Training School Research Articles

Current Situation of Chinese Calligraphy Education in Primary and Secondary Schools of Leling City

Chinese calligraphy is a kind of traditional art in which brushes and ink are used to write Chinese characters. It is a fundamental part of Chinese history and culture. People can better comprehend Chinese customs, values, and aesthetics by learning calligraphy. The purpose of this study is to determine the current state of Chinese calligraphy training in Leling City's primary and secondary schools in order to identify and resolve any potential problems. Since calligraphy teachers' teaching philosophies have a significant role in differentiating students' learning, the study would also ascertain their methods. In order for this to be determined, a descriptive quantitative research design was used, which gathers and statistically examines quantifiable data from a population sample in order to look for connections between predetermined variables. There were 787 Chinese calligraphy students chosen as respondents of the study. They are presently studying Chinese calligraphy in the Chinese province of Shandong, in the city of Lei Ming. According to the findings of the study, Chinese calligraphy instruction in Leling City's primary and secondary schools is typically effective in terms of teacher competency, instructional design, and the availability of sufficient materials and resources as judged by the students. Chinese calligraphy training has significantly expanded in the nation's basic and secondary schools as a result of the Chinese government's growing emphasis on cultural education and the influence of contemporary technological innovation. The respondents' opinions about the current state of Leling City's primary and secondary schools and their attitudes toward instructing Chinese calligraphy did not significantly correlate, based on the study. In order to further develop abilities and a passion for the subject, the researcher recommends that the planned Chinese calligraphy enrichment program for primary and secondary levels be integrated into the delivery of teaching. In addition, educators should strive for ongoing professional development in Chinese calligraphy in order to become more skilled teachers and authorities in the subject. Moreover, the study was able to create a Teaching plan in the delivery of Chinese Calligraphy.

Current state of patient knowledge regarding the preoperative impact and causes of anemia

Despite being treatable, the prevalence of anemia is relatively high, affecting up to 30% of the general population and 35% of patients undergoing surgery. Symptoms are often misinterpreted and patients frequently do not recognize anemia as adisease. As aresult, it is often not discussed during medical consultations. Additionally, the limited time between diagnosis and surgery makes preoperative anemia management challenging. The aim of the present study was to assess the state of knowledge about anemia and to identify areas of deficits to develop astrategy for future improvement. Patients undergoing surgery with atransfusion probability of > 10% were interviewed at the department for anesthesiology, intensive care medicine and pain therapy of the University Hospital Frankfurt in May and October 2023. Atotal of 196 completed questionnaires were evaluated. Most correct answers were given in the category "treatment of anemia" with 54.3% (n = 426/784), followed by 50.1% (n = 393/784) correct answers in the category "diagnosis of anemia", 48.8% (n = 478/980) in the category "perioperative influence of anemia" and 44.6% (n = 350/784) correct answers in the category "influence of nutrition". The patients showed the greatest knowledge deficits in the category "symptoms of anemia" with 38.1% (n = 598/1568) correct answers and "causes of anemia" with 36.1% (n = 354/980). Only 3% (n = 5/196) of the participants rated their knowledge as "good", 16% (n = 31/196) as "fairly good", 48% (n = 94/196) as "fairly poor" and 29% (n = 56/196) as "poor". There is aweak to medium positive linear correlation between the self-assessment and the correct answers given (correlation coefficient 0.44). Approximately 70% of participants had ahigher level of education, such as vocational training, auniversity degree or ahigh school diploma. There was no correlation between the number of correct answers given and the participants' level of education. The majority of the patients (71.4%; n = 140/195) expressed interest in learning more about anemia. We identified asignificant knowledge deficit, particularly regarding the causes and symptoms of anemia. It is likely that knowledge gaps persist and that anemia does not receive sufficient attention in everyday clinical practice. Educating and training patients about anemia is essential to further reduce its prevalence.

Effect of irrigation systems on the growth parameters of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) cultivars in N’Djamena city, Chad

The study was conducted during the winters of 2021 and 2022 at the research farm of the Higher Teachers Training School of N’Djamena, Chad. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the growth and productivity traits of four cultivars of cowpea plant (white, black, red, and versicolor) in response to two different irrigation periods (3 and 6 days). The experiment is a factorial with four cowpea cultivars (White, Black , Red and versicolor) in the main plot in a Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) and irrigation intervals (3 and 6 days) as the subplot with three replications. Our data demonstrated that the black variety was much superior in leaf surface area (15942.37 cm2), wet weight (343.75 g), dry weight (96 g), number of pods (71.50), weight of pods (137.50 g), number of seeds (475), and total productivity was 2.47 tons/ha. On the other hand, the versicolor variety was superior in the plant height (197 cm), number of leaves (138.75), pod length (15.50 cm), number of seeds in the pod (8.25), while the white variety had the highest average weight for 100 seeds (26.30 g). The same results also, indicated that the irrigation rate for three days was better than that for six days in terms of plant height (162.75 cm), number of leaves (108.37), leaf surface area (12553.72 cm2), wet weight (309.37 g), dry weight (73.25 g), pod length (14.50 cm), weight of seeds per pod (72 g), number of seeds per plant (241.50) and the productivity was 1.29 tons/ha. Finally, the study suggests planting the black and versicolor varieties in N'Djamena city during winter season in order to get the maximum yield by surface irrigation every three days.

Prevalence, predictors and selected outcomes of early sexual initiation among adolescents in secondary schools in Lugbe, Abuja, Nigeria: a mixed methods study

BackgroundEarly sexual initiation is the onset of sexual intercourse below 15 years. Despite many negative effects of early sexual initiation, its prevalence has kept increasing globally over the past decades.ObjectiveThis...

The influence of gender-based perceptions on females joining a bachelor of medicine, bachelor of surgery in Rwanda

Through progressive policies, Rwanda has made significant strides in promoting girls’ education and empowerment. However, female enrollment in Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) programs remains disproportionately low. This cross-sectional study investigates the influence of gender stereotypes and girls’ self-perceptions on female engagement in MBBS programs in Rwanda. The data analyzed for this study has been used and published in BMC Medical Education in a study with a different but clearly related focus, under the title “Gender-based support systems influencing female students to pursue a bachelor of medicine, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) in Rwanda” (Neil KL, BMC Med Educ 24:641,2024). While the previous analysis focused on the presence and gaps in gender-based support systems, the current research has a new focus on gender based self-perceptions influence in girls interest in pursuing medical school training. Conducted across 13 secondary schools and 3 universities offering MBBS degrees, the study engaged 8–12 students, parents/guardians, and teachers in each focus group discussion in a total of thirty-four focus group discussions and sixteen semi-structured interviews. Twenty-eight discussions took place at the secondary school level, and six were conducted at the MBBS level. Data analysis utilized inductive coding to identify recurring themes. The study identified three overarching themes: society’s role in shaping gendered expectations about domestic and professional roles, girls’ self-perceptions regarding their ability to pursue sciences and MBBS within these norms, and internalized stereotypes affecting girls’ career aspirations. Drawing on gender schema and social cognitive theory, the research underscores how societal expectations and stereotypes shape and constrain girls’ career choices. The findings highlight the necessity of dismantling gender-based perceptions that hinder girls’ participation in scientific disciplines, including MBBS.

Preparation of an Operational Curriculum Based on Local Wisdom for Students in PAUD

Local wisdom as a cultural heritage owned by a community, including traditions, values, customs, and local knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation. Within the scope of PAUD, local wisdom has great potential to become an integral part of the learning process, enrich children's learning experiences, and strengthen their cultural identity. This research aims to find out the preparation of an operational curriculum based on local wisdom and to find out the challenges faced in the preparation of an operational curriculum based on local wisdom in PAUD. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the process of preparing the curriculum through systematic stages involves analyzing needs, formulating goals, determining the content and structure of the program, and developing learning strategies that integrate elements of local wisdom. Collaboration between the school, community leaders, and parents of students is the key in identifying and integrating relevant local wisdom in the curriculum. Conclusions and suggestions in this study are periodic training to improve teachers' understanding and skills in integrating local wisdom into learning. The Education Office should provide guidance and training for schools in developing an operational curriculum based on local wisdom.

Ethics Education in Business Schools of India: Challenges and Looking Forward

An ethics course has been integrated with the business curriculum to make business operations ethical. The drive to conduct ethics training in business schools has stemmed from seven forces: an increase in unethical practices by managers, the desire of employer organisations, pressure from regulators, the need for professionalism, popular public demand for positive roles, and the new education policy of the government. Arguments against teaching ability point out that college ethics courses are useless because ethics cannot be taught as it is hard to change habits, beliefs, and values. Conversely, researchers argue that ethical behaviours could be developed. From a teachability point of view, ethics education goals can include raising individuals’ consciousness to recognise ethical issues, developing sensitivity for feeling a sense of moral obligation, developing analytical skills for recognising right and wrong in the issues, and developing decision-making skills to identify proper actions. The educators face the challenge of developing autonomy, self-efficacy, and values through situated learning. This paper aims at bringing the challenges faced by the teachers in teaching ethics education and how in the long run teachers can make this teaching very effective.

Quantifying the Impact of State Health Policy on State Population Health Outcomes.

Thirty-five years after the Institute of Medicine report, The Future of Public Health (1988), multiple authors have considered what needs to be achieved to build a robust public health system that improves health for all. A central theme is the renewed emphasis on the role of evidence-based policy. This study provides clear evidence using a ranking methodology of how important policy is to achieving better health outcomes across the United States. The purpose of this study is to assess the association of state health rankings with well-established state health outcomes. Specifically, we calculate the strength of relationship of the rankings used in a previous study to six widely referenced health outcomes. Utilizing 88 predominantly health policy-oriented data elements found online for each of the United States, a state ranking was calculated across all actual, or behavioral, causes of death using the percent weightings attributable to each actual cause. These state rankings were correlated to state health outcomes. Findings indicated that state rankings correlated highly with five of the six health outcomes, excluding disability. States having supportive health policies ranked better in terms of the actual causes of death and population health outcomes. This finding is important to the field because it quantifies the degree that robust health policies matter to population health status and how these policies may be predictive of positive health outcomes. For practitioners, this finding supports greater emphasis on policy advocacy skills and encourages increased advocacy training in schools and programs of public health.

IMMUnity Unveiled: A Translational NETwork for tackling PARKinson's Disease - IMMUPARKNET.

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects more than one million people in the EU. It currently has no definitive cure, meaning that patients rely only on symptomatic treatments, which themselves are burdened by side effects. The need for advancements in both knowledge and available treatments is thus strongly felt by patients, caregivers, and health operators. This unmet need sparked the idea of orchestrating a collaborative effort via a common network - IMMUPARKNET (The role of IMMUnity in tackling PARKinson's disease through a Translational NETwork). The IMMUPARKNET COST Action focuses on challenges in PD and its related crosstalk with immune response. Although widely recognized, the role of immunity in the onset and development of PD is still unclear. The main goal of IMMUPARKNET is to fill this knowledge gap by establishing an innovative, interdisciplinary research network and fostering exchanges of expertise among specialists from different countries and institutions. As we gather scientists and clinicians who study immunity in PD and related fields, IMMUPARKNET will establish the first nucleus of a multidisciplinary ecosystem that aims to harmonize efforts and approaches, both in research and clinical practice, to boost the development of ground-breaking treatments for PD. Through meetings, training schools, webinars, position papers, and review manuscripts, IMMUPARKNET will lead fruitful exchanges of know-how among experts in the field. The IMMUPARKNET structure revolves around 5 working groups, with a total of 157 active members from 34 different countries. Of these active members, 58.5% are young researchers, while 67.5% come from Inclusiveness Target Countries (ITC - less research-intensive COST Members; https://www.cost.eu/about/members/). IMMUPARKNET output will facilitate the improved sharing and development of research resources, straightening the road to novel treatments and identifying where existing ones can be repurposed, all, ultimately and hopefully, finding a cure for PD.

Preparing for Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Norwegian Compulsory Schools: Student Teachers’ Encounters With Multicultural Education

Although the concepts of multicultural education and critical multiculturalism are well-known in Western societies, including Norway, research indicates that teachers often lack the necessary support and guidance to put these ideas into practice effectively. Through analysing individual interviews with twelve Norwegian student teachers, this paper explores their encounters with multicultural education in compulsory school settings. It aims to identify the ways in which the participating student teachers adjust their pedagogical strategies to integrate children’s diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds into their education. The theoretical framework of the study includes multicultural education and critical multiculturalism, which are utilised to critically discuss the pedagogical strategies described by the student teachers. In summary, the findings reveal a complex interplay between the student teachers’ theoretical aspirations and the practical realities they meet during on-site schoolteacher training in Norwegian compulsory schools. While this study’s participants recognise the importance of embracing children’s diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, their capacity to implement their visions is often hindered by a lack of necessary support to develop knowledge about addressing complex issues, including power, inequality and social (in)justice.

Understanding the Psychology of Practical Wisdom.

The longstanding view of doctors as scientists has been an emphasis in the MCAT and medical school training. However, the AAMC recommended recognizing the importance of social and behavioral science for medicine. There is also a growing realization that being a smart problem solver and the physician as scientist model emphasizes a cold cognitive problem-solving paradigm that overlooks other human capacities that may be critical to medical reasoning and decision-making. Considering a smart physician versus a wise physician, intelligence and problem-solving are important, but a wise physician can use other important capacities beyond intelligence and rationality. This could benefit patients by introducing patient and family perspective taking, as well as compassion in doctor-patient interaction. By reconceptualizing professions from the perspective of practical wisdom, this may increase resilience to problems such as burnout. I outline some psychological capacities viewed as important in wise reasoning that are not about traditional views of intelligence. I argue that wise reasoning is not a native talent but a skill that can be developed. I argue that different kinds of experiences can increase aspects of empathy, epistemic humility, perspective taking, and wise reasoning and I examine evidence that wise reasoning may increase resilience.

Harvey Cushing: France Military Hospital Surgical Unit Head and World War I U.S. Army Medical Corps Commissioner.

This historical account reviews the course and lasting impact of Dr. Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) in neurosurgery. The writing of this project was sparked by the discovery of original scientific and bibliographical information about Cushing. It is a thorough review of archival documents about Harvey Cushing and the Cushing family. Harvey Cushing received his early schooling at the Cleveland Manual Training School, which provided him early access to science and developed his manual dexterity. Along with obtaining a degree at Yale University and training at both Harvard Medical School and The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cushing collaborated with Louise Eisenhardt, Riva Rocci, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, William Stewart Halstead, and Sir William Osler. Cushing wrote several monographs including Blood Vessel Tumours of the Brain, The Pituitary Body and its Disorders, and Tumors of the Nervus Acousticus. Cushing served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, worked as the surgical unit head for a French military hospital, and treated Lieutenant Edward Revere Osler. Cushing's armamentarium included electromagnets for brain surgery. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received various accolades. Cushing trained Walter Dandy, Louise Eisenhardt, and Wilder Penfield. This historical reconstruction provides glimpses into the personality of Dr. Harvey Cushing and his marked impact on neurosurgery and adds to the growing literature on his person.

Hvordan kan videregående skole forberede elever – som planlegger å bruke lærekandidatordning – for varig arbeidslivsdeltakelse?

The training candidate scheme is an accessway into the Norwegian vocational job market for learners who are unable to complete vocational training in secondary school through the ordinary apprentice scheme. This study examines how secondary school can prepare pupils, who aim to utilise the training candidate scheme. We have interviewed former attendees and (current) staff from three secondary schools that offer special needs education. We find that in particular the pupils’ social competence seems to be decisive for their attainment of lasting employment. Key components of this competence seem to be maturity, dependability, and the ability to ‘keep on working’. A factor that appears to be of particular importance is that a large proportion of the pupils’ education is attained through performing practical tasks, especially where this work is similar to carrying out a regular job. Good teacher – student relations also seem to be crucial, as well as the school’s network in the business community. Four categories illuminate our research questions: social and professional competence; relationships, motivation, and coping expectations; empowerment, citizenship, and coping with life; and preparation for working life. We use Norwegian government documents as well as self-efficacy theory and theories of learning and motivation in the discussion of these findings.

Research on the High Quality Development of Extracurricular Sports Training in Rural Middle Schools in Zhaoqing City: A Case Study of Deqing County

Research on the High Quality Development of Extracurricular Sports Training in Rural Middle Schools in Zhaoqing City: A Case Study of Deqing County

Examining bilingual school psychologist demographics, training experiences, and multicultural competencies

The number of emergent bilingual (EB) students in U.S. schools is growing rapidly; as a result, many have explicitly looked to bilingual school psychologists (BSPs) to meet their needs. Often, there is an assumption that being bilingual also equips one with the appropriate competencies for bilingual school psychology practice. BSPs, like monolingual ones, still require specific training in the competencies needed to meet EB students’ unique needs. However, little is known about their training experiences, and much variability in credentialing requirements and coursework directly impacts how EB students are served in schools. Thus, utilizing the National Association of School Psychologists’ Bilingual School Psychologist Directory, the present study sought to better understand BSPs across the United States ( N = 235) using questionnaires to gather their demographic information, training experiences and needs, and self-reported multicultural competencies. Results indicated marked variability in how BSPs are trained, with many university training programs lacking the coursework, supervision, and/or practical experiences necessary to obtain appropriate practice competencies. Relatedly, participants reported a high level of multicultural competency overall, but more in regard to theory than skills and knowledge for practice, indicating the need for further training. Recommendations and implications for the training and supervision of BSPs are provided.

فاعليَّة برنامج تدريبيّ مقدَّم على منصَّة رقميَّة إلكترونيَة لتنمية مهارة التَّصميم التَّسويقي الرَّقميِّ لدى متدرِّبي المعهد الصِّناعيِّ الثَّانويِّ في جدَّة

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a training program delivered on an electronic platform(coursera) to enhance digital marketing design skills among trainees at the Secondary Industrial In the city of Jeddah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. By applying action research on a purposefully selected experimental sample, the research sample included (20) second-year secondary school trainees from the computer science track at the Secondary Industrial Institute in Jeddah. A pre- and post-assessment test was developed specifically for the instructional design in this study. The research tool consisted of two main axes: the first axis focused on designing the digital marketing product, and the second axis on writing digital marketing content. The study results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores, favoring the post-test application across all skills represented by the scale. The study also recommended training small business owners affiliated with technical and vocational training and graduates of the Secondary Industrial Institute to develop digital marketing design skills in their marketing campaigns.

Practitioner psychologists as policy advocates, or policy as outside of our scope? Experiences and views of training in school and counseling psychology

Building on an increasing emphasis on social justice, recent writing has focused on practitioner psychologists’ policy advocacy. Research indicates that school and counseling psychologists experience policy work as rewarding and challenging, and it has been suggested that initial training programs need to equip new practitioners with the skills required to engage in policy advocacy. We present an analysis of interviews with eighteen school and counseling psychologists across the US and UK who have experience with policy work, focusing on how they experienced their own graduate psychology training in relation to working with policy and their views of training in this area. We highlight four themes suggesting that participants rarely, if ever, received any formal input in policy work during training. Participants described applying some of the soft skills covered in their training to policy work but believed programs should be doing more to teach the ‘hard skills’ required. We conclude that if policy advocacy is a core part of psychologists’ roles, further guidance on how to accomplish this work is needed, as are changes to graduate curricula and pedagogy. We suggest strategies and activities that training programs can use to increase students’ policy advocacy skills.

Assessing the Impact of Bi-Multi-Modal Stimuli on Blended Speaking Instruction: An Empirical Study in Primary School

Blended learning in ESL contexts has attracted substantial scholarly attention recently. However, the impact of various online input modes on English grammar learning outcomes, particularly for speaking skills, has not been extensively studied. This study evaluates how bi- and multi-modal online inputs impact blended speech training in a primary school. Using a quasi-experimental, between-subjects design over 20 weeks, the study categorized participants into two groups: the bi-modal group (BG, N=32), which utilized online text-and-audio materials, and the multi-modal group (MG, N=32), which engaged with online videos. The assessment of learning achievement was conducted through two speaking tests, a pretest and a posttest. The results revealed enhancements in grammar and overall speaking skills for both groups, with significant performance differences. The study enriches academic literature by providing empirical insights into how different online input modes could optimize blended learning environments and support explicit speaking instruction to improve grammar in primary students’ speaking skills.

La protesta social y la educación en derechos humanos: estudiantes en movimiento

This article is part of a research process focused on teaching social protest in high schools, addressing the protests that took place in Colombia between 2019 and 2021, from the perspective of human rights education (HRE). The paper underscores the importance of this education to enable diverse relationships within academia, demonstrating the challenges of positioning this education in school and university spaces, as well as the ongoing tensions between theory, practice, and political training in schools. With this understanding, the research seeks to answer, among other questions, what happened to schools during the protests and how social mobilization impacted educational communities. To provide an answer, we employed a qualitative research approach, which facilitated the gathering of empirical data describing common and problematic moments through a multiple case study conducted in schools in Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín. The analysis of outcomes highlights the need to recognize how the social protests in Colombia between 2019 and 2021, also known as social outbursts, were, or were not, integrated into school and university contexts. This need is linked to the importance of HRE, citizen training, and the commitment to social transformation, understanding the fundamental role played by the young people, and how they either brought the classrooms to the streets or vice versa, as students mobilized for the defense and promotion of human rights. This demonstrates the necessity of incorporating human rights into primary, secondary, and higher education.

What Was Gained and Lost when Professionals Began Receiving Their Training in University-Based Professional Schools?

What Was Gained and Lost when Professionals Began Receiving Their Training in University-Based Professional Schools?