Schopenhauer Research Articles

Aesthetic Musicality of Arthur Schopenhauer and New Testament Throughout the Ages

Based on the qualitative research, data seeking technique was applied through literature reviews. Literature studies used secondary sources or previous research from researchers associated with music, aesthetics, and the New Testament. The previous studies showed a diversity of views which led to aesthetic participation of music in melodies, rhythms and tempos in an axiological sense and musical aesthetics as a depiction of feelings, struggles (parents, children, [female] activists), and manuscript excavation tools throughout the ages. These tools of aesthetics are fused with the thoughts of philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer who spoke of aesthetics, desire and ideas. The intention of our research is to demonstrate the network of previous researches as an intertwined encounter with one another to counter the aesthetic ultimacy that considers one aesthetic preferable to another in music and even in the New Testament. The research results reveal the existence of a space of togetherness between aesthetic diversity in and through music as a dynamic tension through the insight of Arthur Schopenhauer.

The Year’s Work in American Humor Studies, 2021

The Year’s Work in American Humor Studies, 2021

Autism spectrum disorder in contemporary American sitcoms: Narrative and social implication

The Big Bang Theory, Atypical and Community are sitcoms paradigmatic of a recent representational shift, in which center stage is assumed by individuals who face psychological and neurological challenges. Sheldon Cooper ( TBBT), Sam Gardner ( Atypical) and Abed Nadir ( Community) are young male protagonists who all fall somewhere on the spectrum of autism. These representations signal a breakthrough from past, mainly cinematic depictions, which stereotypically addressed mentally challenged individuals as unstable, problematic, and crazy. Our goal is to examine the narrative and social function of autism in these three sitcoms. The theoretical context uses Thomas Elsaesser ’s concept of “productive pathologies” (2009) to argue that autism is also a “productive pathology” that can be applied in the study of contemporary sitcoms. Autism spectrum disorder as a “productive pathology” is then combined with the Incongruity Theory of humour in order to analyze how Sheldon’s, Sam’s and Abed’s developmental disorder is used to create a distinct type of incongruous comedy and at the same time destabilize notions of identity and social “propriety.”

Nathanael Mathaeus von Wolf and Johanna Henrietta Trosiener (Schopenhauer). Variolation in the 18th century on the Polish lands according to the guidelines of a doctor and the memoirs of his patient.

Variolation became a popular method in Europe in the eighteenth century. Sources from Gdańsk not only illustrate the guidelines that were used for these procedures, but also make it possible to compare that with the memories of the person on whom it was performed. In this case, the primary sources are: a 1772 work by physician Nathanael Mathaeus von Wolf, and the diaries of Johanna Henrietta Trosiener, mother of Arthur Schopenhauer. As the comparative analysis shows, the theoretical assumptions were sometimes changed during the practical implementation of variolation.

A metaphysics of spiritual experience

AbstractA discussion of the metaphysics of spiritual experience requires that we are clear about the nature of metaphysics, and I take as my starting point the ‘transcendent metaphysics’ described and supposedly eliminated by A. J. Ayer. Most analytic philosophers agree with Ayer (and Kant) that transcendent metaphysics in the relevant sense is deeply problematic, and they associate it with platonism, theism, and religious thinking more generally. Assuming then that spiritual experience takes us into religious territory, and this territory is forbidden, a metaphysics of spiritual experience is going to involve transcendent metaphysics, and it will be similarly problematic. Ayer's conception of transcendent reality is itself deeply problematic, and I shall argue that his metaphysical framework helps to motivate atheistic spirituality by ruling out the possibility of an empirically grounded and hence defensible religious alternative. I shall challenge this framework, set out an alternative with the help of Arthur Schopenhauer, and spell out the implications for a metaphysics of spiritual experience.

Examination of Alexander Mccall Smith's Children's Stories According to the Theories of Humor

Humour has existed in numerous fields throughout history, including philosophy, psychology, medicine, athletics, and art and literature. In literature, humour has been employed as a mode of expression, a mode of communication. The purpose of this study is to examine the children's stories of British author Alexander MacCall Smith in light of humour theories. Document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research approaches, was utilized to conduct this study. Nineteen of Alexander MacCall Smith's children's literature works were studied through a literature review, and eleven children's stories were picked using criterion sampling as the research's data source. The selected stories were assessed based on the superiority theory, the incongruity theory, and the relief theory. Using descriptive analysis, the humorous components of the narratives were identified and evaluated in accordance with the theoretical framework of humour theories. It was concluded that Alexander MacCall Smith's hilarious children's stories contained 25% superiority theory, 42.5% incongruity theory, and 32.5% relaxation theory-based humour. The conclusion was that the author's children's stories featured funny facts that were consistent with the theoretical foundations of all three theories. The author's conception of comedy is based on the conceptual framework of the incongruity theory, which defines discordant and conflicting mental states.

Humour through the Scope of Social Theories and Pragmatic Approaches

Abstract: For many years, humour has been the subject of scientific research and it has been related to movies, television shows, literature, sociology, and others. When analysing how comic effect is achieved, humour can be complicated and multifaceted. For that reason, there is no specific theory that explains humour ideally. However, the various social theories and pragmatic approaches to humour, each of which focuses on the different aspects of humour functioning, complement each other. The article aims to present the propositions on humour and the central claims of different social theories and pragmatic approaches. Attention is focused on the butt of the ridicule, the psychoanalytic aspect of humour, and the surprise element. In addition, human agency, cultural knowledge, linguistic means and cognition, ostensive stimuli, and inferential reasoning are also outlined. Thus, the article contributes to a more profound and adequate understanding of the inventive and resourceful propositions on humour and comic discourse analysis. Keywords: humour, superiority theory, relief theory, incongruity theory, conversational maxims, relevance theory.

Will to the Original: Platonism in Henry James’ Roderick Hudson

Will to the Original: Platonism in Henry James’ <i>Roderick Hudson</i>

The Phenomenon of Beauty in Fairy-Tales within the context of Ethical-Aesthetical Conceptions

Tales are formed orally by their nature and continue their existence for generations by maintaining their anonymous structure. Inspired by the power of the parole, story telling creates a visual memory through words, and it is thought to contribute to the formation of the individual's first aesthetic understanding. Aesthetic symbols designed for the child subject also serve the educational function and convey the first ethical information. It can be predicted that the individual, who has started to collect data on aesthetics in infancy, will acquire this as a skill in the continuation of his life. Aestheticized symbols used in fairy-tales are usually simple objects, colors, or concepts that children are familiar with and relatively easy to understand. In this study, ethical-aesthetic teachings related to child education in fairy-tales have been examined within the context of the phenomenon of beauty on the basis of Arthur Schopenhauer's views in Metaphysics of Beauty: Secrets of Art and Beauty. While the universe of the study are tales, the sample is composed of the tales in Pertev Naili Boratav's collection titled Az Gittik Uz Gittik (We went less, We went Far). According to the findings of the study, Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy of beauty and the conceptions of beauty in Boratav’s fariy-tales are in line with each other. Both of them associate beauty with metaphysics. Additionally in Boratav’s fairy-tales the values that signify family ties such as mother, father, sibling, and the importance of being good and virtuous are at the forefront of ethical teachings and ethical values were determined to be transferred with aestheticized items. From this point of view it is aimed to emphasize that the new approaches and methods related to education can benefit from aesthetic-ethical expression opportunities of fairy-tales.

Communities of Care: The Social Ethics of Victorian Fiction; The Science of Character: Human Objecthood and the Ends of Victorian Realism

Communities of Care: The Social Ethics of Victorian Fiction; The Science of Character: Human Objecthood and the Ends of Victorian Realism

Neil Simon’ın Brighton Beach Memoirs Adlı Oyununda Geleneksel Üç Mizah Teorisinin Etkileşimi

Humour/laughter is a human entity and activity. It takes place in almost all kinds of social interactions. Most of us cannot help laughing at something funny in our daily routines. Laughter is the fundamental mode of expression common to human beings. From this perspective, Simon is considered one of the most significant playwrights who uses laughter elements skilfully in his works. He is called a “laugh machine". Marvin Neil Simon (1927-2018) was an American playwright, screenwriter, television joke writer, and one of the most popular and successful dramatists commercially and artistically in the history of American theatre. This paper aims to explore how Neil Simon uses three traditional humour/laughter theories: The Superiority Theory, the Incongruity Theory, and the Relief Theory, in his Brighton Beach Memoirs (1983). It is an autobiographical play and one of Simon’s masterpieces in Simon’s BB Trilogy. This play is rich enough to explore three traditional humour theories. It deals with one family’s survival struggle just before the World War II during the Great Depression. It was a time of hardships for millions of people in the late 1930s. While Father makes all decisions, a passive-aggressive mother is self-sacrificing and manipulates his sons. The study adopts the qualitative analysis research method incorporated into analysis of dramatic texts.

FEMINISME DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM DAN BARAT

This study aimed at investigating Arthur Schopenhauer and Murtadha Muthahhari's perspectives on feminisme. This study employed a qualitative approach. This is a library research in which data were collected from related literatures. Descriptive analytical and historical analytical methods were used to analyze data. The findings of the study showed that perspectives on feminisme between both scholars are different. Arthur Schopenhauer views that feminisme is debatable. Meanwhile, Murtadha Muthahhari emphasized that feminism it is not necessary to debate it because it has been clearly stated in the Holy Quran. This research recommends educational institutions and other social institutions to view feminisme as a path to woman's equality.&#x0D; Keywords: Comparison; Feminism; Perspective.

Quoted at the Pulpit: Male Rhetoric and Female Authority in Fifty Years of General Conference

Quoted at the Pulpit: Male Rhetoric and Female Authority in Fifty Years of General Conference

The Role of Intersubjectivity in the Production and Appreciation of Humor

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of intersubjectivity in the production and appreciation of humor. Intersubjectivity is a concept in the phenomenological philosophy that explains the connection of humans to each other. Intersubjectivity can be used to explain the nature and way of humor works; supplementing the three existing theories of humor namely incongruity theory, superiority theory, and relief theory. This study is a literature review which data were obtained from 30 scientific articles related to humor, intersubjectivity, and the link between the two. Data were excavated using the https://www.connectedpapers.com software. The research stages taken in accordance with the stages of literature review include design, provision of literature (conduct), analysis, and presentation. The result showed that intersubjectivity has a role because it connects humor makers and connoisseurs through knowledge, feelings, awareness, and even mutual unconsciousness. Funny experiences can arise because makers and connoisseurs can access a “shared world” that allows a certain stimulation to bring out funny feelings that spark laughter. In the production and appreciation of humor intersubjectivity plays a role of (1) providing shared knowledge, (2) asserting the existence of emotions, and (3) directing the meaning of actions.

LIH KODE DALAM TAYANGAN LAPOR PAK PADA CHANNEL YOUTUBE TRANS7 LIFESTYLE

This study aims to explain the form of code switching and code switching contained in Lapor Pak broadcasts on the Trans7 Lifestyle Youtube Channel. The research approach a qualitative descriptive in the form of a description of the data obtained in the analysis. The data used is through the form of speech, sentences and paragraphs. Then the method used is a qualitative method. The data source for this research is the Youtube Lapor Pak program entitled Secret Mission to America which was published on December 14, 2021 with a duration of 48:07 minutes. The data collection technique used by the author in this study is through the listening technique and the note-taking techniques. The type of instrument used is in the form of non-participant observation, namely the author observes YouTube videos from start to finish. The results obtained in this study are the forms of code switching and the role of code switching contained in the Lapor Pak show on the Trans7 Lifestyle Youtube Channel. The forms of code switching obtained include; internal code switching from Indonesian to Javanese, then from Javanese to Indonesian. Then the external code switching switches from Indonesian to English and from English to Indonesian. While the role of code switching is as humor through the theory of Incongruity, Superiority, and Liberation theory.Keywords: Forms of code switching, Role of code switching, and Youtube.

Wagner's Furious Host

Wagner's Furious Host

Logic Diagrams as Argument Maps in Eristic Dialectics

This paper analyses a hitherto unknown technique of using logic diagrams to create argument maps in eristic dialectics. The method was invented in the 1810s and -20s by Arthur Schopenhauer, who is considered the originator of modern eristic. This technique of Schopenhauer could be interesting for several branches of research in the field of argumentation: Firstly, for the field of argument mapping, since here a hitherto unknown diagrammatic technique is shown in order to visualise possible situations of arguments in a dialogical controversy. Secondly, the art of controversy or eristic, since the diagrams do not analyse the truth of judgements and the validity of inferences, but the persuasiveness of arguments in a dialogue.

Climate Pessimism and Human Nature

This article builds on scholarship that understands climate change not only as a geophysical phenomenon, but also as a complex idea. It argues for a historicised analysis of what it terms “climate pessimism”: the belief that catastrophic global heating cannot be prevented. Focusing especially on nonfictional texts by Jonathan Franzen and Roy Scranton, it suggests that climate pessimism draws on a Western intellectual tradition that takes a sceptical view of human capacities and the possibility of progress. At the same time, climate pessimism tends to evoke an idea of atomised human nature associated with capitalistic modernity. Franzen draws on ideas from evolutionary psychology in a rather simplistic way. Scranton, a more complex thinker, engages not only with Buddhist thought but also with the philosophies of Benedict Spinoza and Arthur Schopenhauer. Although often criticised as a “doomer”, he sometimes moves towards an epistemological pluralism and sense of human potentiality. The concluding section brings in the concept of the pluriverse as both a corrective to climate pessimism’s tendency to Westerncentrism, and a point of connection to Scranton’s work.

Fulfilment: Crisis, discontinuity and the dark side of education

AbstractThe Oxford English Dictionary defines fulfilment as ‘satisfaction or happiness as a result of fully developing one's potential or realizing one's aspirations; self-fulfillment’. Not only has the idea of fulfilment underpinned ‘approximately twenty centuries of philosophy’ as Lefebvre notes, it plays an indispensable role in both popular and scholarly accounts of education and upbringing. Experiences of education, of upbringing and of ‘life lessons’, however, are so often not about the fulfilment of oneself, about the discovery and actualisation of one's full potential. Such experiences instead involve moments of sometimes irreparable failure and loss—a matter that has not received a great deal of attention in educational research and theory. After briefly examining the way that fulfilment is favourably framed both in humanistic psychology and in neo-humanist Bildungstheorie, this paper considers some of the exceptions to the nearly ubiquitous identification of education with fulfilment: Arthur Schopenhauer's view of the irrationality of human (developmental) experience and Ludwig Wittgenstein's use of the term ‘conditioning’ (Abrichtung) in some of his accounts of learning and socialisation. We then focus on failure and loss in education through an overview of the pedagogical theory of O.F. Bollnow. Bollnow, as is gradually being recognised in English-language scholarship, saw moments of uncertainty, disorientation and above all crisis as indispensable in educational experience—for both student and teacher. In this way, we show that instead of being the pursuit of self-fulfilment, education is unavoidably a matter of difficulty, disruption and also failure. It reshapes us, and this reshaping can be seen as being as much about formation as it is about deformation.

Digital Editing and “Experience [. . .] looked upon as a kind of text”

This provocation argues for a form of digital creative-critical editing to serve as a pragmatic complement to the dominant “depth” models of traditional scholarly editing. What results is a pan-relational praxis of editing that focuses on connecting edited texts to new contexts and literary experiences with new tools, instead of using a depth model to offer the correct description, representation, or data model of those texts. Creative textual criticism could then be considered ongoing and incomplete, partaking of an iterative process of close reading and distant analysis, and redescriptions of textual criticism that are embedded in the creative process and other aesthetic experiences. These ideas are demonstrated in three brief exhibitions of Thomas Hardy, Herman Melville, and the abolitionist Mary Anne Rawson, all of whom are loosely connected to Arthur Schopenhauer, who once posited in Counsels and Maxims that “Experience of the world may be looked upon as a kind of text, to which reflection and knowledge form the commentary”. Such “commentary” inspires a new mode of pan-relational “reflection” and networked discourse which can only be implemented with digital technologies. What digital editing can do, then, is to give space to competing and alternative discourses and processes of the same text and to connect that text to other aesthetic contexts.