Science Colloquium Research Articles

Virtual Seminars and Support Strategies for Junior Scholars: Lessons from the Online Peace Science Colloquium

Virtual Seminars and Support Strategies for Junior Scholars: Lessons from the Online Peace Science Colloquium

Oncology Nursing Symptom Science: Overview of the NINR, ONS, and NCI Symptom Science Colloquium.

This article provides an overview of the process, development, and evaluation of the Symptom Science Colloquium sponsored by the National Institute of Nursing Research, Oncology Nursing Society (ONS), and National Cancer Institute. This colloquium was the first of its kind to leverage the common goals of these institutes to advance oncology symptom science. Specifically, this article will identify the goals of the agencies involved and synergy in forming this collaboration, review the ONS Research Agenda that provided the blueprint for the colloquium, and offer insights and lessons learned to be used for future planning. The colloquium engaged roughly 500 participants from all levels of clinical (RNs, advanced practice nurses), educational (undergraduate, master's, doctorate), and research (students, faculty, scientists) expertise. Six featured expert speakers and 115 poster presentations focused on the latest research in symptom science, cancer survivorship, palliative and end-of-life care, and hot topics (COVID-19, health disparities). Fourteen networking sessions fostered opportunities to engage with international experts. Special awards emphasized mentee-mentor relationships and exemplary midcareer faculty. Based on this emphasis, the authors provide themes from the successful award applications as exemplars. A summary of participant satisfaction and recommendations for future collaborations to enhance and advance oncology symptom science are provided.

The brain produces mind by modeling

The connection of brain and mind has been a source of intense speculation at least since humanity became aware that the brain was the source of our behavior. Brain refers to the neurons, cells, and chemicals that govern activities of the organism. Mind is often considered consciously aware perceptions and thoughts. However, there is a gradient from unconscious to conscious, demonstrated by enormous amounts of research, such as the effects upon behavior of subliminal primes, so that mind is best considered to be the conscious and unconscious processes that act as an intermediate stage between the organism’s biology and its behavior, or a translation from one to the other. The National Academy of Sciences Colloquium “Brain Produces Mind by Modeling” was held May 1–3, 2019 at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academy of Sciences in Irvine, CA. It was organized by Richard M. Shiffrin, Danielle S. Bassett, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. The theme of the colloquium and the foundation for the set of articles in this issue of PNAS is that the “mind” consists of a model formed by the “brain”: This would be a model of the entire environment, including the self, the body, the physical environment, other agents, and the social environment. Furthermore, the model would be a best guess about the most likely state of this environment. It uses this model to learn, decide, attend, remember, perceive, predict, and produce action. This model develops as the brain matures, rapidly during infancy and more slowly later. It has structural components that remain stable over long times. It has labile elements that change at multiple time scales, adapting to the current environment and goals. The mind’s formation through modeling of the world might be likened to the way scientists build models: through a … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: shiffrin{at}indiana.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Disinformation and Misinformation: Organizational Self-Assessment in the Military

When can organizations assess themselves and adapt? The current literature articulates a number of answers, but lacks a clear understanding of how organizations evaluate their own personnel. This paper considers a Principal-Agent relationship and characterizes a “Self-Policing” dynamic in which Agents may inform on one another to the Principal. In the model, Principals evaluate Agents in an effort to replace incompetent Agents while retaining competent ones. The results indicate that there will be higher turnover when the probability of a competent replacement is greater or after poor outcomes provided that the cost to firing a Subordinate is sufficiently low. These characteristics also make Principals less able to identify incompetent Agents, increasing the likelihood that incompetent Agents will be retained and competent Agents will be fired. This paper highlights the need for further work on intraorganizational dynamics to further our understanding of conflict. ∗I would like to thank Cliff Carrubba, Michael Horowitz, Danielle Jung, Shawn Ramirez, Eric Reinhardt, Dan Reiter, Toby Rider, Emily Ritter, Idean Salehyan, Elizabeth Saunders, Jun Koga Sudduth, and Patricia Sullivan for detailed comments on previous drafts of this paper, which have been presented at the 2015 Peace Science Society International Annual Meeting, the 2016 International Studies Association Annual Meeting, and the 2016 Online Peace Science Colloquium. Correspondence: wawagst@emory.edu.

Offering an undergraduate computer science colloquium

An undergraduate computer science colloquium is presented that can enhance the educational opportunities for students at a small liberal arts college while providing an additional community-building venue for majors at various stages of their college careers. Presentation skills are a key component of this one-credit course, and the pass/fail grading system can alleviate some student concerns about their performance and allow them to focus on improving in this critical area. Additionally, though the number of electives offered at a small college may be small, a colloquium provides the means for exposure to a greater breadth of computer science topics, potentially helping students develop new interests within the discipline. After being piloted as a special topics course in Spring 2011, Southwestern University has now added the undergraduate colloquium to the regular spring course offerings.

Introspective Availability

Philosophy and Phenomenological ResearchVolume 80, Issue 1 p. 208-228 Introspective Availability1 JOHN KULVICKI, JOHN KULVICKI Dartmouth CollegeSearch for more papers by this author JOHN KULVICKI, JOHN KULVICKI Dartmouth CollegeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 December 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2009.00316.x 1 I thank Fred Dretske and Adam Wager for writing up quite useful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Bob Van Gulick invited me to present some of this material at his SPAWN workshop and David Rosenthal invited me to present a version of this paper at the CUNY Cognitive Science Colloquium. I am grateful to them and to the participants at those meetings for their helpful suggestions. Finally I thank the participants at the 2006 Dartmouth/UVM conference. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume80, Issue1January 2010Pages 208-228 RelatedInformation

Die Bedeutung des chronischen Erschöpfungssyndroms in der Rehabilitationsmedizin - Stand und Perspektiven

It appears that from a clinical point of view chronic exhaustion or fatigue is an important factor in rehabilitation. This is, however, first of all a phenomenon that can be described as a function in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (JCF), caused by chronic illnesses or chronic excessive stress. The clinical and sociomedical ranking of chronic fatigue or exhaustion in respect of rehabilitation was discussed in the framework of a Workshop at the 12th Rehabilitation Science Colloquium, 2003 from the viewpoints of psychiatric rehabilitation, methodology, sociology and practical rehabilitation, and conclusions for future research were drawn. The definition of chronic fatigue is first of all mainly based on the feeling of chronic tiredness but also on phenomena of disturbed concentration, physical discomfort, headache and disorders of "drive" and mood. A psychiatric diagnosis linked with symptoms of chronic fatigue is neurasthenia, which is arrived at according to precisely defined criteria. Depressive disorder is one of the most important differential diagnoses in this sphere. Examinations by general practitioners revealed that about 90 % of the patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from psychovegetative disorders completely agreed with the diagnosis of neurasthenia. Neurasthenia resulted more often in work disability periods than disorders of somatisation and other psychosomatic diagnoses. Basing on the "IRES" scale "vital exhaustion", singular of even serious changes become evident in about 50 % to 90 % of the patients undergoing rehabilitation, depending on their individual range of indications. As was to be expected, the majority of pathologic findings concerns patients undergoing psychosomatic rehabilitation, since in such cases there is an overlapping with symptoms of psychosomatic diseases. It is, however, remarkable that also in somatically oriented orthopaedic rehabilitation symptoms of fatigue are seen in up to 50 % of the patients. Preliminary studies have shown that these symptoms can be definitely ameliorated within the rehabilitation framework, although pathological signs are still abundantly apparent in follow-up examinations. Markedly severe degrees of "vital exhaustion" and "vocational exhaustion" are also seen in rheumatology patients undergoing somatic rehabilitation. This agrees with case history details related by many female and male patients. Hence, it appears necessary to adapt rehabilitative intervention to both the psychovegetative and the medical behavioural aspects of this symptom. Scientific classification of the entire sphere of chronic fatigue in respect of rehabilitation requires classification of the relevant functions within the ICF framework. To this end it would be necessary to conduct patient inquiries within cross-sectional studies on the one hand and, on the other, a systematic consensus process among experts would have to be used for allocation to the relevant functions. This is the basis for development of suitable assessment tools for use in prospective studies in order to systematically evaluate the impact on functions and especially their effects on activities and participation.

Gastrulation: The magic and mystery of morphogenesis

Gastrulation: The magic and mystery of morphogenesis

Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Idiopathic Widespread Persistent Pain or Syndrome of Myalgic Encephalomyelopathy (SME): What Is Its Nature?

Fibromyalgia is a disorder that is appearing more and more in the clinical practice but is poorly understood. This paper attempts to look at all available and reliable data on these conditions and will outline current, scientifically sound understanding of these disorders, treatment modalities and future directions for research. It also attempts to analyze the social and cultural implications. Various terms used to describe these syndromes are fibromyalgia (FMS), and myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). PubMed search was performed. Pertinent articles published in past 25 years and The National Academy of Sciences colloquium on Neurobiology of Pain was also reviewed. In addition, news-articles in the lay press as well as the Internet were monitored for material posted by sufferers of these disorders. Studies were reviewed for clinical presentations, history of these disorders, comorbid conditions, etiology, biochemical and microbiologic abnormalities, abnormalities found on neuroimaging and functional neurophysiologic techniques. In addition patient postings on the Internet and articles appearing in lay press were reviewed and social implications are discussed. Upon analysis of these materials the review was organized based on the quality of data and it's contextual scientific, cultural and political meaning for this disorder. This review appears to be pointing towards an entirely new paradigm in pain disorders; therefore, a hypothesis and future direction of research is repeatedly suggested. This study proposes an entirely new paradigm in these disorders based on scientific and cultural data.

DNA replication meets genetic exchange: chromosomal damage and its repair by homologous recombination.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Colloquium on the roles of homologous recombination in DNA replication are summarized. Current findings in experimental systems ranging from bacteriophages to mammalian cell lines substantiate the idea that homologous recombination is a system supporting DNA replication when either the template DNA is damaged or the replication machinery malfunctions. There are several lines of supporting evidence: (i) DNA replication aggravates preexisting DNA damage, which then blocks subsequent replication; (ii) replication forks abandoned by malfunctioning replisomes become prone to breakage; (iii) mutants with malfunctioning replisomes or with elevated levels of DNA damage depend on homologous recombination; and (iv) homologous recombination primes DNA replication in vivo and can restore replication fork structures in vitro. The mechanisms of recombinational repair in bacteriophage T4, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are compared. In vitro properties of the eukaryotic recombinases suggest a bigger role for single-strand annealing in the eukaryotic recombinational repair.

Auditory neuroscience: development, transduction, and integration.

Hearing underlies our ability to locate sound sources in the environment, our appreciation of music, and our ability to communicate. Participants in the National Academy of Sciences colloquium on Auditory Neuroscience: Development, Transduction, and Integration presented research results bearing on four key issues in auditory research. How does the complex inner ear develop? How does the cochlea transduce sounds into electrical signals? How does the brain's ability to compute the location of a sound source develop? How does the forebrain analyze complex sounds, particularly species-specific communications? This article provides an introduction to the papers stemming from the meeting.

Pathogens and hosts: the dance is the same, the couples are different.

History was made December 9–11, 1999, at the Beckman Center in Irvine, CA with the National Academy of Sciences colloquium “Virulence and Defense in Host–Pathogen Interactions: Common Features Between Plants and Animals.” This was the first colloquium dedicated to the discussion of virulence mechanisms shared by plant and animal pathogens and defense mechanisms shared by plants and animals. It has become clear from the commonality in microbial virulence mechanisms and the occurrence of similar innate resistance systems in animals and plants that all of these mechanisms have an ancient and intertwined history. It also is becoming increasingly evident that susceptibility or resistance to disease involves subtle and highly specific exchanges of molecular signals between pathogens and their hosts and that understanding them can provide new approaches to controlling diseases. The colloquium provided a remarkable closure to a century that began with only a primitive understanding of the microorganisms that cause disease in plants and animals. Indeed, it was only because of breakthroughs of the past decade in understanding the molecular biology of microbial virulence and eukaryote defense that the need to bring the plant and …

STILL SPECIAL AFTER ALL THESE YEARS

To answer the question, one needs to consider whether special collections are any more special today than they have been in the past. The question has particularly intrigued me since I was asked to present a paper in November 1976 as part of the University of Texas at Austin Graduate School of Library Science Colloquium Series, to wit —“What’s So Special about Special Collections¿̣” My perspective was that of a university administrator with line responsibility for one of the great Latin American collections in the world, the most comprehensive collection of Texas-related materials in existence, very young area collections of . . .

Zero discharge

1 + 50 p. Review produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon , Spring term, 2004. File contains the content of the Web site that was reviewed, captured Dec. 27, 2005

Plant genomics and our food supply: an introduction.

“Protecting Our Food Supply: The Value of Plant Genome Initiatives,” a National Academy of Sciences Colloquium held June 2–5, 1997 at the Beckman Center in Irvine, CA, revealed a new paradigm based on the extensive similarities among the world’s food cereals and other grasses in terms of chromosomal gene content and gene order. Recent findings show that a gene on the chromosome of one grass species can be anticipated to be present in a predicted location on a specific chromosome of a number of other grass family species. In fact, the chromosomes of the various species, most of which differ in chromosome numbers, can be arrayed in concentric circles such that a radial line from the central species with the smallest genome—rice—will pass through regions of similar genic content in each of the other species. This concept has led the plant genetics community to view the grass family as a single genetic system. Recognition of these relationships has led to the exciting prospect of gaining sufficient genomic information from one species to understand much of the genetics of a broad array of species. The identification of genes controlling important pathways such as for insect resistance, isolation of genes of various types, determination of directional pathways of evolution and location of useful genes from exotic sources, decision making on biodiversity conservation, and many other applications in plant breeding will be easier because of the heightened understanding of genetic relationships. Similar results are emerging for all groups of species, plants and animals. Reviews of the …

National Academy of Sciences Colloquium

National Academy of Sciences Colloquium

Genetics and the origin of species: National Academy of Sciences Colloquium, Irvine, California, 30 January‐1 February, 1997

Genetics and the origin of species: National Academy of Sciences Colloquium, Irvine, California, 30 January‐1 February, 1997

Science, technology, and economic growth.

In organizing the National Academy of Sciences colloquium on “Science, Technology, and the Economy,” we sought to showcase the broad range of research programs now being conducted in the general area of the economics of technology, as well as to bring together a group of scholars who would benefit from dialogues with others whose subjects of specialization were somewhat different from their own. While the majority of participants were economists, there was also representation from a number of other disciplines, including political science, medicine, history, law, sociology, physics, and operations research. The papers presented at this colloquium have been shortened and revised for publication …

Randomness in arithmetic and the decline and fall of reductionism in pure mathematics

Lecture given Thursday 22 October 1992 at a Mathematics-Computer Science Colloquium at the University of New Mexico. The lecture was videotaped; this is an edited transcript.

A New Vision II

Last week this page was used to comment on an ACS presidential colloquium on how to shape a new vision and environment for chemical research in this uncertain post-Cold-War era. This week the source is an American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) colloquium aimed at doing much the same thing for science in general [see page 35]. This is an annual affair. A strong theme that developed at this year's gathering was that the research community would be well advised to back off from its adamant belief that every material and societal advance made in the U.S. during the past 50 years has started with a gleam in a research scientist's eye. Several speakers made the point that things are really much more complex than that. The linear model of basic research followed in strict sequence by applied research, product development, new product introduction, and social benefit does not always apply. In reality, ...