Archaeological School Research Articles

Reviewing Africa in the global tourism economy

Africa is a small but expanding region of the global tourism economy. This article has two objectives. The first is to provide a profile of tourism in Africa and indicate the continent's position in the global tourism economy. The second is to offer an overview of African tourism research and more specifically to highlight core issues in recent scholarship and debate about tourism development across the continent. The article argues that, at a time when many African governments and international organisations are acknowledging the developmental significance of tourism, a foundation of research is being consolidated to inform the development of new policy and initiatives for tourism in Africa. 1Professor of Human Geography, School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Thanks are due to Wendy Job for preparing the diagrams for this article and to Caroline Kihato for encouraging the preparation of this special tourism issue of Development Southern Africa.

The growth and promotion of regional tourism in the developing world: the South African experience

Although regional tourism is an important phenomenon in the developing world, it has largely been overlooked by international tourism scholars. The promotion of regional tourism can make a positive contribution to tourism development. This article stresses the importance of regional tourists to the expanding tourism economy of South Africa. It highlights the changing policy environment and suggests that critical policy interventions should be undertaken at both national and local levels of government in order to maximise the developmental impacts of promoting regional tourism. 1Respectively, Professor of Human Geography and PhD Student, School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Research Foundation, Pretoria Gun Award 2054064, and thank Wendy Job for preparing the diagrams for this paper.

Was the kouprey a feral hybrid? A response to Galbreath et al. (2006)

Journal of ZoologyVolume 271, Issue 3 p. 242-245 Was the kouprey a feral hybrid? A response to Galbreath et al. (2006) S. Hedges, S. Hedges Wildlife Conservation Society – Asia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. P. Groves, C. P. Groves School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. W. Duckworth, J. W. Duckworth Wildlife Conservation Society – Asia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. Meijaard, E. Meijaard School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia The Nature Conservancy, Kalimantan Timur, IndonesiaSearch for more papers by this authorR. J. Timmins, R. J. Timmins Willard Avenue, Madison, WI, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Burton, J. A. Burton Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKSearch for more papers by this author S. Hedges, S. Hedges Wildlife Conservation Society – Asia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorC. P. Groves, C. P. Groves School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. W. Duckworth, J. W. Duckworth Wildlife Conservation Society – Asia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. Meijaard, E. Meijaard School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia The Nature Conservancy, Kalimantan Timur, IndonesiaSearch for more papers by this authorR. J. Timmins, R. J. Timmins Willard Avenue, Madison, WI, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Burton, J. A. Burton Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 March 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00293.xCitations: 5 Correspondence S. Hedges, Wildlife Conservation Society – Asia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.Email: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume271, Issue3March 2007Pages 242-245 RelatedInformation

Modeling alluvial landform change in the absence of external environmental forcing

Research Article| June 01, 2007 Modeling alluvial landform change in the absence of external environmental forcing Andrew P. Nicholas; Andrew P. Nicholas 1Department of Geography, School of Geography, Archaeology and Earth Resources, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Timothy A. Quine Timothy A. Quine 1Department of Geography, School of Geography, Archaeology and Earth Resources, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2007) 35 (6): 527–530. https://doi.org/10.1130/G23377A.1 Article history received: 19 Sep 2006 rev-recd: 24 Jan 2007 accepted: 26 Jan 2007 first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Andrew P. Nicholas, Timothy A. Quine; Modeling alluvial landform change in the absence of external environmental forcing. Geology 2007;; 35 (6): 527–530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G23377A.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Alluvial fan evolution and morphology are often considered to respond primarily to external forcing (e.g., tectonics, climate, and base-level change). Here we present a numerical model of alluvial fan evolution that shows that dramatic and persistent fan entrenchment may occur in the absence of such forcing. This process is driven by positive autogenic feedbacks between flow width, sediment transport, and rate of fan aggradation. Entrenchment is initiated where sediment accommodation space limits continued fan growth. Our results highlight a need to rethink both the representation of fluvial width adjustment in landscape evolution models and the established framework for the interpretation of fluvial landforms as archives of environmental change. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Excavations at Tell Brak 2006–2007

Excavations at Tell Brak in 2006–7 explored two key episodes in Mesopotamian political and social history, developing early social complexity in the fifth to fourth millennia BC and the shift from territorial state to early empire in the second millennium BC. Late Chalcolithic complexity is represented in Area TW on the main mound and at the outlying sub-mound of Tell Majnuna, while investigation of the Old Babylonian to Mitanni state-to-empire transition involved excavation in Areas HH and HN (Fig. 1). Both sets of excavations tie into our exploration of larger issues of the creation and maturation of past urban landscapes, for which Tell Brak provides a great depth of data.We would like once again to express our warmest gratitude to Dr Bassam Jamous, Director General of Antiquities and Museums, to Dr Michel Al-Maqdissi, Director of Excavations, to all their staff in Damascus, and to Sd Abdul Messih Baghdo, Director of the Antiquities Office in Hasseke, for their constant and friendly support. Financial support for the excavations was generously provided by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, the National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration (2006), the Society of Antiquaries of London (2007), Newnham College, Cambridge and the University of Cambridge. We are extremely grateful to all those who have made this research possible.

Zelia Nuttall e Isabel Ramírez: las distintas formas de practicar y escribir sobre arqueología en el México de inícios del siglo XX

Este artículo examina las experiencias de Zelia Nuttall e Isabel Ramírez Castañeda en la antropología mexicana y su participación en la Escuela Internacional de Etnología y Arqueología Americana (1910-1914). Basándome en investigaciones de archivo analizo las distintas maneras de participar en antropología en un momento de profesionalización. Este artículo ofrece información institucional, biográfica y social que nos permite conocer mejor las experiencias de las mujeres antropólogas pioneras.

Exploring an Upper Mesopotamian Regional Centre, 1994–1996. Edited by Roger Matthews. Excavations at Tell Brak, vol. 4. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq and Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003. Pp. xviii + 446 + 331 figs. $135.

<i>Exploring an Upper Mesopotamian Regional Centre, 1994–1996</i>. Edited by Roger Matthews. Excavations at Tell Brak, vol. 4. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq and Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003. Pp. xviii + 446 + 331 figs. $135.

Governance, Culture and Identity in Contemporary Canada

Queen's University Belfast Centre of Canadian Studies The collection of ten essays in this special issue of the British Journal of Canadian Studies comes entirely from material presented in Belfast at the behest of the Queen's University Belfast Centre of Canadian Studies (QUBCCS). This Centre was originally established in 1986, one of a small number of such Centres set up across the United Kingdom to further the study of Canada. These Centres are supported through the Canadian High Commission and the Foundation for Canadian Studies in the UK and also receive varied financial and other support from their home institutions. The QUBCCS benefits from a bequest from the Eaton Foundation, which funds each year the Eaton Lecture, the most prominent event in our annual programme. In recent years the QUBCCS has been under the joint direction of Susan Hodgett and Stephen Royle. We took over from John Othick upon his retirement, when the Centre was reassigned within the Queen's University from the International Office to the School of Geography, itself now recast as the School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Othick had been a part-time Director but his sole duties had been in Canadian Studies. Royle and Hodgett carry out the Centre's duties in addition to their other work. Hodgett, currently Secretary of the British Association of Canadian Studies, has recently moved to the University of Ulster, where, as part of the Social and Policy Research Institute, she hopes to broaden the remit of Canadian Studies in Northern Ireland. There is no teaching pathway in Canadian Studies in Queen's University, rather the QUBCCS encourages and facilitates the embedding of Canadian material in courses as varied as Law, Geography and English. We also carry out research ourselves and facilitate research elsewhere throughout the University. This can be directly funded, as when staff associated with the Centre twice received the Sustained Studies Award through the Canadian High Commission. In addition, we facilitate and encourage others to apply for funding through Canadian sources, and various members of the University have received grants such as the Faculty Enrichment Award. Canadianist postgraduate students at Queen's have been successful in achieving funding from various sources including the Prix du Quebec to enable them to get to Canada. A number of publications on Canadian topics have resulted from these efforts in recent years. In addition, the Queen's Centre makes possible the presentation of material on Canada in Northern Ireland. We host three sorts of presentation. There is a seminar series with invited speakers, usually Canadianists from the British Isles or international scholars who are visiting the islands. Often we partner with different schools within the University to bring over these Canadians/Canadianists and hold joint seminars. We also host an annual conference. This is normally a two-day affair arranged around a particular theme with up to half a dozen speakers. Finally there is our annual flagship Eaton Lecture. This can be either a stand-alone event or arranged within a wider programme. Thus we have sometimes combined our annual conference with the Eaton Lecture or we have placed the Lecture within the Belfast Festival at Queen's. We also hosted the joint British Association of Canadian Studies/Association of Canadian Studies in Ireland Conference in 2002. As inspection of the QUBCCS website (http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/CentreofCanadianStudies) will reveal, the topics covered in our seminars, conferences and Eaton Lectures have varied considerably. Nevertheless there has been some consistent focus on issues of governance, culture and identity and we were delighted at the British Association of Canadian Studies' invitation to gather together a collection of our talks on these themes into this special issue of the British Journal of Canadian Studies. Three of the articles that follow emanate from Eaton Lectures. …

Renewal of small town economies: the case of Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Student Number : 0204446N - MA dissertation - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environment Studies - Faculty of Humanities

Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East. Edited by J. N. Postgate. Iraq Archaeological Reports 5. Warminster, England: Aris &amp; Phillips for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2002. Pp. vi + 258 + 52 figs. $99. [Distributed in North America by The David Brown Book Co., POB 511, Oakville, CT 06779.

<i>Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East</i>. Edited by J. N. Postgate. Iraq Archaeological Reports 5. Warminster, England: Aris &amp; Phillips for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2002. Pp. vi + 258 + 52 figs. $99. [Distributed in North America by The David Brown Book Co., POB 511, Oakville, CT 06779.

The Nimrud Letters, 1952. Edited by Henry W. F. Saggs. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud, vol. 5. [London]: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2001. Pp. 327 + 62 pls. $70. [Distributed in North America by The David Brown Book Co., POB 511, Oakville, CT 06779.

<i>The Nimrud Letters, 1952</i>. Edited by Henry W. F. Saggs. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud, vol. 5. [London]: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2001. Pp. 327 + 62 pls. $70. [Distributed in North America by The David Brown Book Co., POB 511, Oakville, CT 06779.

Collections of Chinese antiquities outside China: problems and hopes

This paper is a revised and abbreviated version of an inaugural address delivered on 3 March 2005, at the International Centre for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology. The Centre was jointly established in London by the Institute of Archaeology and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University College London, together with the School of Archaeology and Museum Studies at Beijing University as their Chinese partner institution.

Franco De Angelis: Megara Hyblaia and Selinous. The development of two Greek citystates in archaic Sicily

Franco De Angelis: Megara Hyblaia and Selinous. The development of two Greek citystates in archaic Sicily. Oxford: Oxford university school of archaeology 2003. XXII, 247 S. 51 Abb. 34 Taf. (Oxford university school of archaeology. Monographs. 57.) 48 £.

The Invention of DeathThe Buried Soul: How Humans Invented Death. By Tim Taylor. London: Fourth Estate, 2002.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBooksThe Invention of Death The Buried Soul: How Humans Invented Death. By Tim Taylor. London: Fourth Estate, 2002.DouglassW.BaileyDouglassW.BaileyCardiff School of History and Archaeology, Colum Drive, Humanities Building, Cardiff CFIO 3EU, United Kingdom. ([email protected]). 10 v 05 Search for more articles by this author Cardiff School of History and Archaeology, Colum Drive, Humanities Building, Cardiff CFIO 3EU, United Kingdom. ([email protected]). 10 v 05PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 46, Number 5December 2005 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/497659 Views: 57Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Unpacking tourism SMMEs in South Africa: structure, support needs and policy response

Small enterprise (SMME) support policy in post-apartheid South Africa has traditionally involved support initiatives in the form of ‘generic’ packages that overlook the specificities of particular sectors. In this article the specific issues concerning SMME development in tourism are investigated. Against a backcloth of a review of international scholarship on tourism small firms, the article presents findings from recent empirical investigations into the progress and problems of tourism SMME development in South Africa. Within the international scholarship and policy debates on tourism, it is argued that the South African experience is particularly distinctive in two respects: (1) the support of particular groups of tourism SMMEs linked to objectives of transformation and (2) the introduction of dedicated tourism-specific support programmes for SMME development. 1Professor of Human Geography, School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. An earlier version of this paper was prepared for Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies. Thanks are due to Mrs W Job of the Cartographic Unit, University of the Witwatersrand for preparation of the accompanying figure. Certain of the empirical material reported here was undertaken as part of research currently supported by the South Africa Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development.

Comment on "Present and Future of the British Schools, Institutes and Societies Abroad"

What we write is always coloured by personal experience – an unimaginably dull world would otherwise result. Prior to joining the Institute of Archaeology, UCL (IoA), in 2001, I had spent my entire professional archaeological career, since 1986, as a fulltime employee of two of the bodies here the subject of discussion, directing the British School of Archaeology in Iraq (BSAI) from 1988 to 1996 and the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (BIAA) from 1995 to 2001. My default view of the British institutions abroad is that they are immensely valuable and productive organisations that provide a rich array of services and facilities to the British and international academic communities while at the same time conducting first-rate research in the field, in libraries and in museums, as neatly summarised here in Bill Finlayson’s thorough overview. Perhaps above all, they provide an intellectual focus for British and other scholars to interact at a range of levels with the academic communities of their host countries, and thus to generate, facilitate and execute truly international and trans-disciplinary projects that have a major impact in the world of archaeology and beyond. In what, according to our daily media, appears to be an increasingly polarised world, the role of the British institutions abroad in nurturing academic relations between British and hostcountry scholars, even or especially in circumstances where a physical presence in that host country is not currently possible (e.g. Iraq), is of incalculable value.

Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence

Previous articleNext article No AccessReportsHuman Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological EvidencePeterBellwood and AliciaSanchezMazasPeterBellwoodSchool of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia ([email protected])/Department of Anthropology and Ecology, University of Geneva, 12, rue de GustaveRevilliod, CH1227 Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland ([email protected]). 23 xii 04 Search for more articles by this author and AliciaSanchezMazasSchool of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia ([email protected])/Department of Anthropology and Ecology, University of Geneva, 12, rue de GustaveRevilliod, CH1227 Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland ([email protected]). 23 xii 04 Search for more articles by this author School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia ([email protected])/Department of Anthropology and Ecology, University of Geneva, 12, rue de GustaveRevilliod, CH1227 Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland ([email protected]). 23 xii 04PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 46, Number 3June 2005 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/430018 Views: 111Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref 2005 by The WennerGren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reservedPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Philippe Beaujard The Worlds of the Indian Ocean, 84 (Oct 2019).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004Nicolas Perrault, Maxwell J. Farrell, T. Jonathan Davies Tongues on the EDGE: language preservation priorities based on threat and lexical distinctiveness, Royal Society Open Science 4, no.1212 (Dec 2017): 171218.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171218Scott Victor Valentine, Benjamin K. Sovacool The socio-political economy of nuclear power development in Japan and South Korea, Energy Policy 38, no.1212 (Dec 2010): 7971–7979.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.09.036

Book Review: Researching Africa?s Past: New Contributions from British Archaeologists. Edited by Peter Mitchell, Anne Haour, and John Hobart. Oxford University School of Archaeology (OUSA) Monograph 57, 4 to 152 pp., hardbound, 2003. ISBN 0 947816 58 5. (Distributed by Oxbow Books, Oxford, and David Brown Book Co., Oakville, CT.)

Book Review: Researching Africa?s Past: New Contributions from British Archaeologists. Edited by Peter Mitchell, Anne Haour, and John Hobart. Oxford University School of Archaeology (OUSA) Monograph 57, 4 to 152 pp., hardbound, 2003. ISBN 0 947816 58 5. (Distributed by Oxbow Books, Oxford, and David Brown Book Co., Oakville, CT.)

Larch Garrad, 1936–2005

Friends and former colleagues at Manx National Heritage (MNH) were deeply saddened by the news that Dr Larch Garrad passed away on 6 July 2005, after a very short illness. Larch Garrad was a well-known and much-loved figure in the Isle of Man, primarily due to her massive contribution made over a period of thirty years to the work of the Manx Museum and to her important work as an author of several books about aspects of the Island's social, industrial and natural history.Educated at the Weston-Super-Mare Grammar School for Girls in Somerset, Larch went on to study for a degree in Ancient History and Archaeology at Birmingham University. She later gained her Doctorate with a thesis on Mycenaean burial customs, following a number of excursions to take part in archaeological excavations with the British School of Archaeology in Athens. She also found time to pass the Library Association examinations.

Juan Bobo and the Riddling Princess: A Puerto Rican Folktale

Translator's Introduction Bobo and the Riddling Princess is one of the tales that J. Alden Mason (1885-1967) brought back from his monumental field trip to Puerto Rico in 1914-15. Mason was born in Orland, Indiana, but grew up in Philadelphia's Germantown (American Philosophical Society 2). He discovered anthropology when as sophomore in 1904 he took the first anthropology course ever offered at the University of Pennsylvania (Satterthwaite 871). He went on to be trained in linguistics and fieldwork under Edward Sapir in 1909 and to complete PhD at Berkeley under Kroeber in 1911. He spent much of the next two y ears working in Mexico as part of the International School of Archaeology and Ethnology, under the direction of Franz Boas. So when the New York Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the insular Government of Puerto Rico, secured Boas to do survey of that island, it was natural for him to select Mason to oversee the collection of Puerto Rico's folklore (see Mason, Riddles 423; Butler; Satterthwaite). Mason spent more than year on the island and brought back an amazingly diverse and rich collection. The ballads were major find. The riddles constituted the second-largest Spanish American collection yet made. The songs included carols, children's songs, and other genres as well as some 375 examples of the decimas, the poetic and partly improvised response to daily life and love of the Puerto Rican village singers. But the folktales, numbering in the hundreds, were the most impressive find of all. As Aurelio M. Espinosa says in introducing the collection as whole, a large number are new creations, with traditional elements confused and mingled. special cycle, the Juan Bobo, or John the Simple, tales, the traditional nddle-tales have been especially (Mason, Riddles 423). Introducing the tales in particular, Espinosa says, In our Porto-Rican collection we find many new and important developments. The 'Juan Bobo' tales, which are the most numerous of this group [i.e., picaresque tales, the most popular group], absorb many versions of European folk-tales (Mason, Folk-Tales [1921] 143). The rich development of the Juan Bobo tales is then one of the characteristic features of this Puerto Rican folktale repertoire. The Juan Bobo tales continued to develop in Puerto Rican oral tradition in the decades following Mason's collection visit, as Sarai Lastra has demonstrated. Mason apparently utilized two principal collecting methods to gather this wide array of folk materials. For his own field collecting he concentrated on the mountain town of Utuado, with its peasant jibaro population, and the coastal town of Loiza, with its black population. these towns adults wrote out material for him, and he recorded mostly adult men on wax cylinders (Lastra 534-38). The bulk of the collection, however, came from schoolchildren all across the island. Working with E. M. Bainter and the Puerto Rican Department of Education, Mason coordinated massive effort in which teachers in the various municipal districts had their students write out the material. Mason himself oversaw this project, traveling to towns and villages and up mountainsides to talk with teachers and students in schools all over the island and to listen to their riddles, songs, and tales (Mason, Riddles 423; Mason, Folk-Tales [1922] 103). Aurelio M. Espinosa, editor for many years of Hispanic issues of the Journal of American Folklore, supervised publication of the collection. Espinosa edited the material and published it in ten issues of the Journal between 1916 and 1929. fact, the fall issue of 1926 was devoted entirely to the collection. Mason was good Boasian, more interested in the text than in the context. The tales, riddles, and songs are published with no information about the performers or the performances, not even clarification as to whether the particular pieces were collected orally or in writing. …