Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire Research Articles

How Personal Value Orientations Influence Behaviors in Digital Citizen Science

While much research has examined motivations for contributing to citizen science projects, few studies have considered the role of personal values in directing citizen scientists' interactions and contribution patterns. We investigated whether personal values systematically influence the behaviors of individuals who use the Zooniverse platform to select and contribute to citizen science projects. In this paper, we present the results of a research study where we launched a large-scale survey (N = 2,605) to capture personal values using Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). We also extracted system log data from participant interactions on Zooniverse. Our results align with previous research suggesting intrinsic type motivators and values tend to drive specific modes of interaction, e.g., exploring projects in different disciplines. We also see that interaction in social spaces, e.g., discussion boards, is driven by values with a personal focus (e.g., self-enhancement) and social focus. Given these results, we provide several suggestions for managing these and similar projects.

The experience of conflicts (internal and external) and the sense of meaning in life. An existential approach

Although there is a relatively long tradition of research into the mechanisms underlying conflicts (both internal and interpersonal ones), the existential perspective of conflict has not as yet been the subject of extensive psychological studies. From the standpoint of existential psychology, conflict is primarily an expression of an individual’s confrontation with objective existential facts: freedom and the responsibility for oneself that freedom entails, the finitude of human life, existential loneliness and fate in its broadest sense. Although conflict, so defined, is essentially an immanent feature of human existence, it becomes a problem when a strong sense of helplessness and anxiety starts to accompany it, as a person loses their purpose in life and fails to realize their personal values.
 This research aimed to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between an individual’s behavior in response to (internal and interpersonal) conflict and his/her sense of meaning in life and preferred values. The study covered a group of 153 students aged from 19 to 26 years. Purpose-of-life was measured using the test developed by Crumbaugh and Maholick (1964). The Schwartz Portrait Values questionnaire was used to assess the respondents’ preferences for fundamental values. The behavior of the subjects in response to conflict was examined using linguistic (frequency) analysis of the verbs used in their open-ended answers.

Growing couch potatoes? The impact of COVID-19 in the light of personal values in Hungary

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has unprecedentedly affected consumer behaviour. This paper reflects on changes in food consumption, buying, and training (working out) habits using a representative sample of 1000 Hungarian consumers and identifies consumer segments with unique needs based on personal sources of motivation. The widely known Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire was used to characterize individual value profiles. Employing k-medians clustering, three clusters were identified. “Business-as-usual People” managed to maintain their daily routines. The frequency of buying local food decreased the least among them. The sedentary lifestyle of the next cluster, “Inactive savers”, appears to have been accompanied by a lower level of food intake. Accordingly, this group was possibly less subject to the negative impacts of obesity, but more in need of psychological support to avoid devastating mental health outcomes. The third cluster initially appeared to encompass “Couch Potatoes” based on their COVID-induced lifestyles. However, the analysis of the value portraits of the latter showed that they were not couch potatoes at all, but rather active and proactive “Stay-at-home Businesspeople” who may benefit from guidance regarding how to manage the increase in housekeeping and childcare, and how to become more physically active in the home environment. The results are valuable from both a scientific and practical perspectives.

The Worldview and Values – Analysing Relations

The described study serves as a basis for analysing relationships between two constructs: a worldview and values. In case of the former one, three types of worldview are considered: traditional, modern and postmodern (the Borowiak Questionnaire “How do you view yourself and the world around you?”). For the latter, the article refers to the Schwartz circular model of values: 19 values are located in two bipolar dimensions: conservation – openness to change and self-transcendence – self-enhancement (the Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire – PVQ-R3). Values were also classified into collective and individual types. The study involved 368 people. The aim was to find an answer to the question: which values are associated with the indicated worldviews? It appeared that collective values (the pole conservation and partially self-transcendence) were connected with the traditional worldview, individual values (the pole openness to change and partially selfenhancement and self-transcendence) – with modern and postmodern worldviews. The indicated regularities do not concern two individual values – “hedonism” and “achievement”, where the correlations with the postmodern worldview were not statistically significant.

Predicting employee attitudes to workplace diversity from personality, values, and cognitive ability

The current study assessed the predictive validity of broad and narrow measures of personality, values, and cognitive ability on employee attitudes to workplace diversity. Australian working adults (N = 731; 66% female; mean age = 43, SD = 12) completed the 200-item HEXACO Personality Inventory, Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire, ACER measures of numeric, verbal, and abstract reasoning ability, the Attitudes Toward Diversity Scale, and four scales measuring prejudice towards female workers, ethnic workers, older workers, and workers with a disability. Results showed that Honesty–Humility, Extraversion, Openness, and cognitive ability (especially verbal) predicted more positive attitudes to workplace diversity. Valuing power, security, and tradition more, and valuing universalism less was associated with more negative attitudes to workplace diversity.

Valores básicos del profesorado: una aproximación desde el modelo axiológico de Shalom Schwartz

Valores basicos del profesorado: una aproximacion desde el modelo axiologico de Shalom Schwartz Valores basicos do professorado: uma aproximacao a partir do modelo axiologico de Shalom Schwartz DOI: 10.5294/edu.2018.21.2.7 Educational axiology is not only a set of inherent and explicit rules with respect to education; it constitutes its very core. What is valuable lies in the essence of the educational act, transcending all formal limits. When we speak of “quality criteria” or standards for teaching, axiology becomes an element that is essential to ensure comprehensive education. In this article, the authors look at the make-up of one’s personal axiological structure, based on a descriptive analysis of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) by Shalom Schwartz. A sample of 337 participants, including practicing teachers and those in training, was used to approximate the values that predominate in the composition of a teacher’s identity with respect to values. The authors maintain that the different axiological profiles charted by the PVQ are manifest in each classroom and lend true meaning to the study of values in the field of education. According to the authors, the data obtained in the study shows high levels of reliability and internal consistency in the values analyzed with the Schwartz PVQ. In general, they were able to verify that practicing teachers and those in training are consistent when it comes to self-transcendence, since the values they possess are oriented more towards benevolence and universalism, which are typical of an altruistic or collectivist profile.

Einsatzerlebnisse, moralische Verletzungen, Werte und psychische Erkrankungen bei Einsatzsoldaten der Bundeswehr

Hintergrund: Soldaten sind in militärischen Auslandseinsätzen vielfältigen belastenden Erlebnissen ausgesetzt, die zu erhöhten Raten an psychischen Erkrankungen führen. Moralische Verletzungen und Wertorientierungen scheinen in der Pathogenese dieser Erkrankungen eine Rolle zu spielen. Patienten und Methode: 191 Bundeswehrsoldaten erhielten zum Ende eines Einsatzes in Afghanistan eine Skala zu Einsatzerfahrungen (MHAT), die Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), den Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D), die Moral Injury Events Scale sowie den Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). In Regressionsanalysen wurden direkte Assoziationen von Einsatzstressoren und Wertorientierungen mit psychischen Syndromen untersucht. In einer Mediationsanalyse wurden moralische Verletzungen als Mediator zwischen Einsatzerleben und psychischen Erkrankungen betrachtet. Ergebnisse: Der einsatzbezogene Stressor «Konfrontation mit Not, Leid, Gewalt in der Bevölkerung» zeigte einen direkten signifikanten Einfluss auf psychische Erkrankungen. Moralische Verletzungen stellten eine differenziell vermittelnde Variable zwischen dem Stressor «Konfrontation mit Not, Leid, Gewalt in der Bevölkerung» und den psychischen Syndromen «posttraumatische Belastungsstörung» und «Depressivität» einerseits und Alkoholmissbrauch andererseits dar. Keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge ergaben sich zwischen traditionellen Werthaltungen und psychischen Erkrankungen sowie zwischen traditionellen Werthaltungen und moralischen Verletzungen. Schlussfolgerung: Einsatzerlebnisse mit moralischer Dimension scheinen eine besonders starke Rolle in Bezug auf psychische Erkrankungen bei Bundeswehrsoldaten zu spielen. Der Effekt wird über das Konstrukt moralischer Verletzungen vermittelt. Diese Ergebnisse können zur Weiterentwicklung präventiver und therapeutischer Maßnahmen beitragen.

What makes a sustainable business model successful? An empirical comparison of two peer-to-peer goods-sharing platforms

Sustainable business models are intended to create economic value while benefitting the environment and society. Their wider adoption and diffusion is necessary to tackle pressing societal problems. How they are implemented and what determines their success (or lack thereof) in the market is not yet well understood, however, and deserves further exploration. To help fill the gap in knowledge, this study examines an emerging and innovative type of sustainable business model based on the peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing of underutilised assets facilitated by digital platforms. Its aim is to identify possible reasons for their commercial success or failure. In particular, the study investigates the values of users of a successful P2P goods-sharing platform and to what extent they differ from values of users of a comparable, yet unsuccessful, platform. Previous research on a UK-based online marketplace, Ecomodo, measured people's motivations for joining and the value priorities of users using Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire. Results were compared with data from a representative sample of the UK population and used to explain the platform's low market uptake. The same study is here replicated with members of Peerby, an online marketplace where people rent, lend and borrow their possessions with each other. The analysis shows similar value priorities and orientation in Ecomodo and Peerby respondents, which suggests that the failure of the former platform and the success of the latter may be more directly attributed to differences in their business model design and execution than the types of user.

Generational Approach to Factors Influencing Career Choice in Accounting

ABSTRACT This research aims to grasp which factors influence the generation Y to choose accounting as its career. A significant decline in the number of candidates willing to pursue a career as accountant has been observed abroad - USA, Australia, and Japan. However, in other countries - Brazil, Singapore, and Hong Kong - the opposite has been observed. Another issue is the decline in educational qualification of those pursuing an accounting career, contributing in a way that many talented students change their career choice. This may be explained by the fact that people tend to believe accounting is an exact science, full of calculations, boring, and not very creative, bringing an unbalance between the traits an individual should have according to the job market and those perceived by society. In order to give a contribution to literature concerning the factors that influence the generation Y in its career choice, a goal of this research was conducting an exploratory study where some hypotheses were formulated to support the discussion. We used Mannheim's Generational Theory and the literature on career choice. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire, based on Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire and Germeijs and Verschueren's Student Choice Task Inventory, adapted through focus group interview. Data were fully collected online and the sample consisted of 665 subjects. The results showed that people who chose accounting as their career were influenced by factors such as creativity, independence, challenging and dynamic environment, job security, money-making, job availability, and other significant people - friends and teachers. The subjects were not influenced by social factors, such as working with people and making contributions to society and family. They wish for more autonomy, creativity, and flexibility at work, and people still care about job security and money-making.

The Portrait of a Twenty-First Century Innovator in Education

The article analyzes the social and professional characteristics as well as the value orientations of the contemporary innovator in the field of education. The study was conducted among 304 participants in the 2014 Competition for Innovation in Education. The value orientations were revealed using Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire. The results were compared with data on value orientations of the Russian population obtained from the European Social Survey.In 2012 the contestants were significantly different from the average Russian by the subjective importance that they attributed to certain value orientations as well as by their structural hierarchy. Innovators are more likely to exemplify the values of autonomy, benevolence, and universalism, and are willing to take risks in their professional life. They are less guided in their actions by a desire to obtain and retain power that is not based on their own achievements. The study showed that specialists, including employees of educational institutions at various levels, employees of organizations not directly related to education, as well as school-age children and college students are prepared to implement and propose innovations in the field of education. Innovators stand out by their high level of education and active participation in extracurricular educational activities.

An investigation into the personal values of small business owners in South Africa

The study investigated the personal values of small business owners in South Africa. In addition, the study examined if male and female small business owners exhibit significant differences in their personal values. The study employed the descriptive research design. Data was collected through the use of self-administered questionnaire in a survey. The study used the Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and the T-test were used for data analysis. The results indicated that self-direction, achievement, stimulation, power and security are the five most important personal values for small business owners. The results indicate that male small business owners give greater weight to self-direction, stimulation, achievement, hedonism and power. Female small business owners give greater weight to universalism, conformity, tradition, benevolence, and security

The Personal Values of University Students in South Africa

The failure of ethical standards amongst managers is one of the causes of fraud, corruption, corporate scandals and business failures. Values are a powerful force behind the behavioural responses of individuals. The objective of the study was to investigate the personal values of university students in South Africa. Universities have an important role to play in solving the ethical problems that currently affect the business environment. Data was collected through the use of self-administered questionnaire in a survey. The study used the Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire. The results indicated that achievement is the most significant value. The next four most important values are self-direction, benevolence, security and universalism. In addition, there is a relatively high score for conformity value. This suggests that students will behave properly and will avoid doing wrong things. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p758

The role of values in collaborative consumption: insights from a product-service system for lending and borrowing in the UK

Collaborative consumption is an emerging socio-economic model based on sharing, renting, gifting, bartering, swapping, lending and borrowing. Made possible through community interaction and, increasingly, use of network technologies, these alternative and more sustainable ways of consuming have attracted growing attention for their potential to prevent new purchases, intensify the use of idle assets and promote reuse of possessions that are no longer wanted. Nonetheless, the uptake of Product-Service Systems (PSSs) that enable collaborative consumption is still very limited. This paper investigates how consumers' values can influence the acceptance, adoption and diffusion of collaborative consumption. It reviews two theoretical frameworks used to understand pro-environmental behaviour, social psychological models of behaviour and social practice theory. Coming from contrasting disciplinary perspectives, these approaches conceptualise values differently. The paper evaluates the possibility of resolving these differences through a mixed methods study. It examines values empirically through a case study of Ecomodo, a UK-based online marketplace where people can lend and borrow each other's objects, spaces and skills, and present the results of a quantitative study which identified and measured value priorities among Ecomodo users through Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire. It concludes with a discussion of the role of values in relation to the introduction and scaling up of PSSs that enable collaborative consumption.

Personal values associated with political consumption: an exploratory study with university students in Brazil

AbstractEmerging countries have witnessed an incredible change in their societal structure in the last few years. In Brazil, the economical rise of the middle class brought more that 100 million people to the marketplace. This stimulus to consumerism (i.e. the social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever‐greater amounts) is accompanied by a notable growth in social movements and mobilization of citizen‐consumers, which indicates changes in the values of individuals and concerns with the direction the society is taking. Conscious and political consumption consequently arises as an alternative way. Especially among young consumers such issues are interesting to address from a theoretical and social point of view, as this new generation will shape the future of the nation. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyse socially conscious and political consumption in terms of consumers’ civic engagement as political citizens. We argue that the young political consumer is value‐oriented. The study relied on quantitative research, conducted through an internet‐based survey where 458 valid questionnaires were obtained. Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire was used to measure personal values of the interviewees. Conscious and political consumption were measured through eight questions addressing alter‐ and anti‐consumption actions. The results indicated significant differences among the personal values of the university students that were classified as political consumers. Universalism and benevolence stood out among the core values of this group, with prominence of self‐transcendence, appreciation for equality and concerns for the well‐being of others. However, a gap was observed between the discourse and action of interviewees, once only one‐third of the sample undertook some form of political consumption. The conclusion was that most of the university students interviewed show the will to change society with individual actions, but demonstrate very little political commitment, and currently do not act politically in their purchases.

Values, self and other-regarding behavior in the dictator game

Do values influence behavior? This study investigates whether individuals’ value beliefs, measured by the Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire, causally influence their other-regarding behavior in the dictator game. We find that four out of the five values we examine correlate significantly with individuals’ game behavior. Furthermore, for the purpose of establishing causality, we conduct two experimental manipulations to test if cognitively “activating” the values increases value-congruent behavior. The first manipulation primes the value beliefs to make them cognitively salient. The second, which draws on the notion that values are internalized into one’s self-system, primes and makes salient the self. Both manipulations—priming the values and priming the self—are found to generally increase the impacts of values on action, which provides evidence that values do causally influence behavior. Unexpected findings regarding the universalism value and the hedonism value are also discussed.

Relations between Teachers’ Classroom Goals and Values: A Case Study of High School Teachers in Far North Queensland, Australia

To date, there is an empirical gap in the evidence of the relations between teachers' classroom goals and values, two key variables linked to students' achievement motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate this relationship in an Australian teacher sample. We surveyed 102 high school teachers from seven schools in Cairns, Queensland using items of Wentzel's Classroom Goals Scales and Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire. Results showed several positive associations between teachers' classroom goals and values. Social goals were linked to a wide range of values, while academic goals were linked to specific value dimensions, e.g. mastery approach goals were positively correlated with openness to change and self-transcendence values, performance approach goals with self-enhancement values and conformity. Mastery approach goals and social goals were related to similar values, unlike performance approach goals. Schools could benefit from examining their hidden value curriculum in order to maximise teachers’ communication of academically relevant learning goals.

The Mediating Role of Materialism on the Relationship between Values and Consumption

The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between values and consumption, and to adduce the mediating roles of materialism in this association. Values have been investigated through Schwartz's main value dimensions in his Theory of Human Values: Self-Enhancement, Self-Transcendence, Openness to Change and Conservation. Through the scope of Homer and Kahle's Value-Attitude-Behavior model, the multiple relations and nomological network between the variables of individual values, materialism, and shopping were inves- tigated. The study was conducted on 485 participants (314 females, 171 males), whose ages ranged between 18 and 66. The data was gathered through the administration of surveys including a demographic information form, Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire, the Materialism Scale and the Consumption Habits Survey. In order to test the hypotheses, partial correlation analyses and hierarchical linear mediated regression analyses were used as statistical methods. The results showed that shopping frequency is positively related to Self En- hancement, while its associations with Self-Transcendence and Conservation were negative. In the analyses conducted to reveal the mediating role of materialism between the values of Self-Enhancement, Self-Tran- scendence and Conservation with frequency of shopping, it was found that when materialism was entered into the regression equation, the standardized regression coefficients of the values became insignificant, showing that materialism fully mediated the relationship between values and the frequency of shopping.

Measuring Schwartz's values in childhood: Multidimensional scaling across instruments and cultures

The Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS-C; Döring et al., 2010) assesses children's values through self-report and thereby depicts Schwartz's theory of universal human values at an early age. Despite evidence on the PBVS-C's structural validity, there remains an open question: Does the PBVS-C measure the same values as does Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz et al., 2001), an established assessment instrument for adult and adolescent respondents? To answer this question about the PBVS-C's validity, Polish (N = 167) and German (N = 119) children's values were measured with both instruments. The multitrait–multimethod correlation matrix (Campbell & Fiske, 1959) of value items from both instruments was analysed with multidimensional scaling (MDS), as proposed by Borg and Groenen (1997). Our structural expectations for the MDS output about the distinctiveness (1) of Schwartz's higher order value types (i.e., traits) and (2) of the two assessment methods (PBVS-C and PVQ) were confirmed in both samples.

Value systems of fathers, mothers and adolescents: Do parents and their children construe basic values in the same way?

In the literature on family transmission of values, parents' value priorities have been often compared to their children's ones in order to reveal intergenerational similarities as well as differences. Most studies have implicitly assumed that parents' and children's value systems are completely comparable; however, evidence is needed that the meaning of certain values is the same for the two generations. The general aim of this study was to examine empirically the meanings of a large set of values to parents and to their adolescent children. Participants were 381 Italian family triads (father, mother and one adolescent child), who were asked to fill in the Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire. Multidimensional scaling analyses revealed that parents and adolescents distinguished a similar number of value dimensions. However, some inconsistencies emerged between parents and adolescents as far as the organization of values (congruencies and conflicts among values) was concerned. The implications of these findings for the study of value transmission were discussed.

Students’ Families and Family Values

This study examined values important for parents of primary school students. Data was collected using Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire, which included Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-direction, Universalism, Benevolence, Tradition, Conformity and Security values. Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire, which consisted of 40 articles, was translated into Turkish by Demirutku.The instrument was administered to the parents of primary school students. The participant schools were selected according to the socio-economic conditions. The sample of this study included 238 mothers, 151 fathers and 13 other relatives (e.g. grandmother, grandfather, uncle, aunt).Responses given by the parents were examined, and means and standard deviations were calculated accordingly. The data, then, was compared with parametric tests (e.g. t -test and Anova). The data obtained was compared to each other in terms of kinship, age, occupation, education level, and students’ grade level. As a result, the study concluded that families embraced similar values, and these values did not change significantly in terms of age, occupation, education level, and students’ grade level.