Science Website Research Articles

Citizen science reveals current distribution, predicted habitat suitability and resource requirements of the introduced African Carder Bee Pseudoanthidium (Immanthidium) repetitum in Australia

The introduction of non-native bee species is a major driver of ecosystem change resulting in the spread of non-native weeds, alterations to plant-pollinator interactions and competition with native species for food and nesting resources. Our lack of ecological information for many non-native organisms hinders our ability to understand the impacts of species introductions. This is often compounded by the Wallacean Shortfall—a lack of adequate knowledge of a species’ distribution in geographic space. In Australia, the African carder bee (Pseudoanthidium (Immanthidium) repetitum) was first observed in 2000 and has since become one of the most common bees in some regions. Despite its rapid population increase and range expansion, little is known about the ecology or distribution of P. repetitum. In this study, we determine the flower preferences, current distribution and predicted areas at risk of future invasion of P. repetitum using opportunistic data collected from citizen science websites, social media and museum records. We found that the current distribution of P. repetitum in Australia encompasses approximately 332,000 km2 concentrated along the eastern coast. We found considerable suitable habitat outside the current distribution including biodiversity hotspots and world heritage listed natural areas. Pseudoanthidium repetitum foraged on a wide range of plants from many families and can thus be classified as a generalist forager (polylectic). Our results suggest that P. repetitum is well suited for continued expansion in coastal Australia. Our results demonstrate the effective application of opportunistic data in overcoming knowledge gaps in species ecology and modelling of introduced species distribution.

Research Progress on Coping Strategies of Cognitive Impairment after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review of Literature.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) refers to a complication of neurological dysfunction after surgery, including one or more changes that are significantly lower than those before surgery. The purpose of this study was to review the coping strategies and risk factors of POCD.A systemic research was conducted searching Pubmed, web of science, MEDLINE and other websites with the keywords of cardiac surgery, cognitive impairment and POCD. Multiple factors have been associated with the treatment of POCD, including anesthetic, choice of analgesic drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, erythropoietin, atherosclerosis, emotional factors, surgical and other factors. Targeted treatments are carried out for risk factors that may affect POCD prevention, such as anesthetic drug prevention, anti-inflammatory drug prevention, and intraoperative prevention and other preventive measures are aimed at reducing the incidence of POCD after cardiac surgery.

Impact of COVID-19 on South Sudan: A Review on Social and Economic Management Policies from the First Wave

In December 2019, a new respiratory disease, i.e., novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged in Mainland China in Wuhan the capital of Hubei Province. It spreads through droplets produced while coughing or sneezing. Its symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, sputum production, shortness of breath, sore throat, etc. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a “Pandemic” which affected human lives and economies. South Sudan is a developing country and does not have adequate resources to overcome this pandemic (COVID-19).
 Aims: The primary objective of this article is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the youngest country in the African continent (South Sudan) on its weak economy coupled with hyperinflation and depreciation of currency etc. and lessons learned from other countries in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Methodology: A review was carried out to accomplish the objective of the study by extracting data from the database of Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and authentic websites for World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, etc., studies covered major areas across the globe but more especially countries that have trade ties with South Sudan and the East African
 Results: There is a drop in South Sudan’s crude oil export which is crucial for the economy. The responsive rate to vulnerable citizens was low, inadequate policies implementations, there was massive unemployment, it has created the state of xenophobia between nationals and foreigners, online learning through the use of televisions (TVs) and radio stations has not been effective.
 Conclusion: The management of the COVID-19 pandemic call for collaboration between authorities the public, and inter-states as there is no country immune. The use of e-commerce is crucial for developing countries, which reduces social interaction between traders and consumers, reducing the chances of a complete economic shutdown. Lastly, there is also a need to establish learning infrastructures for online studies and birth control initiatives, especially for the least developed countries.

Integrasi Iman Serta Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Pendidikan Islam (Kajian Al-Qur'an Surat Al-Isra’ Ayat 36)

This thesis aims to: 1) Know how to integrate faith and science in Islamic education according to the Qur'an Surah Al Isra` verse 36, 2) Explore the relevance of Surah Al Isra` verse 36 on faith and science in Islamic education, 3). To explore the epistemological basis for the unity of faith and science is based on an examination of verse 36 of Surah Ali Isra of the Qur'an. This thesis uses a qualitative research approach where the type of research is library research. Documentary data collection techniques. then the data sources are taken from the main data source and secondary data sources (books of interpretation of the Qur'an, references related to faith, science, Islamic education, theses, articles, journals and previous websites). The analytical technique used is content analysis and hermenetic analysis.The result of the study shows that verse 36 of the Qur'an Surah Al Isra provides that faith is a justification that is spoken verbally, proven by the heart and achieved by action, while science is an organ of knowledge and belief. 'Allah SWT experienced all of that. What is meant by Islamic education and education are all human efforts aimed at developing their potential to achieve human development and balance in general using the formation of human beings. because Allah SWT commands that every human word and deed must be based on knowledge. In the world of education, humans must use ethics and morality to seek knowledge. for verily Allah will exalt those who believe and are knowledgeable, both in the world and in the hereafter. Education must also pay attention to the principles of scientific development according to the guidance of the Qur'an to strengthen faith, enhance worship and nobility of character. Therefore, Islamic education is made into an integrated medium where the goal of Islamic education itself is to achieve human kamil (right people).

Is everyone invited to the discussion table? A bibliometric analysis COVID-19-related mental health literature.

The COVID-19 pandemic has captured the mental health discussion worldwide. Examining countries' representation in this discussion could prove instrumental in identifying potential gaps in terms of ensuring a truly global conversation in times of global crisis. We collected mental health and COVID-19-related journal articles published in PubMed in 2020. We focused on the corresponding authors' countries of affiliation to explore countries' representation. We also examined these articles' academic impact and correlations with their corresponding authors' countries of affiliation. Additional journals and countries' indicators were collected from the Web of Science and World Bank websites, respectively. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics and the VOSviewer software. In total, 3492 publications were analyzed. Based on the corresponding author, high-income countries produced 61.9% of these publications. Corresponding authors from Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East combined accounted for 11.8% of the publications. Europe hosted corresponding authors with the most publications and citations, and corresponding authors from North America had the largest mean journal impact factor. The global scientific discussion during the COVID-19 pandemic saw an increased contribution of academics from developing countries. However, authors from high-income countries have continued to shape this discussion. It is imperative to ensure the active participation of low- and middle-income countries in setting up the global mental health research agenda, particularly in situations of global crisis, such as the ongoing pandemic.

Multiple butterfly recognition based on deep residual learning and image analysis

AbstractInsect recognition is crucial for taxonomy. It helps researchers to process tremendous and various ecology data. Most studies focus on fine‐tuning the deep learning network or altering the algorithm to enhance the identification accuracy, and some useful tools have been generated with these methods. This study focuses on the influence of image data on the recognition model. The single data set source of the existing automated identification tools is relatively simple, and the competition‐based data set released only focuses on evaluating the model at present. For the first time, this article integrates butterfly image data sets from multiple sources, covered illustrated books, and popular butterfly science websites. The image types include standard specimen images, illustrated book scan images and camera shots. In addition, these images included not only fixed poses, but also various other images of butterflies in natural poses. The size of these images is also various. The testing data set is new data that does not belong to the training set, which also verifies the generalizability of the model, indicating that in practical applications this model can identify new images. This testing method is a breakthrough compared to the previous work. We designed different data sets using the ResNet18 network to train a classifier, which achieves a validation accuracy of 86% in the end of the analysis. By adjusting the data sets, the accuracy changes as well. This study provides a method to recognize hundreds of butterfly species and analyzes the testing progress from the point of view of data. It is the first to combine butterflies from multiple countries in a single data set, with a recognition accuracy that outperforms previous experiments, to the best of our knowledge. We further analyze the testing results of butterfly recognition at the family and genus level. We perform two more experiments to demonstrate the model in the case of similar species or genus.

Exploring the Trend of Ski Using Social Network Analysis: International Journal Analysis

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate: 1) the change of the key research keywords by period; 2) the key symbolic keywords that represent 20 years of ski research; 3) the sub-research area of ski research. METHOD We searched international journal articles on Web of Science websites and used bibliometrics and keyword networks to determine ski related research trends. To this end, we researched ski sub-research areas of 873 papers published between 2000 and 2019 in 69 international journals involving ski research. This study used python for bibliometrics and word frequency statistics, and centrality analysis cohesion analysis for Netminer. RESULT There have been changes in the keywords for ski research in different time periods. Keywords such as skiing, injury, skier, sports, athlete, training etc. were important in the 2000s. In 2010s, keywords such as speed, strength, women, system, jumping were deemed to be important. In the 2000s, co-words such as knee-injury, sport-injury, ski-downhill, injury-pattern were important, while co-words such as cup-world, level-skill, female-male, illness-injury were particularly important in the 2010s. In the past 20 years, ski research has mainly focused on three major projects’ analysis: cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, and snowboarding. Ski, skier, injury, performance, athlete, sport, time, training have been the core keywords of ski research in the past 20 years. Co-words such as alpine-ski, cross country-skier, alpine-skier are research priorities in the ski field. These keywords represent the research direction in the ski field and development trends. Finally, sub-research area of ski includes four groups: ski and measure, ski and training, ski risk and injury, and ski and technique. CONCLUSION A few core keywords have made a relatively large contribution to the formation of ski knowledge structure; keyword network analysis provides new ideas and research methods for exploring the ski structure and development trends, which is a major academic breakthrough.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between lymphocyte subsets and the severity of COVID-19

Introduction: Prominent prognostic parameters that reflect the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to adopt an appropriate therapeutic approach are not fully identified. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between lymphocyte variation and disease severity in COVID-19 individuals. Methods: We searched Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE and WHO website to retrieve studies investigating lymphocyte subset counts in non-severe and severe cases of COVID-19. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) between two groups and the pooled average count of each lymphocyte subset were assessed by employing a random-effect model. Results: Thirty-nine investigations on 5087 participants, including 3578 non-severe patients and 1509 severe patients, were included. The pooled analysis showed that non-severe patients had higher total T lymphocytes (SMD = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.20; I2 = 75.7%), T helper cells (SMD = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.28; I2 = 85.4%), T cytotoxic cells (SMD = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.32; I2 = 87.1%), B cells (SMD = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.98; I2 = 79.7%), and natural killer cells (SMD = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.84; I2 = 63.1%) than severe patients and the average count of the corresponding lymphocyte signatures in non-severe patients/severe patients were 878.88/448.40, 493.12/268.96, 311.91/158.91, 177.09/110.37, and 155.02/103.09 cells/μL, respectively. Conclusion: Lymphopenia may be a dilemma in COVID-19 management because over-activation of lymphocytes may lead to cytokine storm or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In contrast, lymphopenia may increase SARS-CoV-2 amplification and COVID-19 severity. Therefore, novel therapies targeting lymphocyte proliferation or contraction may counterbalance lymphocyte counts in these patients.

Book monument imprint: Identifying via foreign information resources

The author reviews foreign science publication, websites, digital databases, catalogs and methods to be used to specify imprints of book monuments and their history as exemplified by 16-th century collection of Russian Academy of Arts Library. The collection comprises over 60 books published in Western Europe; with the special attention to the collection in architecture, in particular books published by Sebastiano Serlio (1475 – c. 1554). To attribute the publications, the catalogs of foreign museums and libraries, bibliographic, fulltext, factographic and objectographic databases in the art market, e. g. ArtPrice, MutualArt, Invaluable, were used to reveal various guides in 16-th century architecture, catalogs of private collections, and auction sale catalogs. The author discusses the methods to use the identified sources to attribute book monuments, as exemplified by Sebastiano Serlio’s books in architecture, and to investigate into this area further.

Going rogue: what scientists can learn about Twitter communication from "alt" government accounts.

The inauguration of President Trump in the United States led to the active restriction of science communication from federal agencies, resulting in the creation of many unofficial “alt” Twitter accounts to maintain communication. Alt accounts had many followers (e.g., 15 accounts had > 100,000) and received a large amount of media attention, making them ideal for better understanding how differences in messaging can affect public engagement with science on microblogging platforms. We analyzed tweets produced by alt and corresponding official agency accounts to compare the two groups and determine if specific features of a tweet made them more likely to be retweeted or liked to help the average scientist potentially reach a broader audience on Twitter. We found adding links, images, hashtags, and mentions, as well as expressing angry and annoying sentiments all increased retweets and likes. Evidence-based terms such as “peer-review” had high retweet rates but linking directly to peer-reviewed publications decreased attention compared to popular science websites. Word choice and attention did not reflect official or alt account types, indicating topic is more important than source. The number of tweets generated and attention received by alt accounts has decreased since their creation, demonstrating the importance of timeliness in science communication on social media. Together our results show potential pathways for scientists to increase efficacy in Twitter communications.

The spread and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds - A review.

Staphylococcus aureus is internationally recognised as a principal agent of mastitis and the foremost reason for economic loss in the dairy industry. The limited data available on organism-specific antibiotic resistance surveillance in dairy cattle have stimulated the need for such a review article. The objective of this study was to review relevant literature on antimicrobial resistance of mastitis-causing staphylococci isolated from dairy cows in South Africa compared to other countries. Factors relating to the incidence of mastitis and treatment strategies in terms of the One Health concept and food security were included. The Web of Science (all databases) and relevant websites were used, and articles not written in English were excluded. The incidence of mastitis varied between South Africa and other countries. Antimicrobial resistance patterns caused by S. aureus also varied in regions within Southern Africa and those of other countries although some similarities were shown. Antimicrobial resistance differed between S. aureus bacteria that were maltose positive and negative (an emerging pathogen). The results highlighted the importance of the availability of organism-specific surveillance data of the incidence of mastitis and antibiotic resistance for specific countries and within similar climatic conditions. Accurate knowledge about whether a specific pathogen is resistant to an antibiotic within a certain climate, country, area or farm should reduce the incidence of unnecessary or incorrect treatment with antibiotics. This should enable dairy farmers to deal with these organisms in a more effective manner. Therefore such research should be ongoing.

An accessible seismological dataset of 2021 Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake

A MS6.4 earthquake occurred on 21 May 2021 in Yangbi county, Dali prefecture, Yunnan, China, at 21: 48 Beijing Time (13: 48 UTC). Earthquakes with an M3.0 or higher occurred before and after the main shock. Seismic data analysis is essential for the in-depth investigation of the 2021 Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake sequence and the seismotectonics of northwestern Yunnan. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration (CEA), has compiled a dataset of seismological observations from 157 broadband stations located within 500 km of the epicenter, and has made this dataset available to the earthquake science research community. The dataset (total file size: 329 GB) consists of event waveforms with a sampling frequency of 100 sps collected from 18 to 28 May 2021, 20-Hz and 100-Hz continuous waveforms collected from 12 to 31 May 2021, and seismic instrument response files. To promote data sharing, the dataset also includes the seismic event waveforms from 20 to 22 May 2021 recorded at 50 stations of the ongoing Binchuan Active Source Geophysical Observation Project, for which the data protection period has not expired. Sample waveforms of the main shock are included in the appendix of this article and can be downloaded from the Earthquake Science website. The event and continuous waveforms are available from the Earthquake Science Data Center website (www.esdc.ac.cn) on application.

Elm zigzag sawfly, Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae), recorded for the first time in North America through community science

Abstract The elm zigzag sawfly, Aproceros leucopoda Takeuchi (Hymenoptera: Argidae), was reported for the first time in North America during the summer of 2020. Characteristic zigzag defoliation was reported in the province of Québec, Canada, on the community science website, iNaturalist. Field trips conducted to the site resulted in the collection of live specimens (a few larvae and a cocoon from which an adult emerged) and onsite observation of diagnostic defoliation and empty cocoons, confirming the presence of this exotic species in Canada. Subsequent inspection of elm trees by naturalists and scientists in the south of the province led to the conclusion that the species is more widely distributed than first expected and that the invasion is not localised to a small area. Preliminary genetic data pointed to a possible European origin of the Canadian population, but conclusive assignment to source will require examination of more specimens and the collection of reference sequences from different European and Asian populations. This is a good example of the importance of community science in the detection of new invasive species.

Perovskite and related oxide based electrodes for water splitting

Water splitting for renewable energy technologies necessitates the creation of low-cost, highly active, and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which remains a challenging issue. Oxide-based catalysts, especially perovskites (ABO3), ruddlesden–popper perovskite (A2BO4) and pyrochlore-type oxides (A2B2O7), have attracted gotten much interest as electrocatalysts for water splitting because of their distinctive physical, chemical, and electronic properties. In this work, a scientometric analysis is conducted on developing various oxide-based catalysts for water splitting to explore further developments. Up to now, a total of 29,761 publications (between the years 1990–2020) have been obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) website by searching for these written documents on this subject with a variety of linking keywords. The derived documents were subjected to a scientometric study, which included a look at the contributing authors, publications, contributing countries, top citation bursts, and topic categories. Based on the information obtained, in this research area, the publications started to increase dramatically since 2012. In terms of scientific output on oxide-based catalysts for water splitting, China and the United States were discovered to be the world leaders.

MIS faculty collaboration in research and journal publication

PurposeThis study applies D3.js and social network analysis (SNA) to examine the impact of collaboration patterns, research productivity patterns and publication patterns on the Ministry of Education (MOE) evaluation policies across all Management Information Systems (MIS) departments in Taiwan.Design/methodology/approachThis study first retrieved data from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST) website from 1982 to 2015, the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) website, the Web of Science (WOS) website and Google Scholar. Then it applied power-law degree distribution, cumulative distribution function, weighted contribution score, exponential weighted moving average and network centrality score to visualize the MIS collaborations and research patterns.FindingsThe analysis concluded that most MIS professors focused primarily on SCIE-/SSCI-/TSSCI-/core indexed journals after 2005. Professors from public universities were drawn to collaboration and publishing in high-quality-based journals, while professors from private universities focused more on quantity-based publications. Female professors, by contrast, have a slightly higher single-authorship publication rate in SCIE-/SSCI-/TSSCI-indexed journals than do male professors. Meanwhile, professors in northern Taiwan emphasized quantity-based journal publications, while a focus on quality was more typical in the south. Furthermore, National Cheng Kung University has the most single-authorship or intrauniversity publications in SCIE-/SSCI-/TSSCI-/core journals, and National Sun Yat-Sen University published more SSCI-indexed articles than SCIE-indexed articles. All of these findings show that there is an explicit relation between MOE evaluation policies and MIS faculty members' collaboration/publication strategies.Originality/valueThe above findings explain how MOE evaluation policies affected MIS faculty members' collaboration and publication strategies in Taiwan, and the authors hope that such findings can constitute a resource for understanding and characterizing networking with MIS departments in Taiwan.

A bibliometric analysis of rheumatology and COVID-19 researches.

ObjectiveCOVID-19 has had a substantial impact on rheumatology. There were many studies about rheumatology and COVID-19. But there is no study about bibliometric analysis of these studies. This study provides a general overview of studies on rheumatology and COVID-19.MethodsData were taken from the Web of Science (WoS) website. Analysis and network visualization mapping processes were carried out using VOSviewer. We used the following keywords: “COVID-19” and “Rheumatology”; “Coronavirus” and “Rheumatology”; “2019-nCoV” and “Rheumatology”; “SARS-CoV-2” and “Rheumatology”; “COVID-19” and “Rheumatic Disease”; “Coronavirus” and “Rheumatic Disease”; “2019-nCoV” and “Rheumatic Disease”; “SARS-CoV-2” and “Rheumatic Disease”; “COVID-19” and “Rheumatism”; “Coronavirus” and “Rheumatism”; “2019-nCoV” and “Rheumatism”; and “SARS-CoV-2” and “Rheumatism.” A total of 234 publications were analyzed, and the correlations between citation numbers and reference counts, usage counts, and page numbers were analyzed with Spearman correlation coefficients.ResultsThe average number of citations per item was 6.03. The studies were cited 1411 times in total, and 1121 times without self-citations. The countries with the highest number of publications on rheumatology and COVID-19 were the USA and England; the countries with the highest number of citations were Italy and the USA, and Jinoos Yazdany was the most cited author. The Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases was the most cited journal, whereas the highest number of articles on rheumatology and COVID-19 were published in Arthritis and Rheumatology.ConclusionsBibliometric analysis of rheumatology and COVID-19 can be useful to future studies because it provides a general perspective on the studies. This study provides an insight into the development of publications on rheumatology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key Points• Covid-19 has substantial impact on rheumatology.• There many studies about rheumatology and COVID-19. But there is no study about bibliometric analysis of these studies.• This study provides a general perspective of the studies about rheumatology and COVID-19.• This study aims to inform the efforts to improve the studies about rheumatology studies during the pandemic process and to analyze the publications about both rheumatology and COVID-19 with bibliometric methods.• Bibliometric analysis about rheumatology and COVID-19 can be useful and helpful tool for future studies.

Climate Change, Land, Water, and Food Security: Perspectives From Sub-Saharan Africa

The current and projected warming of the earth is unequivocal with humans playing a strong role as both perpetrators and victims. The warming on the African continent is projected to be greater than the global average with an increased average temperature of 3–6°C by the end of the century under a high Representative Concentration Pathway. In Africa, the Sub-Saharan region is identified as the most vulnerable to the changing climate due to its very low capacity to adapt to or mitigate climate change. While it is common to identify studies conducted to assess how climate change independently impacts water, land, or food resources, very limited studies have sought to address the interlinkages, synergies, and trade-offs existing between climate change, water, land, and food (WLF) resources as a system in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The climate change and WLF security nexus, therefore, seeks to address this shortfall in literature and subsequently serve as a relevant source of information for decision-making and policy implementation concerning climate change mitigation and adaptation. In this study, 41 relevant studies were selected from Web of Science, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and institutional websites. We provide information on the independent relationships between climate change and WLF resources, and further discuss the existing inter-linkages between climate change and the WLF security in SSA using the nexus approach, with recommendations on how decision making and policy implementations should be done using the climate change and WLF security nexus approach.

Recent Developments in Medicated Lozenges: A Promising Dosage Form for the Effective Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

:The delivery of therapeutic agents through the oral route remains the most favorable one as compared to other routes of drug administration. However, numerous disadvantages are encountered in conventional formulations such as low bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, gastric irritation, delayed onset of action, bitter taste, low retention time, frequent dosing, and non-localized drug targeting. All these problems encountered guide the various pharmaceutical industries to manufacture and develop a novel solid oral dosage form called lozenges. Lozenges are solid oral dosage forms of medicament, meant to be dissolved within the mouth or pharynx. They may consist of one or more than one medicinal agent in a sweetened and flavored base material.:The present review is focused on various types, compositions, and methodologies used to prepare the medicated lozenges and on different evaluation parameters that establish their safety and efficacy. It also put a light on different commercially available and reported medicated lozenges formulation.:The various review and research articles reported by different researchers were studied extensively by using the databases of Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and various commercial websites that were also investigated for information regarding new products.:Lozenges provide various advantages in terms of patient compliance, rapid onset of action, prolonged retention time, enhancement of bioavailability, ease of manufacturing, localized drug targeting, sustained or controlled effect, and reduced dosing frequency. They also have the ability to incorporate the drugs belonging to different therapeutic classes for treating various disorders related to oral cavities like gingivitis, dental plaque, mouth ulcers, throat pain, oral thrush, throat infection, periodontitis, and pharyngitis. However, its applicability is not only limited to localized action, but it has also been employed to deliver the drug systemically for the conditions such as cough, decongestion, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, allergy, low immunity, fever, body ache, the killing of worms and smoking cessation.:It was concluded that they have played an important role in the field of drug delivery and will continue to perform in the same way in the future as well.

Shared decision making in breast cancer screening guidelines: a systematic review of their quality and reporting.

Shared decision making (SDM) is a key component of evidence-based and patient-centred care. The aim of this study is to systematically review the quality of SDM proposals in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and consensus statements (CSs) concerning breast cancer (BC) screening. Guidances were identified, without language restrictions, using a prospectively planned systematic search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and guideline websites) from January 2010 to August 2020. Duplicate data extraction used a 31-item SDM quality assessment tool; reviewer agreement was 98%. SDM appeared only in 38 (49.4%) (33/68 CPGs, 4/9 CSs) documents (overall compliance with the quality tool: mean 5.74, IQR 3-8). CPGs and CSs specifically mentioning the term SDM (n = 12) had higher quality (mean 6.8, IQR 4-9 vs. mean 2.1, IQR 0-3; P = 0.001). No differences were found in mean quality comparing CPGs with CSs (3 vs. 1.6; P = 0.634), use of systematic review (4.2 vs. 2.9; P = 0.929) and publication in a journal (4 vs. 1.9; P = 0.094). Guidances with SDM were more recently reported than those without it (mean 41 vs. 57 months; P = 0.042). More than half of all the guidelines did not meet SDM quality criteria. Those that explored it were more recently reported. There is an urgent need for promoting SDM in guidances concerning BC screening issued by institutions, professional associations and medical journals.

Review of a scientific creativity test of the three-dimensional model

Research on scientific creativity as a domain-specific creativity has begun to develop. A literature review on scientific creativity has been carried out using identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion procedures, with paper sources from the IJSE, DOAJ, ERIC, IOP Science, ScienceDirect, and Springer Link websites, in the 2001-2019 period. There were 49 papers on scientific creativity that were published in that period. The results of this study indicate that the scientific creativity test developed by Hu and Adey is the beginning of increasing scientific creativity research as a domain-specific creativity. Therefore, a further review of Hu and Adey’s test needs to be done in order to reveal the characteristics and development of the test. To achieve this goal, 49 papers were scanned with the keyword “Hu and Adey”, and finally 26 papers were obtained. The results of this further review show that Hu and Adey’s test has the following characteristics: using a classical approach (creativity is divergent thinking); using domain of science, covering the three dimensions (product, trait, and process); using the essay test format; and promoting more objective scoring. Hu and Adey’s scientific creativity test has been referenced, applied and developed by several researchers. The benefit of this literature review is to show the advantages of the scientific creativity test required to measure one of the twenty-first century skills.