Science-intensive Technologies Research Articles

Сравнительный анализ качества научных журналов технического университета и критерии их улучшения

The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of calculating the indicators of scientific journals at Bryansk State Technical University (BSTU) in the fields of technology according to the nomenclature list of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation based on the integral rating of the Science Index information and analytical system. 
 Analising publication activity and disagreements of the expert community in ranking journals in economic specialties is carried out. 
 The paper identifies the directions for further improving the quality of BSTU scientific journals in technical specialties, namely: Science-Intensive Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, Transport Engineering, Automation and Modelling in Design and Management and Ergodesign based on their expert assessments. It is shown that the priority criteria for expert evaluation are the following: academic contribution to the field of knowledge, the quality of articles and their compliance with the subject area of the journal, the policy of journals regarding the reviewing and geographical diversity of authors and members of the editorial board and editorial staff of the journal. 
 It is proposed that in addition to the integral Science Index rating, which is a point indicator, the relevance and novelty of published journal articles is associated with analysing altmerics and visualising data.

Development of nuclear power in Belarus: a sociological analysis of the elasticity of public opinion

The article discusses the results of sociological monitoring of public opinion on the use of nuclear energy in Belarus. The main part presents an analysis of the data obtained from the results of a sociological study conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus in 2022 on the assignment “Conduct sociological monitoring of public opinion of the population of the Republic of Belarus in order to form a positive attitude towards nuclear energy” of event 8 “Information and analytical support for the development of nuclear Energy in the Republic of Belarus” of subprogram 3 “Scientific support for the efficient and safe operation of the Belarusian nuclear power plant and promising areas for the development of nuclear energy” of the State Program “Science-intensive technologies and equipment” for 2021– 2025. The time intervals within which important events had a direct or indirect impact on public opinion about nuclear energy are characterized. A sociological method of calculation has been developed that makes it possible to trace the vector of public opinion’s response to nuclear energy (increase or decrease in the level of loyalty) to various internal or external factors. An assessment of the elasticity of public opinion about nuclear power is carried out with the construction of a typology of this elasticity. Also, self-assessments of the respondents’ formation and stability of their position regarding the implementation of the project “Belarusian NPP” were revealed. The need for systematic information and explanatory work among the population on all the main aspects of the practical use of nuclear energy is shown.

Экстракционные технологии рециклинга отработанных источников тока

Current data on current approaches to the synthesis and application of extraction systems that meet the key requirements of "green chemistry" are presented. Particular attention is paid to a new type of extractants (solvents) — deep eutectic solvents. The relevance of this research is due to the need to solve the priority tasks of creating waste-free science-intensive technologies that combine the principles of "green" chemistry with hydrometallurgical processes of electronic waste recycling.

Artificial intelligence in the educational process and scientific research of higher education applicants: responsible boundaries of AI content

The article focuses on the issue of intensification of comprehensive research on modern information technologies, in particular the basics of artificial intelligence, in the education system and scientific research of higher school graduates with the aim of forming a favorable, effective, high-quality and ethical process of obtaining knowledge in the context of the formation of an information society. The scientific observation presents a detailed retrospective analysis of the conceptual-categorical apparatus “artificial intelligence” from the standpoint of generally recognized scientific theories and leading ideas of domestic and foreign scientists for its further theoretical and methodological consolidation. The relevance of scientific research is due to the high current dependence of higher education students on science-intensive technologies, which help to solve the tasks of self-determination, self-control and self-realization, as well as contribute to the formation of a holistic, variably thinking, creative personality with a new type and level of reasoning, with the latest values, competencies and views on professional level of the future specialist. Taking into account modern visions, through the prism of the informatization component of the development of education and science among students, it is determined that thanks to the technologies of artificial intelligence, which simulates the processes of human intelligence for conclusions, computer systems can offer applicants personalized, adaptive or interval training, automatic evaluation of educational achievements, support and feedback during the educational process. It has been found that virtual reality as a newly organized social space leads to planned, consistent and systematized changes in the educational process and research work of applicants of higher education institutions, improvement of existing and formation of hitherto unseen organizational forms, types and methods of education, as well as changes interaction between the teacher and the student and the educational environment as a whole. In addition, it is determined that artificial intelligence as a modern pedagogical mechanism of modern times has an important conceptual and methodological significance in the process of fruitful union of education and science.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANISM FOR ORGANIZATIONAL AND INNOVATIVE SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIELD OF DEFENCE CAPABILITY AND SECURITY ON THE BASIS OF ENERGY CLUSTERING OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the state and substantiate the proposals for the development of a mechanism for organizational and innovative support for the development of critical technologies in the field of defence capability and national security on the basis of energy clustering of the national economy. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge. In the research process, general scientific and special methods were used, in particular analysis and synthesis, dialectical – to determine the initial conditions and content of critical technologies; analytical – when processing literary and Internet sources; causal – to determine the dynamics of the development of the energy sector of Ukraine; abstract and logical – for outlining the main directions of functioning of critical technologies in the field of energy security, clustering of the national economy, forming conclusions and proposals. Findings. Current and prospective critical technologies in the energy sector, which will be able to ensure the growth of the efficiency of the energy sector and national security of Ukraine, are summarized. Ways to reduce Ukraine's dependence on science-intensive technologies of foreign countries through the activation of its own fundamental, comprehensive research to create the latest resource- and energy-saving technologies are considered. The need for complex use of organizational-management, financial and economic mechanisms for stimulating innovative activity of enterprises for the development of critical technologies is substantiated. Originality. An assumption is made regarding the need to substantiate the choice of directions for achieving and maintaining a deficit-free supply of consumers with the necessary energy resources for the long term (taking into account the creation of conditions for providing consumers with the necessary types of energy in the necessary volumes during emergency situations of military, man-made and natural origin) at the expense of the development and implementation of critical technologies in the energy sector based on innovative forms of cluster formations and the organization of modern institutional structures of interaction. Practical value. The substantiated research results can be used to develop cluster formations for the development of critical technologies in the field of energy security as an important component of Ukraine's national security. Key words: energy, energy security, critical technologies, innovations, energy strategy of Ukraine, cluster.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS PROCESSES THROUGH OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEMS

With the growth of production volumes of transport products, the effective management of the logistics costs of the enterprise forces us to look for new approaches in the management of enterprise resources. Logistics costs are directly dependent on logistics operations in the supply chain. Optimizing the logistics costs of an enterprise in the new competitive environment involves the search and implementation of innovative solutions in the field of transport technologies. The article discusses the development of methods for improving the efficiency of transport and logistics processes by optimizing the logistics costs of the enterprise, through the optimization of vehicle control systems.
 Purpose – development of a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of ISAS.
 Method or methodology of the work. The article used mathematical and statistical methods of analysis.
 Results. The most informative parameters for evaluating the functioning of ISAS were determined, which should include a calculated assessment of power, economic, environmental and reliability indicators for various control modes or their combinations, as well as for various operating modes.
 Scope of the results. Applied research in the field of evaluating the effectiveness of transport and logistics processes; carrying out research work aimed at creating new science-intensive technologies for optimizing transport and technological systems.

Автоматизоване розпаралелювання програми моделювання внутрішньочастинкової дифузії й абсорбції в неоднорідних нанопористих середовищах

Heterogeneous media consisting of thin layers of particles of forked porous structure with different physical-chemical properties are widely used in science-intensive technologies and priority sectors of industry, medicine, ecology, etc. Such layers are distributed systems of pores consisting of two main spaces: micro- and nanopores of particles and macropores and cavities between particles. Mass transfer in the system of heterogeneous media causes two types of mass transfer: diffusion in macropores, owing to interparticle space, and diffusion in the system of micro- and nanopores inside particles of the heterogeneous medium. Intraparticle space has a higher level of adsorptive capacity, and at the same time, has a lower velocity of diffusion intrusion in comparison with interparticle space. In modeling concentra- tion and gradient fields for various diffusible components, an important scientific problem is the identification of kinetic parameters of a transfer, predetermining mass transfer velocity on macro- and micro levels, and also equilibrium conditions. The results of designing and parallelization of a program implementing a Crank-Nicolson scheme using algebra-algorithmic specifications represented in a natural- linguistic form are given. The tools for automated design, synthesis and auto-tuning of programs were applied that provided the translation of algebra-algorithmic schemes into source code in a target programming language and its tuning for execution environment to increase the program performance. Numerical distributions of values of diffusion coefficients for intraparticle transfer along coordinate of medium thickness for various time snapshots were obtained. Based on the results of the identification, the models were checked for adequacy and numerical modeling and analysis of concentration and gradient fields of mass transfer were carried out. The experiment results of auto- tuning the software implementation demonstrated high multiprocessor speedup on test data input.

Training of specialists in knowledge-intensive areas in the United Kingdom

Introduction. The article analyzes the experience of training specialists for science and knowledge-intensive technologies on the example of individual leading UK universities, located close to knowledge-intensive industry: Cambridge University, Manchester University, Imperial College London. Considered educational programs and their features in the context of innovation activities and promotion of advanced technologies. The purpose of the study is to analyze the best practices of training students for science and high-tech technologies on the example of Great Britain. Materials and methods. The study uses analytical method, which allows to analyze the innovative aspects of the training of specialists in science-intensive areas. The analysis was carried out from the standpoint of the system approach to the understanding of student training in universities of science cities. The system approach allowed us to consider the training programs in universities, which are an integral part of science cities, having its own structure formed by various interrelated components, subject to its own logic of development under the influence of various factors. To identify the common and special in the training of specialists for science and science-intensive technologies the method of comparative analysis was used, which allowed to perform a comparative-pedagogical study in the context of training specialists for innovative activities and promotion of cutting-edge technologies. Results. Training of specialists for knowledge-intensive industries in universities of science cities of Great Britain is considered in the article. The common characteristics of the training of students in science-intensive areas in the UK are highlighted. The specifics of interaction of the professional community with the use of information cooperation platforms are considered in the article. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results can enrich them with a variety of interactions with knowledge-intensive enterprises and ways of modern communications, new directions of development of knowledge-intensive educational programs, formation of motivated participation in knowledge-intensive project activity of students.

ROLE AND PLACE OF IMPLEMENTED INNOVATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the role and place of higher education institutions in the implementation of innovations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Traditional farming practices have been proven to be improved and modified through automation and the introduction of modern, large-scale technological solutions that reduce risk, increase resilience and provide producers with predictive solutions to make agriculture more productive. The positive side of the transfer of knowledge is the opportunity for ZVO to get an additional way to diversify sources of income, thereby turning it into a subject of entrepreneurship in the regional economy. Implementation of innovative activity requires the presence of a system of its organization. It was called the knowledge transfer system. The most important factor in the effectiveness of knowledge transfer processes is the presence of an appropriate organizational infrastructure, which acts as an “exchange buffer” between external customers and university units, its teachers and scientists. The expansion of cooperation between subjects of the Regional Innovation System is crucial for encouraging the wide use of academic knowledge as innovations in the regional economy. Based on the concept of reviewing the role of higher education institutions as a generator of knowledge development in society, we considered the possibilities of organizing the interaction of interested parties, including business representatives and government bodies. We believe that an institute that would consolidate the scientific and technical structures of large companies, research stations and laboratories, institutions of higher education, venture investment firms, investment funds and companies, insurance companies, credit cooperatives, consulting and other specialized services, i.e. about objects that carry out various stages of the investment cycle can become an agroinvestpark. We believe that its creation will contribute to the unification of efforts in the organization of educational, research, investment and innovation activities, the improvement of the educational process of training specialists for the needs of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, the development and offering of science-intensive technologies and innovative developments on the market. Therefore, in order to promote the innovative activity of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive and systematic personnel policy as a consistent activity of state authorities and local self-government bodies for the purpose of rational use and reproduction of the personnel potential of agriculture. We believe that for this purpose it is necessary to improve the quality of training of specialists in educational institutions of agricultural education, to reform the system of retraining and advanced training of personnel at all levels of professional education, to ensure the adjustment of training programs based on shifting the emphasis to practical training for the introduction of progressive technologies and equipment.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

The article examines the features of the doctrinal basis of the Norwegian policy in the Arctic, as well as the military-political strategy to ensure the security of the region. The doctrinal framework of Norwegian policy will put Arctic strategy at the forefront. It has been established that Norway owns the systemic regulation of the legal issues of the Arctic region among the Scandinavian countries, serving at the same time as a kind of model for working out mechanisms to defend interests at the regional and international levels. At the same time, it is Norway that owns an innovative approach to the development of hydrocarbons in the Arctic, to the development of a green economy, which are based on environmental protection, the introduction of science-intensive technologies, incl. alternative energy sources. The doctrinal basis of Norwegian policy towards the Arctic region is characterized by specific directions, where the priority is mainly international cooperation, business development, knowledge development, infrastructure, environmental protection and emergency preparedness. The conceptual basis of Norway's doctrines in the field of Arctic region policy consists of the integration of knowledge, science and business, with the aim of sustainable development of the Arctic. In the doctrinal basis of Norway, security issues and the military-political strategy in relation to the Arctic region play an important role. These issues are regulated by such international relations as NORDAC (Nordic Armaments Cooperation), NATO and the maintenance of bilateral relations and partnership with Russia. In Norway's security policy, the main role is played by the NATO strategy, which is based on systemic exercises of practicing military action in the Arctic and the fulfillment of certain missions by Norway due to the recent Crimean events.

Preliminary analysis of the possibility of using REMIX fuel in VVER-1200 reactors of the Belarusian NPP

The transition from conventional uranium to regenerated fuel, which uses reprocessed spent fuel and enriched natural uranium, improves fuel efficiency and reduces the amount of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Based on the analysis of published materials concerning mainly the fuel cycles of the VVER-1000 reactor, it was concluded that the most suitable in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus is the use of REMIX fuel. To confirm this conclusion in relation to the VVER-1200 reactors of the Belarusian NPP, computational studies were carried out within the framework of the State program “Scienceintensive technologies and equipment” for 2021–2025, subprogram 3 “Scientific support for the effective and safe operation of the Belarusian nuclear power plant and promising directions for the development of nuclear energy”. The characteristics of a 12-month fuel cycle with multiple recycling (reuse of fuel) according to the REMIX technology with 19.75 % enrichment of added uranium and maintaining the design capacity and duration of the campaign have been obtained. The share of SNF that is not returned to the reactor is 12.8 % (for a cycle with uranium fuel – 100 %); the fraction of waste intended for disposal or long-term storage, respectively, decreases by 8 times, and the specific consumption of natural uranium is reduced from 202 g/(MW·day) for uranium fuel to 159 g/(MW·day) for REMIX fuel. The results obtained can be taken into account when developing a fuel use strategy at the Belarusian NPP.

Генезис проблемы формирования цифровой межкультурной компетентности в период с 1970-х до начала 2000-х гг.

The analysis of works on the problems of vocational education pedagogy made it possible to highlight the crisis points in its development, associated, first of all, with the inconsistency of the educational results content with the requirements of employers and the priorities of state policy in the field of digitalization and innovation. The system of forming employees' key competencies has become one of the priority conditions for the creation and effective functioning of the Russian state innovative economy. The active and widespread introduction of modern science-intensive technologies leads to an increase in the requirements of the state and society for the qualifications of university graduates, the level of their intercultural competence, and readiness to master new approaches to professional activity. These factors explain the close attention of scientists and specialists from different branches of knowledge and areas of pedagogy, psychology, public administration, sociology, informatics, etc., to the problems of intercultural training of future specialists in the context of globalization. The article proposes the periodization of the development of the problem of forming digital intercultural competence, the identification of characteristic trends at the second stage of the problem development, the identification of socio-cultural, historical, scientific and theoretical prerequisites for its formation and development. At the same time, the etymological complexity and diversity of the research problem led to the identification of historical trends in several directions: emergence of information society; formation of the competence nature of the higher education system; development of the problem of forming intercultural competence.

Digital Mainstream in the Promotion of Food Industry Products

Digitalization of the food industry involves the use of modern digital information technologies at all stages of agro-industrial production, i.e. digital transformation of the industry, as well as other high technologies formed at the intersection of electronics and robotics. Information technologies, digital technologies, science-intensive technologies are currently closely intertwined, and their implementation in the industry depends not only on the degree of computerization, but also on the level of use of systems, devices and mechanisms that allow for the possibility of autonomous use (without human intervention). The article outlines well-known advanced innovative technologies, including “smart”, “precision” farming, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, biotechnology, off-ground growing of plants (hydroponics) and vertical farming, satellite navigation systems for combines and other equipment, autonomous robots, unmanned aerial vehicles, “Internet of Things”, blockchain technologies. The characteristics of existing digital technologies are given and the options for using artificial intelligence in the food industry are described. In addition to artificial intelligence, complex agricultural technologies are: “smart” agriculture, “smart farming”, “precision farming”, etc.

INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE RATINGS ON ASSESSMENT OF NON-FINANCIAL THREATS TO ECONOMIC SECURITY OF JOINT STOCK COMPANIES

Abstract. In modern conditions of transformation and globalization of economic processes, rapid development of information and science-intensive technologies, each company seeks to ensure effective management of its activities and achieve a higher level of competitiveness. The level of quality of corporate governance influences the formation of the rating of enterprises and plays an important role in making decisions about investing in the company. At the same time, ensuring financial security is the most urgent task of society, the state, enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, entrepreneurs, and every citizen. In this regard, the practical implementation of recommendations to maintain financial security at the appropriate level will contribute to the completion of market transformations in the financial and credit sphere of the country, increase the level of financial security of enterprises, increase human security. It is corporate-type enterprises, namely joint-stock companies and limited liability companies, that are the main types of business structures that ensure the development of a market economy. Therefore, it is advisable to pay attention to the features of ensuring and assessing the quality of corporate governance of enterprises aimed at implementing the model of long-term sustainable development. The purpose of the article is to establish the impact of corporate governance ratings on the assessment of non-financial threats to the economic security of joint stock companies. In the article In the article the systematization of corporate governance indicators by criteria is carried out; the main components of the S&P corporate governance rating methodology, the CORE rating, the main components of the RID-Expert RA corporate governance rating methodology, the main components of the corporate governance methodology of the Crichton-Miller and Warman methodology, the main components of the Corporate Governance rating rating Credit Rating Agency; the advantages and disadvantages of methods of compiling corporate governance ratings are highlighted. Keywords: rating, corporate governance, economic security, joint-stock company, threats, assessment. JEL Classification E44, G30, K22 Formulas: 2; fig.: 5; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 36.

ОЦЕНКА СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ИНДУСТРИИ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ МЕЛИОРАЦИИ

The «inevitability» of digitalization of the field of land reclamation is due to the high demand for land reclamation as an effective technological factor in the agricultural system, which stimulates the development of science-intensive innovative technologies and production processes, in general, and technological production processes, in particular. The purpose of the work is to analyze and evaluate the current state of the reclamation digitalization industry, its role and signifi cance in information and technological support for making managerial decisions that contribute to the development of domestic agricultural production that meets and exceeds the world level. The object of research is digital solutions in the field of technological processes of crop production, the subject is digitalization in the system of crop production on reclaimed lands. The theoretical basis of the work is system analysis, methods of comparison and generalization of data. As part of the research work, the process of the formation of digitalization of technological processes in the field of land reclamation is characterized in a historical aspect. The advantages of using innovative information and communication complexes for managing and implementing agricultural technologies of reclaimed agriculture in the practice of agricultural production are shown, and the factors that hinder their widespread implementation are noted. The priority factors include the lack of proper development of the Internet in the countryside and the low motivation of agricultural producers to use digital agricultural production solutions, as a rule, due to their lack of awareness of the great possibilities of these innovations. The preferred directions for the development of digital solutions of the modern period are presented, which are: the development and implementation in the practice of agricultural production of measuring complexes, cloud services, technologies for using large amounts of data and the like. The indicated approach will allow uniting the management of agricultural enterprises at the federal and transnational levels.

Інструментальна імпедансометрія як складова загально-клінічного обстеження задля визначення складу тіла у хворих на неінфекційні захворювання

The purpose of the study is to assess the clinical feasibility and indicators of instrumental impedance measurement in patients who are at various stages of the cardiovascular continuum, in order to increase the effectiveness of measures for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases in Ukraine by improving the diagnosis and prevention of non-communicable diseases through the introduction of modern science-intensive technologies into medical practice. Materials and methods. An open, non-randomized controlled study was performed with the assessment of examination on a BF 500 body composition monitor (model HBF-500-E, Omron Healthcare, Japan) in 186 functionally healthy individuals (control; in 75 respondents of professional athletes (group K1), in 111 respondents – intern doctors (group K2)) and in 253 patients with non-communicable diseases (main group). The patients were divided into four subgroups (Pg1, Pg2, Pg3, Pg4) depending on the stage of the cardiovascular continuum. Results and discussion. Non-compliance with the norm of body composition was found in 83% of respondents in group K2 and in 100% of patients. 83% of people were deficient in muscle, 23% had preobesity, 6% were obese, and 5% had visceral obesity. Overweight by body mass index was in 30% of Pg1 patients, in 31% of Pg2 patients, in 30% of Pg3 patients, in 37% of Pg4 patients and obesity was in 32% of Pg1 patients, in 31% of Pg2 patients, in 25% of Pg3 patients, in 35% of Pg4 patients. Overweight in the percentage of fat was diagnosed in 17% of Pg1 patients, in 31% of Pg2 patients, in 21% of Pg3 patients, in 37% of Pg4 patients; obesity was in 37% of Pg1 patients, in 48% of Pg2 patients, in 56% of Pg3 patients, in 51% of Pg4 patients. Visceral obesity was diagnosed in 35% of Pg1 patients, in 56% of Pg2 patients, in 60% of Pg3 patients, in 77% of Pg4 patients. Deficiency of muscle percentage was found in 85% of Pg1 patients, in 91% of Pg2 patients, in 89% of Pg3 patients, and in 88% of Pg4 patients. Conclusion. Instrumental impedance measurement shows clinical significance and should become a mandatory method of Objective Structured Clinical Examination. The body composition of patients with non-communicable diseases is characterized by an increase in energy expenditure of the main metabolism, general and visceral obesity, muscle deficiency. The degree and number of cases of violation of body composition increases with the progression of the cardiovascular continuum

Multiplicity based algorithms for processing group multi-criteria expert assessments

The paper discusses a new approach to the processing of verbal assessments, which express the opinions of experts on many criteria. The algorithm for verbal analysis of multi-feature objects expert assessments is proposed for identifying subgroups of experts with agreed opinions. It is proposed to use the multiplicity indices of multisets to calculate the coefficient of consistency. It is also proposed to use jointly the coefficients of consistency values to assess the consistency of the experts subgroups on one feature, and strive for the total maximization of the coefficients of consistency for all features. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is estimated. The results of calculations for the problem of choosing the best science-intensive technology are presented.

Retrospective analysis of foreign investment in the context of the evolution of economic theories

The article provides a retrospective analysis of the formation and evolution of foreign direct investment in terms of various economic theories taking into account changes in the stages of socio-economic development. The study of these historical and economic issues was carried out using systematic analysis and historical method; which allowed us to identify the genesis and analyze the evolution of economic theories on the formation and development of foreign direct investment. The author conducted a detailed study of the history of investment activities and management of foreign direct investment from the oldest origins in the ancient world to modern forms of innovation. It was found that at different times, repre- sentatives of various economic theories (open economy, market modernization, monopolistic competition, international capital movements, etc.) worked on under- standing complex investment processes, risk management and methods of obtaining economic benefits, who considered foreign direct investment as a guaranteed im- provement and development of society. The analysis of scientific literature and statistics shows positive social, po- litical, economic, technological and other effects of investment activities: job creation and training, export diversification and improvement of export perfor- mance, introduction of science-intensive technologies, activation of local firms – suppliers and subcontractors, the introduction of effective management methods, foreign exchange inflows, etc. Analyzing the genesis of economic theories, opinions and research, we conclude that humanity, feeling the need for savings, pays considerable attention to investment. The stages of the investment economy and the choice of methods of control over them indicate the urgency of this problem, and today scientists continue to discover new aspects of investment opportunities and develop innovative forms, mechanisms, tools of investment policy. Key words: economic theories, foreign direct investment, investment activity, international capital movement.

Small entrepreneurship: The role in the social-economic system

Optimizing the structure of the economy and ensuring the stable employment are the most important components in the policy of developing a flexible and competitive economy. The economic development strategies of the EAEU countries emphasize the need to increase the share of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in GDP and the share of the employed in this sector. However, the planned development parameters have never been achieved, which is determined not only by a long period of economic instability and insufficient government support for SMEs, but also by the social perception of entrepreneurship. The article considers the role of entrepreneurship, primarily small business, in the social-economic system. Based on the generalization of the entrepreneurship interpretations, the authors show that it has both economic and social significance, especially in the countries with developing markets. Small business performs numerous functions and has such features as mass character, innovations, riskiness and responsibility; it is an institution of social development, and a factor of economic growth and political stability. The analysis of the activities of small business in the EAEU countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia) in 2015-2019 shows their significant lag behind the developed countries. However, in recent years, the social role of SMEs has increased for they take into account the needs of local consumers and the possibilities of local markets, which is due both to the number of employees and their qualifications, and to the introduction of science-intensive technologies. The sociological data prove a change in the social perception of entrepreneurship: it is recognized as a successful career option and social status, but also as facing challenges that hinder its development. The article is based on the statistical data of the EAEU countries and the Eurasian Economic Commission, analytical materials of rating agencies and research centers.

Некоторые подходы к оценке состояния человеческого капитала (на примере Казахстана)

The efficiency of economic development in the context of globalization and international integration is largely determined by the human capital accumulated and realized in the country. Modern science-intensive technologies require highly skilled specialists, engineers, and workers of technical professions. This becomes possible when using human capital of a new qualitative level, which makes it necessary to solve a number of methodological problems in terms of qualitative changes in the process of its formation. The aim of the study is to analyze the main approaches to the assessment of human capital and to develop proposals for its most objective assessment at various levels of manifestation — individual, micro- and macroeconomic. The article discusses the main methods for evaluating human capital: retrospective (based on the costs of its production) and perspective (based on income derived from the use of this capital). The proposed indicators of the qualitative state of human capital are aimed at its assessment from a new perspective, taking into consideration current global trends in the formation of innovative economy and digitalization.