Essays In Science Research Articles

D. Pauly On the sex of fish and the gender of scientists. Collected essays in fisheries science, xvii, 250p. Chapman and Hall, 1994. Price £35.00.

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Biological explanation, political ideology, and “blurred genres”;: A Bakhtinian reading of the science essays of J. B. S. Haldane

J. B. S. Haldane, in attempting to show connections between Marxist political theory and Darwinian evolutionary theory, blurs the generic characteristics of political and scientific discourse. Read from the perspective of Bakhtin, this blurring of genres is also a blurring of ideologies. Haldane's essays thus contribute to our understanding of the cultural dimensions of scientific activities and accordingly help re‐define concepts of genre in scientific writing.

Surviving trench warfare: technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918

On the surface, it seems that the history of science and technology in Canada suffers from a lack of heroes and drama: after all, most world - altering inventions and discoveries seem have occurred elsewhere, as ground - breaking change seems have been imported rather than indigenous. Yet this misses the point. Much recent British and American scholarship de - emphasizes concepts of discovery and invention in favour of new models in which and technological change is a gradual, socially conditioned transformation with few actual points of revolutionary change. One writer disputes the occurrence of intentional arguing instead in favour of a strict process of natural selection: all ideas or hypotheses are serendipitous, mere random generation; unfit variations are eliminated, for example, within the community; fit variations become discoveries through confirmation by the community. As such, individual scientists do not, in fact, cannot, make a discovery, he argues; scientific knowledge is a socially produced knowledge.(f.1) The real drama, it could be argued, is in the interplay between concepts and society and both are mutually transformed.As the essays in Science, Technology and Medicine in Canada's Past indicate, science and technology in Canada have been profoundly shaped by their social, cultural and economic contexts. Science, Technology and Medicine in Canada's Past is a sampling of essays drawn from the first 10 years of the journal Scientia Canadiensis, aimed at high school and university readers. As with other such collections, the quality of papers varies: some are marred by prosaic writing and analysis, but others are more exciting while most have the virtue of introducing readers prevalent themes among historians of Canadian science and technology.Discussions of the influences of nationality and are especially prominent within the collection. In his paperBetween Two Empires: the Toronto Magnetic Observatory and American Science Before Confederation, Gregory Good contends that national values shaped the institutional character and purpose of the Toronto observatory. English staff used the observatory seek fellowship with their American neighbours, but for Americans, the observatory primarily offered opportunities for observations on British territory. In his paper, Colonialism and the Truncation of Science in Ireland and French Canada During the Nineteenth Century, Richard Jarrell repeats familiar themes, blaming internal colonialism for making French Canadians and Irish inward - looking societies, financially and socially unwilling imbed science within their culture. However, in his study of the French - Canadian botanist Louis - Ovide Brunet, the entomologist Leon Provancher and the geologist J.C.K. Laflamme, Raymond Duschene suggests that colonial dependence, and Quebec's place on the periphery internationally, had far less impact on these scientists' status than accidents of personal career and the differing characteristics of research and publication within varying fields.Canada's technological performance has been a favourite theme among historians of technology. Douglas Baldwin's all too brief account of technological innovation in the Cobalt mining region disputes contentions that technological development in Canada has been a history of failed opportunities. Chris de Bresson uses the emergence of the mass production Bombardier snowmobile as an exceptional case study in analyzing Canada's failure, despite economic prosperity, develop an energetic, capital - intensive high technology sector. De Bresson rejects traditional explanations such as capital shortage, Canada's vast geographic distances, domination by foreign multinationals, timid banking practices and Canada's small market size. He instead targets failure move beyond custom and batch - oriented manufacturing mass production, and crucially, the tendency towards Canadian adoption of technical systems from abroad, thus resulting in limited indigenous manufacturing know - how and vulnerability to quick imitation by low cost producers (192). …

The merger of knowledge with power: essays in critical science

The merger of knowledge with power: essays in critical science

Only one or two cultures?

One Culture: Essays in Science and Literature, edited by George Levine, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987, 359 pages, hb $45, pb $12.95

GEORGE LEVINE (Ed.), One Culture. Essays in Science and Literature. With the assistance of Alan Rauch. Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press 1987, VIII + 359 pp. ( Science and Literature ).

GEORGE LEVINE (Ed.), One Culture. Essays in Science and Literature. With the assistance of Alan Rauch. Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press 1987, VIII + 359 pp. ( Science and Literature ).

Religion and Politics in Korea Under Japanese Rule (review)

82BOOK REVIEWS Religion and Politics in Korea UnderJapanese Rule, by Wi Jo Kang. Studies in Asian Thought and Religion Volume 5. Lewiston, New York. Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. Pp. x, 113, notes and index. No price given. This slim book covers an important aspect of modern Korean history which has not received appropriate consideration in most works which survey either Korean history or Korean religion: the relationship between the Japanese administration in Korea from 1910 to 1945 and the various religions of Korea. The book consists of four chapters plus an introduction and a conclusion. The Introduction provides the historical background to the various religious traditions in Korea. Chapters one through four deal in turn with the relations of the Japanese administration with Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, and the indigenous religions. The author states in his preface that his work will deal principally with the policies of the Japanese government in Korea towards Korean religions and with "the response of the Korean adherents of these religions." This is an important task and this book ought to have made a significant contribution to our knowledge of this period of modern Korean history. Unfortunately this book not only fails to fulfill the task which it sets out to accomplish, but it is filled with historical inaccuracies, has inaccurate transliterations of Korean and Japanese words, and has been inadequately edited and proofread. 1. Problems with the Content and Structure of the Work A. DISCUSSION OF JAPANESE POLICIES TOWARD RELIGION Although the author in his preface clearly states that this book is not to be an essay in political science, the topic which Professor Kang has chosen for discussion requires some mention of Japanese government policies toward religion in general, with a fuller discussion of the attitude or approach to particular religions being given in the chapters which deal with them. The major problem of this book is that it nowhere states specifically the policy of the Government General of Chosen to religion. Furthermore, no indication is given of the differing attitudes held by members of the colonial government or influential Japanese outside of the administration. Nor is there any discussion of the changes in approach which took place throughout the colonial rule of Korea, or an explanation of why these changes occurred. Also it would have been useful to have set this discussion of the official Japanese approach to religion in Korea against a backdrop of the policies toward religion in Japan proper. There is no discussion of any of these issues. In fact there is a surprising, and nearly total, absence of particular Japanese people from the body of the work. The Japanese are dealt with in an abstract manner. Comparatively few Japanese source documents have been consulted, and this fact is reflected in the problems just mentioned. What the author has done in this work is to deal with some of the major conflicts which particular religions had with the Government General of Chosen . Chapter one, which deals with Christianity during the Japanese colonial BOOK REVIEWS83 period, is by far the most complete chapter, and well illustrates the essential problem of this book. It contains many interesting and important tidbits of information , but nonetheless does little more than survey the four major conflicts between Christianity and the Japanese government: the alleged assassination plot against Governor General Terauchi in 1912, the March First Independence Movement of 1919, the conflict over worship at Shinto shrines in the 1930s, and the forced merger of the various Protestant denominations just before the end of the Second World War. We are not given any insight into stated policies, why they were implemented, how or why they were changed, or conflict among the Japanese administrators themselves over policy matters. There is, however, a full discussion of the activities of Korean Christians and foreign missionaries, but this information is readily available in other sources. Also this chapter lacks concluding comments about Christianity during the period of Japanese colonial rule. The problems of this chapter are duplicated in the subsequent chapters dealing with Buddhism, Confucianism, and the indigenous religions. In addition , these later chapters not only lack the depth of coverage given to Christianity , but do not fully cover the...

Introduction: Intellectual Property and Diverse Rights of Ownership in Science

1. Mertan R K. Priorities in scientific discovery: a chapter in the sociology of science. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 22:63S-59, 1957, 2. Garfield E. Delayed recognition in scientific discove~: citation frequency analysis aids the search for case histories. Current Conrenrs (23):3-9, 5 June 1989. 3. -----------Is there room in science for self-promotion? THE SCIENTIST 1(27):9, 14 Dccemkr 1987, 4. Cosaens S E, ed. Theme section changing notions of ownership in science, Sci. Technol. Hum. Vaf, 13(1 & 2):7-63. Winter& Spring 1988. 5. ZuckermanH A. Introduction:intellectual property and dkerse rights of nwnership in science. Sci. Techrd. Hum. Val. 13(1 & 2):7-16, Winter & Spring 1988. 6. Garffeld E. Patem citation indexing and the notions of novelty, similarity, and relevame. Essays of an irforrn.arion scientiw: the awards of science and other essays. Philadelphia: 1S1Press, 1985, Vol. 7. p. 536-42. (Reprinted from J. Chem. Dec. 6:63-5, 1966,) 7. Arrdersorr G C. Utah’s “fusion” fiels heated debate. THE SCfENTIST 3(9):1-3; 8, 1 May 1989. 8. Dohm C. Utah can hardly contain its reaction to nuclear fusion. Wall Srreef Journal 31 March 1989. p, B3. 9. Garfield E. Contemplating a science court: on the question of instimtionslizing scientific facttindin8. THE SCIENTIST 1(6):9; 29, 9 Febmary 1987.

Chesterton, A Seer of Science (review)

Reviewed by: Chesterton, A Seer of Science Richard Voorhees Stanley L. Jaki . Chesterton, A Seer of Science. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1986. 158 pp. $12.50. Chesterton a seer of science? Is it not enough that he is a seer of philosophy and theology? When, in 1933, he published his book on St. Thomas Aquinas, the most eminent Thomists were astonished at his perceptiveness and clarity. Etienne Gilson called him a genius, and Jacques Maritain declared that he had, by an extraordinary intuition, accomplished in a short while what professional philosophers had labored to accomplish for half a lifetime. But Stanley L. Jaki, a Hungarian-born Benedictine priest now Distinguished Professor at Seton Hall University, knows what he is doing. Chesterton was not, as many people imagine, ignorant of science or unsympathetic to it. Jaki points out that Chesterton grew up "at a time when it was impossible not to take notice of science." Chesterton himself wrote that science was in the very air of Victorian England and that even boys were impressed with the "picturesque aspects" of it. [End Page 730] In Orthodoxy, his early work of Christian apologetics, Chesterton remarks that he read the scientists and skeptics of his day, not only Charles Darwin, T. H. Huxley, and Herbert Spencer, but also men little known in our day, like Charles Bradlaugh. He had no quarrel with Darwin but only with some of his disciples (not including Huxley, whom he called "that great and good man"). He was not knocked sideways by that bête noire of the Victorians, evolution: "a personal God might just as well do things slowly as quickly, especially if, like the Christian God, he were outside time." Anyone who thinks that Chesterton was a scientific nitwit ought to be informed of a fact that Jaki has noted. Martin Gardner, whose scientific credentials are above suspicion, paid Chesterton one of the greatest compliments he could. In the 1957 edition of Great Essays in Science, Gardner reprinted part of a chapter of Orthodoxy, thus putting Chesterton in the company of Darwin, Einstein, Eddington, Whitehead, and Russell. Gardner was "startled" by Chesterton's perceptions of sciences and scientific method. Jaki submits that Chesterton opposed not science but scientism, one definition of which is "the claim that only the scientific . . . method yields knowledge and reliable value judgments." Darwin made no such claim, but Spencer (who found the Iliad such a bore that he could not get past the sixth book) made it all the time. Chesterton also opposed that kind of popular science that declared that Science says this or that, when in fact only some scientists say this or that. The newspapers of his day, Chesterton remarked, were full of statements made in the name of science, "without the least pretense of scientific proof or even of any scientific authority." The result was a smug readership, ignorantly dropping the names of great scientists. Chesterton wrote wittily that very few people applied themselves to higher mathematics so that they could agree with Einstein. Jaki is extremely well trained in both theology and science and has written prolifically about them: Chesterton, A Seer of Science is his seventeenth book. It is clearly written and thoroughly documented, and readers interested in Chesterton or science can learn much from it. Copyright © 1988 Purdue Research Foundation

Picking the winners by number

The Awards of Science and Other Essays. By Eugene Garfield. ISI Press, Philadelphia/STM Distribution, Enterprise House, Ashford Road, Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1XB, UK: 1985. Pp.572. 30, 26.

Gardner's choice

The Sacred Beetle and Other Great Essays in Science. Edited by Martin Gardner. Prometheus, 700 East Amherst St, Buffalo, NY: 1984. Pp.427. $22.95. To be published in Britain later this year by Oxford University Press.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. By John M. Chambers, William S. Cleveland, Beat Kleiner and Paul A. Tukey. The Making of Statisticians. Edited by J. Gani. An Introduction Genstat. By N. Alvey, N. Galwey and P. Lane. Essays in Statistical Science. Papers in honour of P. A. P. Moran. Edited by J. Gani and E. H. Hannan.

Essays in Statistical Science: Papers in Honour of P.A.P. Moran.

Essays in Statistical Science: Papers in Honour of P.A.P. Moran.

IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Vol. 8, no. 1. (review)

460 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE the midst of gardens seem oppressive. Brian Horrigan suggests that Americans denied that designers owned the future when they rejected mass-produced Dymaxion houses in favor of traditional homes filled with appliances. And in the volume’s best essay, Jeffrey Meikle dem­ onstrates that massive promotion did not persuade consumers that plastic was a miracle rather than a shoddy substitute for other materials. While none of the contributors carries hindsight to the point of patronizing prophets of the past, only a few recognize the essential theatricality of so much of the exuberant rhetoric. It is worth noting, for example, that those responsible for packaging the spectacular futuramas and “democracities” of the world’s fairs of the 1930s had first designed for the stage. Moreover, an insufficient sense of humor encourages Corn to warm up the academic chestnut that holds that faith in technology is an opiate of the masses. Evangelism doubtless animates many projections, but you miss the point of a Disney World if you miss its sincerely vulgar, therefore intensely human, affection for technology, and you certainly miss the fun. Minor solemnities aside, this book is fun. The essays are well edited, well researched, and well written, as engrossing as they are informative. Joseph W. Slade Dr. Slade is director of the Communications Center and chairman of the Depart­ ment of Media Arts at the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University. He is editor of The Markham Review, an interdisciplinary journal of American culture, the author of Thomas Pynchon (1974), and coeditor of Beyond the Two Cultures: Essays in Science, Technology, and Literature. He is currently writing a study of the Maxim family of inventors. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Vol. 12, no. 2: IA in Art. Edited by Betsy Fahlman. Washington, D.C.: Society for Industrial Archeology (NMAH, Room 5020, Smithsonian Institu­ tion 20560), 1986. Pp. iii + 76; illustrations, notes. $10.00/single copy (paper). This is a special issue of the periodical published by the Society for Industrial Archeology. In her guest editorial, Betsy Fahlman states that a full understanding of the birth and development of American industry requires that we look beyond the historical and archaeological sources to examine how and why artists depicted technology and industry. These images not only enhance American art history, Fahl­ man explains, but are also invaluable for historians and curators re­ constructing (say) a mill or speculating on how a specific task was performed. Helena E. Wright’s “The Image Makers: The Role of the Graphic Arts in Industrialization” and Jadviga M. da Costa Nunes’s “The In­ dustrial Landscape in America, 1800—1840: Ideology into Art” ex­ plore the relationship between patron and artist in implementing the TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 461 transition from an agrarian to a manufacturing and industrial econ­ omy. Wright discusses the employment of prints to gain acceptance for the burgeoning manufacturing cities of Lowell and Lawrence, Massachusetts. To promote these cities for both potential investors and a public apprehensive about the growth and development of manufacturing centers, the artists depicted them in a nonthreatening way, as straightforward topographic renderings. Likewise, in order to present railroads in the best possible light, railroad corporations com­ missioned artists to produce prints featuring the lovely surroundings of their routes (see fig. 1), and locomotives encompassed by the spec­ tacular scenery of the American West. Nunes examines how some artists attempted to merge the agrarian, preindustrial tradition with the new industrial landscape by borrowing elements from the picturesque tradition, putting lakes, figures, or animals in the foreground, and a mill in the middle ground. Charles Willson Peale’s Pleasure Party by a Mill (ca. 1793) exemplifies this mode of representation, termed “the machine in the garden” aesthetic by Leo Marx. All but one of the images Nunes discusses represent in­ dustry and the new industrial cities as orderly and free of smoke, grime, and poverty. The exception is Russell Smith’s Pittsburgh Fifty Years Ago from the Salt Works on Saw Mill Run (1884), which features a cloud of black smoke rising from the disheveled mill at foreground. Nunes correctly Fig. 1.—An 1857 lithograph by Rau & Son, Dresden...

Essays in Statistical Science, Papers in Honour of P.A.P. Moran.

Essays in Statistical Science, Papers in Honour of P.A.P. Moran.

Improving Technical and Bureaucratic Writing; Science Magazines: The Second Wave Rolls In; Extraordinary Science Essays of the Past Half Century; Update: Technical Communication at Rensselaer

Reviews of "Improving Technical and Bureaucratic Writing," by Mohan R. Limaye; "Science Magazines: The Second Wave Rolls In," in Science; "Extraordinary Science Essays of the Past Half Century," by Richard Conniff; "Update: Technical Communication at Rensselaer," in Journal of Technical Writing and Communication.

The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Patient

During the past decade, the American public has become somewhat critical of the way in which improved technology has led to fragmented and seemingly depersonalized medical care. Where was the family doctor who was truly concerned about the whole patient? Federally supported primary care training programs and increasing numbers of psychiatric consultation/liaison programs in general hospitals have responded to this concern with efforts aimed at bridging the gap between the biologic and the psychosocial aspects of patient care. George Engel's 1977 essay in Science called for a new medical model, a biopsychosocial one that would do away with the reductionism in mind-body dualism inherent in the biomedical model. There have been a number of efforts by author-educators to relate this model to clinical situations. The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Patient is one such effort. Its author, Chase Kimball, professor of psychiatry and medicine at the University of Chicago, is well

Responsible Marketing: an Essay in Social Science

Responsible Marketing: an Essay in Social Science

「ライフテクノロジーとメカニカルサイエンス」小特集号発刊にあたって(<小特集>ライフテクノロジーとメカニカルサイエンス小特集号)

「ライフテクノロジーとメカニカルサイエンス」小特集号発刊にあたって(<小特集>ライフテクノロジーとメカニカルサイエンス小特集号)

バイオメカトロニクスと人間福祉(<小特集>ライフテクノロジーとメカニカルサイエンス小特集号)

バイオメカトロニクスと人間福祉(<小特集>ライフテクノロジーとメカニカルサイエンス小特集号)