONDERS’ CRISIS: HOW AI CAN HELP TO BRING MORE INTERNAL WORKFORCE FOR EMERGENCIES AND SEASONAL WORK FASTER AND AT LOWER COST

This article focuses on analyzing crisis situations in emergency response services and the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing their efficiency. The study aims to examine the challenges faced by emergency services and determine how artificial intelligence can help mobilize more internal resources for responding to emergencies and seasonal work. Methodology and methods: the study employed general scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis, synthesis, modeling, and forecasting. The research results indicate that natural and man-made disasters, such as floods, accidents, and terrorist acts, lead to loss of life, suffering, and infrastructure destruction. The main causes of challenges include a wide range of conditions such as weakness, unspecified injuries, changes in mental state, acute pain, general abdominal pain, and other less defined conditions requiring medical assistance. The increase in calls for psychological help points to an escalation of mental health issues among the population. During seasonal changes, there is a rise in the number of calls. In winter, due to harsh weather conditions, dangerous situations related to snowstorms and avalanches occur more frequently. Artificial intelligence can significantly improve the efficiency of emergency response services by allowing for more productive use of available resources. Utilizing specialized mobile applications, chatbots, volunteer training, and AI-powered drones can enhance coordination, resource allocation, and response speed to emergencies. Additionally, AI-based technologies such as predictive systems and route optimization can help overcome geographical challenges.The practical significance of the study lies in identifying ways to enhance the efficiency of emergency response services through modern technologies.

On the history of the connection of the criminal court and the civil court chambers’ in the Russian Empire provinces in the second half of the 1860s (on the example of the Voronezh province)

Importance. One of the main transitional period issues of reforming the judicial system of Russia in the second half of the 1860s is connecting the chambers issue of the criminal court and the civil court at the provincial level. The purpose of the study is, firstly, to identify the mechanism of connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of Russia in the second half of the 1860s, and secondly, to analyze the main problems faced by judicial officials when connecting the analyzed institutions.Materials and Methods. The main sources of the research are the following materials: archival files from the funds of the State Archive of the Voronezh Region (GAVO); normative legal acts, collections of rules and laws; materials of the periodical press; – statistical and reference publications. The methodological basis of the research was both general and particular methods of scientific cognition: the method of structural analysis; the historical-comparative method; the historicalsystemic method; the formal-logical method; other methods of scientific cognition were also used in the article.Results and Discussion. Archival materials from the funds of the State archive of Voronezh region are analyzed, according to which it is possible to restore the connecting the chambers mechanism of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of the Russian Empire. On the basis of the current imperial legislation, the general regulatory rules that judicial officials followed when connecting the judicial institutions in question in the second half of the 1860s are revealed. The main problems faced by judicial officials when connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the Voronezh province are identified and considered.Conclusion. The mechanism for connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 1860s was not specifically prescribed. From November 26, 1867 to July 1, 1869, the judicial system in Voronezh province was at a transitional stage. During this period, pre-reform judicial institutions still continued to operate, at the same time new courts began to work: Voronezh and Ostrogozhsky District courts. The main problem in the functioning of the Judicial Chambers (including the united Chamber since May 1, 1868) at the transitional stage was the lack of a full-time number of judges.

Problems of assessing the balance of economic systems

Subject. The article investigates a model of the balance of the national economic system. Objectives. The study aims at identifying the main characteristics of the balance of economic systems to create a methodology for assessing the balance of the national economic system, and factors affecting it. Methods. We employed general scientific methods of cognition. The systems approach and logical generalization enabled to develop priority areas of the proposed methodology. We also applied methods of statistical analysis of economic data, economic-mathematical methods. Results. We proposed our own methodology for distribution of economic activities by type of subsystems, based on the proposed by G.B. Kleiner model, in two versions, i.e. excluding and including exports and imports. We also offered recommendations and strategies for improving the balance of the economy, which contribute to increasing its competitiveness and sustainability in the face of modern challenges and changes in the world arena. Our model enables to assess the impact of external factors, like global economic trends, changes in the world trade and crisis situations, on the economic stability of a country and development of its industries. Conclusions. The analysis of changes in the balance index in the context of foreign trade and industries helps assess the dynamics of balance and identify factors, including the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, that may affect the economic stability and development of the country.

Способы изложения норм права в статьях нормативных актов: проблемы теории

Purpose. Сlarification of the classification of ways of presenting the norms of law in articles of normative acts traditionally used in the domestic theory of state and law. Some points in the description of the ways of presenting legal norms, which have become textbook and are reflected in any textbook of the theory of state and law, do not fully correspond to real law-making practice and in this regard are far from being as indisputable as they seem at first glance. Methods: general scientific methods (description, analysis, synthesis, induction), private scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena (legal-dogmatic method, method of analysis of normative legal texts). Results. The idea of the existence of only three ways of presenting legal norms in articles of normative legal acts is limited. From the point of view of techniques and means of textual presentation of the content of legal norms, there are direct, reference, blank, implicit and combined methods. The reality of the existence of these methods is confirmed by an analysis of current Russian legislation. Discussion. The article substantiates the idea that concretizes and develops the idea that has developed in legal science about the relationship between a legal norm and an article of a normative legal act. The conclusions drawn by the author are significant for improving the means and techniques of law-making techniques.

Russia's transition to settlements in national currencies in the context of changes in the world monetary and financial system

Aim. To determine the background and prospects of the Russian Federation's (RF) transition to settlements in national currencies in the context of changes in the world monetary and financial system.Objectives. To analyze the current state of the currency market of the Russian Federation in terms of currency structure and main instruments; to identify the reasons for the transformation of the currency market of the Russian Federation; to characterize the prerequisites for the transition to settlements in national currencies in foreign trade; to assess the prospects of such a transition and its impact on the currency market of the Russian Federation in the context of the latest trends in the development of the global monetary and financial system.Methods. With the help of general methods of scientific cognition, graphical analysis the current state, dynamics and structure of the currency market of the Russian Federation in the conditions of sanctions are considered. In addition, the article assesses the background and prospects of the Russian Federation's transition to settlements in national currencies in view of the new trends in the development of the world monetary and financial system.Results. In 2022, after the economic sanctions against Russia were imposed, the state was forced to accelerate the process of transition to settlements in national currencies with major trading partners, and the domestic currency market underwent a significant transformation. In the conditions of digitalization of the financial sphere and the development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) , the introduction of international settlements using the digital ruble seems to be a promising direction.Conclusions. The period after the sanctions against the Russian Federation were imposed (2022) is marked by significant changes in the domestic foreign exchange market, primarily associated with the gradual displacement of world currencies (primarily the dollar) and their replacement by the ruble and renminbi. In general, this trend reflects the state of the RF foreign trade. With the reduction in the volume of the local foreign exchange market and the withdrawal of Western players, the government is taking measures aimed at preserving the potential of the foreign exchange market. A promising direction for international settlements under sanctions is through CBDC. However, the implementation of such a system will take years, during which the financial system of the Russian Federation will have to preserve its potential in isolation from Western financial markets.

Analysis of causes and factors of the spread of takfirism in Kazakhstan

The purpose of this research is to analyse the emergence of takfirism, its spread and its evolution in contemporary Kazakh society. The methodological foundation of the study was provided by general theoretical methods of scientific cognition, and various methods of collecting and systematising information. Among the general scientific methods are the method of theoretical analysis; the historical method of comparing individual religious movements of different periods in Kazakhstan, and the specific scientific and philosophical-religious methods of research. The results have suggested that unfounded takfirism poses a threat to the sustainability of diverse communities in Kazakhstan. The religious, ideological and theological preconditions for takfirism in Kazakhstan were analysed. Noted the diversity of approaches by Muslim scholars to understanding and interpreting the ayats of the Qur'an. Presented aspects of distortion in interpreting the essence of Shariah texts. Noted that the influence of political and social factors is significant. Focuses on some of the socio- psychological aspects of the development of radical attitudes among young people. The qualities inherent in young people that enable them to resist external non-ideological attacks are identified. Illiteracy, poor quality of education and the low culture of some people in Muslim countries are among the key elements. It was noted that the main factor in takfirism in Kazakhstan is the influence of the Salafi-Wahhabi movement. The practical significance of the study is that its content is of interest in developing the worldview of contemporary young people in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results can be used as a teaching and practical material for students and researchers on contemporary history and religion in Kazakhstan.

Materials on the History of the Orthodox Church in Siberia and the Far East in 1986

The article provides various statistical data on the history of Orthodoxy in Siberia and the Far East in 1986. The information presented in the documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF) is interesting from the point of view of Orthodox history. On the one hand, this is a time of perestroika and glasnost, when information on religious teachings, among other things, was widely covered; on the other hand, not all statistics on religious processes were reflected in available scientific publications. The research is based on the fundamental principles of historical science (objectivity and historicism), general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition. We draw a conclusion that the documents in question are the richest statistical source on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROCh) in Siberia and the Far East. The analyzed statistics complement the information available today. The data presented indicate the uneven development of Orthodoxy in different regions at the time under consideration. In some subjects of the RSFSR in Siberia and the Far East, there were quite a lot of active religious buildings of the Orthodox Church and clergy, in some there were few of them. From our point of view, this is due to the presence or absence of diocesan leadership in the regions, the number of the population, and the peculiarities of the development of Orthodox religiosity in the Soviet post-war period. The importance of further work with sources within the subject field of the study is noted. We focus on the necessity of comparative research in order to reconstruct the most comprehensive history of Orthodoxy in Siberia and the Far East.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ALASH MOVEMENT’S SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE CIVIL WAR

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to expand the amount of available information on the history of socio-political movements during the Civil War in the Russian Empire. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to reveal the essence of the Alash movement in Kazakhstan, its socio-political activities, and the consequences of the Civil War. The method of critical analysis was chosen as the primary approach, which facilitated the effective processing of archival and scientific sources of information, based on which further research was conducted. The following methods of scientific cognition were also used: historical and genetic, historical and system, diachronic analysis, heuristic, synthesis, deduction, and comparison. This study examines the establishment and activities of Alash Autonomy, analyzing archival facts and papers by Kazakh and foreign researchers. It cites eyewitness accounts, explores the political structure, evaluates leaders' actions, and explains intelligence work's consequences. It justifies changes in allies, details Alash-Soviet Russia cooperation, and describes outcomes. The materials of this research paper are of practical value for historical science due to the presented assessment of data on the Alash movement, analysis of scientific literature, observation and discussion presented in this study.

Legal Aspects of Macroprudential Regulation within the EU and the EAEU

Introduction. The article examines the legal evolution of the regulation of the activities of the European Systemic Risk Board (hereinafter – ESRB) in the context of the formation of the organizational and legal mechanism of financial integration, and also assesses the reform of the legal acts in the context of building the Capital Markets Union. The paper reveals the results of comparative analysis of the legal foundations of the implementation of macroprudential policy in the EU and EAEU, identifying common and special features in the legal regulation of integration associations.Materials and methods. In the course of research, the following methods of scientific cognition were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalizations, analogies and others. The methodological basis of research consist of general scientific as well as special-legal methods, including method of dogmatic analysis (interpretation of legal norms, legal and technical constructions, etc.), formal, comparative legal methods.Results of the study. The analysis of the legal basis of the implementation of macroprudential supervision in the EU and the EAEU showed a significant extent of the financial integration in the EU, as testified by the presence of a supranational body, ESRB. However, at this moment there is stagnation in the development of legal regulation of ESRB activities. In the EAEU, in its turn, despite the existence of the legal foundation of regulation, macroprudential supervision is executed by the means of intergovernmental cooperation, and not supranational regulation.Discussion and conclusion. The study showed the existence of significant differences in the legal regulation of macroprudetial supervision in the EU and the EAEU as well as it was revealed that in the absence of comprehensive supranational regulation of the macroprudential supervision in the EAEU, there is potential for the development of a respective institution in the EAEU law.

International Legal Regulation of Pension Provision of Workers of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States

Introduction. The present article examines the conditions of the formation and functioning of the pension protection system for member states’ workers of the Eurasian Economic Union. The study of pension issues in the EAEU is based, inter alia, on the review of a number of international treaties as the legal framework of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space. In the context of this work the author has also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the provisions of the Agreement on pension provision of workers of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States dated December 20, 2019 as well as the relevant practice of the EAEU Court.Materials and methods. In the course of preparing the article, international treaties included in the legal framework of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space in the field of pension provision for migrant workers, as well as the relevant norms of the Union law and the practice of the EAEU Court, have been studied. The theoretical basis of this work consists of the research of domestic specialists in the field of international law, dedicated to the common labor market of the EAEU. The methodological basis of the study is the following general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena: methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and analogy. The special scientific methods that the author has also used in his research include formal legal, comparative legal and historical legal methods of cognition.Research results. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that the development and signing in 2019 of the Agreement on pension provision of workers of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States is a key step in building a pension system for workers in the EAEU countries. Despite the fact that this international treaty, which entered into force on January 1, 2021, is still standing the test of time, there is no doubt that its implementation is one of the important conditions for the successful functioning of the Union’s common labor market.Discussion and conclusion. Ensuring the free movement of labor within the framework of modern regional integration organizations is inextricably linked with providing workers with equal guarantees in the field of pension provision, as well as the protection of their acquired pension rights. It is possible that the positive dynamics of labor migration in the EAEU is due, among other things, to the transition to a qualitatively new level of legal regulation of pension provision for workers in its member states. At the same time, as follows from the analysis of the practice of the EAEU Court, the interest of states in clarifying certain norms of the Union law in the relevant area remains quite high.