During the post-World War II period, between 1950 and 1980, the social sciences in France were dominated by three scholars: Alain Touraine, Michel Crozier, and Pierre Bourdieu. Though there were differences in how their intellects were formed and in their research orientations, they belonged to the same generation, and were commonly referred to, at times with an ironic intention, as the "holy trinity" of sociology. Alain Touraine, a historian by training, was primarily interested in changes in patterns of work organiza tion, the crisis of organized labor, and the emergence of postideological social movements. Michel Crozier specialized in the "bureaucratic phenomenon" and the relative efficiency of bureaucracy as a form of organization. Pierre Bourdieu, like many French sociologists, ?mile Durkheim among them, went from his native province of Gascogne to the famous ?cole Normale in Paris. In his mature years he preoccupied himself with the issues of social interdiction and veto power as exercised in various ways by "gatekeepers." The youngest of the three, Pierre Bourdieu died first, on January 24, 2002. Bourdieu, the sociologist who would become an outspoken critic of modern industrialization and global capitalism, began his scientific work with a study about Algeria while it was still a French colony. He explored the cultural requirements and the necessary conditions for self-sustaining in dustrial development. His concern with this problem is understandable. He did his work during the early 1950s when American influence on European sociology?at the time, without question, a positive influence?was at its peak. That influence was expressed in a concern for the themes of: 1) "human relations" in industry in economically advanced countries, and 2) for tech nically backward and depressed countries, an investigation of the necessary conditions for their transformation. Bourdieu chose to study the cultural and practical conditions for self-sustaining industrial development, a study later