Scientific Ideas Research Articles

The Christian and the Philosopher: Defoe's The Storm Between Empiricism and Narrative

AbstractThis article examines the scientific background of Daniel Defoe's The Storm (1704). This work is a collection of letters on the Great Storm, a tempest which battered the south of England on 26–27 November 1703 causing casualties in the thousands and extensive damage. Like other extreme natural phenomena, the Great Storm was interpreted by many as divine warning. This article argues that, differently to Defoe's other works on the Great Storm, The Storm reconciles the traditional religious reading of catastrophes with recent breakthroughs in empiricist philosophy and early meteorology. In its concluding section, the article offers a reassessment of Defoe's interest in scientific ideas in The Storm so as to include early‐eighteenth‐century empiricism and examines Defoe's ambivalent attitude towards them.

K.D.UŞİNSKİNİN PEDAQOJİ ANTROPOLOGİYA TƏLİMİNİN ÇAĞDAŞ DÖVRDƏ ƏHƏMİYYƏTİ

The Importance in the Modern Period of Teaching Pedagogical Anthropology by K.D.Ushinsky Summary The article re-clarifies the scientific and pedagogical ideas of K.D. Ushinsky. Ushinsky believed that pedagogy should be formed, first of all, on the concept, especially with the concept of “education of Man in man.” For this reason, one of the most important tasks for us, educators and researchers of the modern era, is to protect our national and moral values, take responsibility for our culture and work with all our might to preserve these values. Key words: K.D.Ushinsky, educational anthropology, development of education, modern educational institutions, moral values

Г.И. Челпанов и понятие предмета психологической науки

<p>The article describes the results of a study of G.I. Chelpanov's ideas about the subject of psychological science. We applied comparative historical and bibliographic methods, categorical analysis; the source base of the study was monographs, textbooks and articles by G.I. Chelpanov, published in the first quarter of the 20th century, as well as the works of his scientific opponents. In the first part of the article devoted to his methodological views in the pre-revolutionary period, it is argued that the scientist included psychic (mental) phenomena of consciousness to the concept of "subject of psychology", which caused rejection by most representatives of philosophical and natural fields in Russian psychological science. The second part of the article examines the methodological views of G.I. Chelpanov in the 1920s, he kept his views on the subject of psychology as they were before the Russian Revolution. The article captures his confrontation with the proponents of the "behavioral turn" in psychology, who tried to carry out a Marxist restructuring of psychology based on behaviorism. There are two possible interpretations of G.I. Chelpanov's commitment to psychic (mental) phenomena as a subject of psychology: according to the first, the scientist appears to be a fighter for truth, not ready to sacrifice principles for political conjuncture, in the second, his position is assessed as conservative, supporting outdated scientific ideas.</p>

SCULPTOR AND ARTIST I.I. SEVRYUGIN. HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRST ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXHIBITION IN 1879

Introduction. The work is devoted to an extraordinary person - the sculptor and artist Ivan Illarionovich Sevryugin (1839-?), his contribution to the organization, holding and sculptural embodiment of the Anthropological Exhibition of 1879, which became the starting point in the development of anthropology as an exact and natural-historical science and the basis for the creation of the department and Museum of Anthropology. Materials and methods. This study is based on the printed works of the second half of the 19th century, published by the Society of Amateurs of Natural History, Anthropology and Ethnography (OLEAE), in the research of which historical-typological and historical-descriptive methods were used. The main attention was paid to the analysis of materials and documents related to the preparation and holding of the First Anthropological Exhibition in Moscow in 1879. Archival documents from the Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology and literary sources were also studied. Results and discussion. The work examines the creative path of the sculptor and artist I.I. Sevryugin. Coming from a poor family of guild artisans, Ivan Illarionovich received an excellent education at the Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture. Studied under Professor N.A. Ramazanov. During his studies, he was repeatedly awarded for his work and upon graduation received the title of third-degree artist. Along with famous sculptors and artists, he took part in the production of collections of mannequins for the Ethnographic Exhibition of 1867. The most significant peak of his activity was the First Anthropological Exhibition of 1879. The development of the exhibition model, its sculptural embodiment, collection and preparation of exhibits (mounds, burial grounds, masks, busts, etc.), a trip to Paris and much more - all this shows him as an incredibly talented person who masters a variety of artistic and sculptural techniques, who was hard working and earned the highest praise from specialists. Conclusion. Analysis of archival and literary sources showed that I.I. Sevryugin, being a talented artist and an excellent sculptor with a colossal capacity for work, took an active part in the preparation of the Anthropological Exhibition of 1879, and contributed to the solution of one of its main tasks - the popularization of anthropology in Russia. Thanks to his talent, he was able to express scientific ideas in artistic form. His works, exhibited in the gallery halls of the Exhibition, clearly showed the general public the unity of the biological and social in human nature. Collections created by I.I. Sevryugin, formed the basis of the sculptural fund of the photo-illustrative department of the Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University.

Psychological predictors of the potential for self-change in female students with different life satisfaction

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to specify scientific ideas about predictors of self-change in personality and behavior. Understanding of this phenomenon is necessary for providing effective psychological support, especially during times of instability and uncertainty. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of different spheres of mental self-regulation and styles of responding to changes that influence self-change in female students, who differ in terms of their level of life satisfaction. Participants (202 female undergraduates aged 18–22 years) were examined using techniques assessing metacognitive engagement, emotional intelligence, characteristics of conscious self-regulation, reflection, styles of responding to change, and life satisfaction. Predictors of selfchange are differed between female students with high and low life satisfaction. The common predictor of selfchange for female students with different levels of life satisfaction is an innovative style of responding to change.

Synthesis and Characterization of Coordination Compounds with Novel Ligands: Implications for Material Science

Coordination compound are any of a class of substances with produced plans where a central metallic particle is encircled by non-metal elements or social assemblies of particles, termed ligands. A basic use of coordination compounds is their use as motivations, which effectively change the speed of designed responses. This study researches the mix and depiction of coordination compounds incorporating novel ligands, with an accentuation on their ideas for material science. Coordination compounds, outlined by the coordination of a central metal atom or molecule with various ligands, are crucial for an extent of engineered and present day cycles. In this investigation, we detail the mix of a couple of coordination compounds featuring as of late made ligands. These ligands are planned to give express electronic and steric influences, smoothing out the introduction of the ensuing edifices.

Investigation of Emerging Mathematical Leadership in Mathematics Classroom: Application of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Modeling

The aim of this study is to determine the types of mathematical leadership that emerge in the process of applying Interdisciplinary Mathematical Modeling activities taken from real life. For this purpose, the researchers, working with a mathematics teacher and a science teacher, developed two interdisciplinary activities (the Stream Problem and the Energy Saving Problem). The activities were implemented in two groups of 3 and 4 students (11-12 years of age) studying in the 7th grade in a provincial center in the Eastern region of Turkey. In the application process, students put forward their own mathematical and scientific ideas by using their knowledge of mathematics and science in an integrated structure, and by supporting these ideas with group discussions, they produced different models (products). In the process of creating a model, it was observed that some students' came forth within the group, with their mathematical leaderships.

Development of Multiplechoice Test Instruments to Improve Scientific Literacy in Madrasah Aliyah (MA)

The ability to analyze and interpret scientific information is very important in the era of advanced technology. For Madrasah Aliyah (MA) students, scientific literacy is crucial for academic and future achievements, including understanding scientific concepts, interpreting data, making decisions, and communicating scientific ideas. Although scientific literacy is important, many MA students face challenges due to traditional teaching methods and inappropriate assessment. This research aims to develop and measure a multiplechoice test instrument for MA students' scientific literacy, empirically validated to improve science education and prepare students to face the modern world. Research and development (research and development) with 3D models (Define, Design, Development). Focus on scientific literacy questions with PISA indicators. Overall, it shows that the instruments used are very good and valid, and provide a positive picture of students' scientific literacy abilities, although there are still certain areas that need to be improved. Questions with poor power differences need to be repaired or replaced, and questions with sufficient power differences need to be revised. Low scores in explaining scientific phenomena require additional guidance. Regular monitoring and revision is important to maintain the quality of the instrument. This instrument is valid and reliable, but continuous improvement is needed.

INTERNATIONAL AIR CRIME: ACTUALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT

The author analyzes the concept of "international air crime", updates the issue of the urgent need to formulate a normative definition of the concepts of "transport crimes", "crimes in air transport", "air crimes", "international air crimes" and some others. In the course of the work, scientific ideas about transport crimes, international treaties ratified by the Russian Federation and the internal law of the Russian Federation, including the Air Code and other regulations were analyzed in order to form the legal foundation for ensuring air security, taking into account the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2024 of the year. In order to pose the problem, the author has identified classifications of international air crimes that are promising for scientific research, including crimes where air transport is considered as an object, means and place of commission of a crime. In fact, trends in the development of scientific analysis of basic concepts and characteristics of transport and air crimes are presented from a historical perspective. As a result, the author, summing up the current state of legal regulation of international air crimes and the prospects for the development of a system of norms, gives impetus to the specification of the institution of air safety, the branch of international air law and air legislation of the Russian Federation.

Lifelong Learning in Multi-Purpose Activity of Self-Employed and Employed Persons

Introduction. Managing the lifelong learning environment requires a certain understanding of the educational needs and demands of learners of different categories. However, there is not enough research devoted to the psychological aspects of non-formal and informal learning of working subjects. The aim of the study is to characterize the main forms of learning, inducing and sustaining motivation, engagement and self-regulation of learning among employed and self-employed individuals. Materials and Methods. The study used the methods of theoretical analysis of the problem, testing and survey with the use of educational experience diagnostics methodology and author's questionnaires based on the Informal Learning Questionnaire and Academic Motivation Scale. The empirical sampling encompassed 295 people, including 143 self-employed and 152 employed. Results. The results showed the diversity of forms of lifelong learning used by employed persons, as well as the polymotivated nature of this activity. It was found that professional and cognitive motives are the most pronounced among the employed and self-employed. Respondents are motivated to learning by the desire for self-improvement, professional development objectives, interest in the subject of training, the need for new knowledge and skills. It is proved that self-employed persons, compared to employed persons, have a higher level of involvement, self-regulation of learning and intrinsic motivation focused on professional and personal growth and diverse interests. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study expand scientific ideas about lifelong learning and for the first time demonstrate the specificity of involvement and motivation for learning individuals with different employment status. The materials of the article will be useful for researchers, specialists in human resources development, marketers of the education segment, and developers of additional educational programs.

International Experience in Adult Education: Transformation of Institutional Forms

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of institutional boundaries blurring triggered by the disintegration of traditional institutions, the emergence of new educational formats. The aim is to institutionally analyse the international experience in adult education, explore traditional and new forms, and identify key vectors of change. Materials and Methods. The methodological framework is an ecosystem approach, comparative, institutional and thematic content analyses of scientific publications. In the first step, the authors analysed statistical data and identified three groups of countries according to the level of adult involvement in lifelong learning. In the second step, the authors conducted a socio-historical review of institutional forms of adult education in different countries. Results. The analytical review allowed the authors to identify traditional and new institutional forms, as well as their representation in different countries. It was proved that traditional institutions are being replaced by new formats due to the development of digital technologies and the EdTech industry. Traditional institutions are characterized by internal stability, clear boundaries and hierarchy. They are being replaced by flexible, hybrid institutional structures based on digital communication networks with horizontal links. Roles and statuses of participants in the learning process, instructional design, learning pathways, procedures, assessment technologies, which are the key vectors of institutional transformation, have changed. Discussion and Conclusion. Having analysed historical experience and international best practices in adult education, the authors substantiate a possible evolutionary scenario of institutional changes. The results obtained contribute to the development of scientific ideas about the relationship between the labour market, EdTech industry and institutional forms in adult education to synchronize supply and demand. The study can be used to develop social policy measures for training different population groups and create a national ecosystem of lifelong adult education.

ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

The purpose of this study is to investigate a number of concepts about the development of professional communication abilities in foreign languages for future teachers by comparing and contrasting the many restrictions that may be included in these theories. Canale, Bachman, Vygotskiy, Kramsch, Willis & Willis, Dornyei, Albert Bandura, Edward Deci, and Richard Ryan are some of the writers whose scientific ideas served as the foundation for this study. In the course of the research, a number of different approaches to the development of communication competence will be discussed. These approaches include cognitive, communicative, socio-cultural, project, and integrative approaches. According to the findings, some theories concentrate on certain areas of communication, whilst others take a more comprehensive approach to the subject. According to some theories, certain instructional strategies are prescribed, while others provide general principles for successful communication. Other theories, on the other hand, have certain drawbacks, such as a lack of clear recommendations, a restricted attention to learner motivation and task completion, difficulties in big classes, and the possibility of restrictions in responding to unique learner requirements. Keywords: communicative competence, professional foreign language, scientific techniques, principles, motivation, English language teaching.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABILITY OF FUTURE DOCTORAL LEVEL SPECIALISTS TO IMPLEMENT AN INDIVIDUAL EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TRAJECTORY: CONTOURS OF PEDAGOGICAL DISCOURSE

The article highlights some of the results of the conducted pedagogical discourse regarding the development of postgraduate students' ability to realize an individual educational and scientific trajectory; the latter is considered as a factor in the formation of image features of the future scientist. The exceptional importance of the goal-oriented process of forming the individual educational trajectory of a PhD student is substantiated; it is about the decisive factor in the success of personalized mastery as both an educational and a scientific component of post-graduate training, as well as about the optimality of professional support for the preparation of the applicant's own dissertation project, which, as a rule, is characterized by originality both at the level of the topic and from the perspective of tools for solving key contradictions, which increase the relevance of the research problem raised by him, in the aspect of the spectrum of manifestation of the creative individuality of the future Doctor of Philosophy. In particular, the constructive Polish experience in terms of stimulating personal and professional activity and increasing the personal responsibility of the scientific supervisor of graduate students is taken into account (during the fourth semester of study, Polish doctoral students undergo an intermediate certification before a commission, which must include a doctor with a habilitation or a professor from the scientific specialty chosen by the graduate student, and does not work at the institution where postgraduate training of the future doctor of philosophy takes place; in case of successful attestation of the applicant, his postgraduate scholarship is significantly increased). It was established that the historical and pedagogical origins of the chosen approach are laid in the fundamental research of the construct "measures of European success – a chance for Ukraine". As for modern scientific and pedagogical ideas about the content of the concept of "individual educational trajectory", it is noted that such diverse dimensions as: "path", "style", "and program" and "movement" are emphasized. It has been proven that for graduate students, it is legitimate to leave an individual educational and scientific trajectory, where attention is mainly focused on the processes of self-realization and self-regulation. Subjective self-realization is interpreted as the manifestation of a specific form of activity by the student, aimed at acquiring the status of a subject of his own development in the field of the chosen profession. As for self-regulation, it is understood as an important aspect of self-improvement of the future Doctor of Philosophy, because it occurs through the involvement of mechanisms of self-evaluation, self-control, and reflection; the activity of professional self-regulation is both directly and indirectly related to the process of self-creation. Therefore, the ability of the acquirer to "be" simultaneously in the content of formal, non-formal, and informal education is assumed.

Transformation of Forms of Money in the Era of Digitalization

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to develop the doctrine about forms of money, to justify the need to develop new approaches to their delimitation in the era of digitalization. Theoretical Basis. Methods. Doctrinal sources provided the theoretical basis for this article devoted to the study of forms of money from the standpoint of law and econo­mics. The system approach required the analysis of scientific papers on the theory of state and law, as well as philosophy. To achieve this goal, various methods of understanding financial and legal reality were used, namely: dialectical-materialistic, logical, comparative, systemic, formal-legal, methods of analysis and synthesis, interpretation of law, which made it possible to analyze the prevailing scientific ideas about the forms of money, recognize money as a historically variable category, propose a new classification of forms of money, built taking into account the significant impact of digitalization on the organization of money circulation in the state. Results. Forms of money are subject to evolutionary development due to significant changes in the nature of production forces and production relations. Digitalization has contributed to the emergence of a new form of money – digital. Discussion and Conclusion. Money is a historically volatile category. Almost any kind of material and intangible property can act as such, subject to their official recognition by society and the state. It is proposed to distinguish between such forms of money as: material and intangible; commodity, cash (coins and banknotes), conditional (records of cash balances – non-cash, electronic) and digital (digital code).

Magic Matters: Engaging with Nathan Sivin on the History of Divination, Medicine, and Popular Religion in China

Abstract In this essay, the author seeks to highlight some of the many ways that Nathan Sivin’s academic work and personal advice have helped to shape his current book project, titled Magic Matters: Science and Medicine in Chinese Popular Culture, 1800 to 1850). Smith’s essay discusses the conceptual framework of Magic Matters, focusing on the ways that Chinese commoners perceived, represented, and understood the natural world, in all of its variety and complexity. It identifies the historical and cultural context in which traditional Chinese medicine and the mantic arts flourished, even after the introduction of new scientific and medical ideas and practices from the West and Japan post-1850. Along the way, Smith identifies a number of Asian and Western scholars who, together with Sivin, have done extremely productive and stimulating work on Chinese science, medicine and technology. He also provides bibliographical suggestions for further China-focused and comparative research on these topics.

Стратегии научно-популярного педагогического интернет-дискурса

The article presents the results of a discursive analysis of online articles on foreign language learning. The analysis continues the study of the English popular science pedagogical discourse, complementing the number of already identified and characterized components with discourse strategies. The aim of the paper is to identify and analyze the strategies of the popular science pedagogical internet discourse which would expand scientific ideas about the interaction peculiarities between the pedagogical community and society. As practical material, the study uses one of the most famous English online magazines dedicated to language learning. By random sampling, 70 text fragments are selected from the magazine, exhibiting the whole variety of speech means the pedagogical community uses to cover its intentions and values. To achieve the aim set in the research, the authors use linguapragmatic, linguasemiotic, discursive analysis and descriptive, analytical, interpretive, statistical methods. As a result of the analysis, the strategies of attracting attention, modality, transmitting reliability, forming professional identity, solidarity, manipulation and consolidation have been established. Each strategy reveals its own means of speech implementation, among which we can name various verbal constructions, appealing constructions, constructions emphasizing causes and consequences of educational processes, evaluating lexemes, lexemes with semantics of inducement to action, etc. The range of communication strategies and means of their verbalization is not limited to those given in the paper. In order to describe the model of the popular science pedagogical discourse existing not only in the English internet space, the need for further analysis of the research subject is obvious.

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЇ ІГРОВОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЛЮДИНИ В УМОВАХ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ

Purpose. Features of modernity that correspond to the features of a world dominated by volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity, threats of using such features as means of geopolitical influence, conditions of a full-scale russian-ukrainian war, the necessity restoration for a safe environment throughout the territory of Ukraine requires effective proposals from domestic psychology to ensure human life in the given conditions. A well-founded system-forming position for this increasingly appears as a game as a universal socio-cultural phenomenon and an integral factor of human self-realization, and game modeling as a way and method of human life activity in uncertainty. The purpose of the article is a theoretical study of the psychological regularities of game representation in the aspects of modeling human life, substantiation of psychological content, functional essence, classification of representations as an attributive factor of game modeling of human life in uncertainty conditions. Methods. The research uses methods of analysis and systematization for psychological and interdisciplinary approaches in the study of representation and modeling of human life activities, theoretical reconstruction and classification of the psychological content and functional essence for the game modeling representation of human life activities in current living conditions. Results. Based on the results of the research, the categorical and conceptual content and functional essence for game modeling representations of human life activity in uncertainty conditions were specified. The attribution of representation in the game modeling aspects is updated and substantiated. The definition of "game modeling representations of human life activity in uncertainty conditions" and the corresponding classification are proposed. Scientific ideas about representation, game and game modeling are deepened. It was established that the game modeling representations of human life activity in uncertainty conditions is a universal, pragmatic, attributive phenomenon; non-specific mental formation; the way of life of a person and a social group, which occurs simultaneously in two complementary dimensions: a) the intrasubjective space of a person as an interiorizational mental representation and b) in the external activity dimension as a deed, activity representation of exteriorization. Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to draw conclusions about the relevance of continuing psychological explorations for game modeling representations of human life activity in uncertainty conditions. The clarifying regularities tasks of influence for representations on psychological well-being and productivity of individual and group activities are considered promising.

Accentuation Networks of IT Students, Managers and Journalists: an Interdisciplinary Approach in Comparative Analysis

Introduction. Network diagnostic methods have an important advantage, which is the ability to integrate data from various scientific studies. In particular, the potential of the possibility of conducting diagnostics aimed at identifying the connectedness of the social and psychological characteristics of the accentuations of students of various fields of study is relevant.Methodology and sources. The conceptual ideas of various sciences involving the construction of a synthetic research methodology are used. The provisions of sociological science, social psychology and psychology on the nature, factors of formation and features of the manifestation of personality accentuations, as dependent on a wide variety of conditions, are integrated.Results and discussion. The obtained research results are presented in the form of accentuation networks, reflecting some features of the connectedness of accentuations. The main hypotheses of the study were confirmed, networks of accentuation of student journalists are built around mobile-emotional accentuations; networks of student managers are formed around aspirations to lead; networks of IT students are the most dense among the intellectual qualities and characteristics of students.Conclusion. Building networks of accentuation of students of various training profiles has a good prospect for the practice of diagnosis and correction of the educational process. Network modeling of the dynamics of the formation of students' accents as they study at the university provides a reliable basis for evaluating and managing the educational process.

Why an Alignment of Hypothesis-Formulation and Theorization with Cultural and Cross-Cultural Frames of Reference is Required: A Rough Guide to Better Hypothesis-Formulation and Theorization

In this paper, we proposition and champion the idea that theorization and hypothesis building, both of which form an intrinsic and a crucial part of formal scientific method, must be linked and tied to the concepts of cultural frame of reference, and cross-cultural frames of reference, two concepts that we had mooted in our previous papers. This approach, we argue, is necessary, in order that scientific concepts be better grasped and more thoroughly understood by the masses, and by the common public. We therefore, present a brief recapitulation of these two concepts besides introducing, and briefly explaining the twin ideas and the twin concepts of ideological frame of reference, and epistemological frame of reference as well. We also recapitulate and overview our earlier concepts of irreducible simplicity, “Continuous zero-based reassessment of assumptions, hypotheses and methods”, and structured apperception tests for socio- cultural change, and integrate them into the tenets of this paper. Last but not the least, we explain how all these concepts can lead to a percolation of scientific ideas, and a scientific temper among the masses, and lead us to what we have always called, “scientific progress at the speed of light.” These approaches and techniques must be followed as far as practically possible, and exceptions justified on a case to case basis.

Promotional language and the adoption of innovative ideas in science

How are the merits of innovative ideas communicated in science? Here, we conduct semantic analyses of grant application success with a focus on scientific promotional language, which may help to convey an innovative idea's originality and significance. Our analysis attempts to surmount the limitations of prior grant studies by examining the full text of tens of thousands of both funded and unfunded grants from three leading public and private funding agencies: the NIH, the NSF, and the Novo Nordisk Foundation, one of the world's largest private science funding foundations. We find a robust association between promotional language and the support and adoption of innovative ideas by funders and other scientists. First, a grant proposal's percentage of promotional language is associated with up to a doubling of the grant's probability of being funded. Second, a grant's promotional language reflects its intrinsic innovativeness. Third, the percentage of promotional language is predictive of the expected citation and productivity impact of publications that are supported by funded grants. Finally, a computer-assisted experiment that manipulates the promotional language in our data demonstrates how promotional language can communicate the merit of ideas through cognitive activation. With the incidence of promotional language in science steeply rising, and the pivotal role of grants in converting promising and aspirational ideas into solutions, our analysis provides empirical evidence that promotional language is associated with effectively communicating the merits of innovative scientific ideas.