Schools In Chicago Research Articles

Angiotension II receptor blockade and hypertensive nephropathy

Angiotension II receptor blockade and hypertensive nephropathy

This is a test: one girl's fight with cancer.

"This is a Test: One Girl's Fight with Cancer" is the award-winning play written by students at Washington Irving School in Chicago, Illinois. It follows the life of Shenita Peterson, from the first twinges of what was to be diagnosed as bone cancer through her reluctant return to school, bald and on crutches. This Is a Test is a creative exploration of fear, memory, and healing as well as a staging of a struggle with life-threatening illness.

Radicality in Gynecologic Cancer Surgery: A Historical Perspective

In surgical gynecology the concept of radicality has long been closely associated with the surgical treatment of cervical cancer. Wilhelm Alexander Freund reported on the abdominal extirpation of a carcinomatous uterus in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) in 1878 [1]. His contemporaries and pupils immediately recognized that any hope of therapeutic success would require shifting the plane of resection laterally into the parametrial tissue in order to totally remove disease that had exceded the confines of the uterus [2]. Freund and his pupils also removed bulky, grossly positive lymph nodes. Emil Ries, who went from Strasbourg to the Postgraduate Medical School in Chicago, is the father of modern lymphadenectomy. In an almost prophetic presentation in Frankfurt, Germany, in March 1895, Ries laid out the theoretical basis for a systematic lymphadenectomy with removal of grossly normal node-bearing tissue [3]. He performed dissections in cadavers and dogs and postulated a therapeutic effect before actually having done such an operation in a patient. In 1897 Ries described his surgical technique in two patients [4]. He showed that grossly normal nodes could already contain cancer deposits and also pointed out that removing the lymphatic fatty tissue made it easier to remove the parametria. Notably, he dissected out the ureter all the way to the bladder, permitting him to resect a large part of the connective tissue around the uterus. In a postscript to his second publication, Ries went to some lengths to show that he gave Clarke’s chief Howard Kelly, and thus presumably Clark himself, the idea for the lymphadenectomy component of his radical operation [4]. Ries laid the groundwork for integrating lymphadenectomy with an extended hysterectomy to a truly radical operation. Later Joe Vincent Meigs [5] and Ernst Navratil built upon and carried out this same strategy. It was Ernst Wertheim’s accomplishment to systematically develop, apply, tabulate, and analyze what he called ‘‘The extended abdominal operation for carcinoma colli uteri.’’ His landmark monograph in 1911 demonstrated that it was possible to cure locally advanced cervical carcinoma with surgery [6]. He also showed that the abdominal approach was not inferior to the vaginal approach, as advocated by Friedrich Schauta, with regard to surgical complications and therapeutic results. Wertheim considered the ‘‘possibility of resecting a large extent of the parametrium and in advanced cases to isolate the severely fused organs’’ a particular advantage of the abdominal approach. Wertheim followed a systematic surgical plan and noted that dissecting out the ureters does not in itself constitute a radical operation (Fig. 1). The idea of gynecologic oncology did not yet exist when I began my gynecologic training on the recommendation of Isidor Amreich at the department in Graz chaired by Ernst Navratil in 1954. Nonetheless, cancer treatment was a major challenge at large central hospitals, demanding large material and physical resources. The central problem of gynecologic cancer surgery was still cervical cancer. Before the effects of screening and early detection methods had come into full effect, most of the patients we saw had very advanced disease. But the problem was not only the relative frequency of the disease. It was also the treatment, particularly surgery. Radiation therapy was reserved for locally or medically inoperable patients. If the carcinoma had not yet advanced to and become fixed at the pelvic wall, the goal of treatment was radical surgical excision. Even the radiation therapists, aware of their own modest results, referred patients they still considered operable to the gynecologic surgeons. Navratil was a pupil of the Schauta school, which was continued by von Peham and Amreich [7], but in Vienna he also became familiar with Wertheim’s department. Navratil’s early passion was vaginal surgery, and many noted gynecologic surgeons of the day came to Graz to see his technique of radical vaginal hysterectomy. I remember him performing his 1000th Schauta procedure in the early 1960s. I believe that Meigs, who visited our department in 1956, converted Navratil to the abdominal approach to cervical cancer. Meigs [5] had improved Wertheim’s technique by integrating it with Latzko’s anatomic approach [8] and an uncompromising pelvic lymphadenectomy. In a way, he was retracing Emil Ries’s footsteps. In 1954 surgical radicality focused on excision of the parametrial tissue and a large as possible vaginal cuff. Surgeons prided themselves on photographs of their surgical specimens with the parametrial tissue spread out and the vaginal cuff opened. In those days the histologic diagnosis of a biopsy GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 70, 172–175 (1998) ARTICLE NO. GO985069

Taking stock at The Green Journal

Taking stock at The Green Journal

Symposium: Nationalist Ideologies, Neighborhood-Based Activism, and Educational Spaces in Puerto Rican Chicago

In this article, Ana Ramos-Zayas argues that schooling cannot be divorced from the political and socioeconomic forces governing neighborhood development. She focuses on the role of grassroots activists with a nationalist agenda (i.e., in favor of independence for Puerto Rico) in community-based educational projects in Chicago, particularly the Pedro Albizu Campos High School (PACHS), a compelling example of the potential of an educational project based on a nationalist ideology. For Puerto Ricans, the question of the political status of the Island—future U.S. state, commonwealth, or independent nation—has been debated for the past one hundred years. For the students and teachers of PACHS, independence, and an education based on the principles of Puerto Rican self-determination, is the only option. Ramos-Zayas argues that an oppositional education based on such a political ideology is a powerful, yet largely untapped, resource for creating successful ethnoracial youth and popular education programs. She contends that, in a community considered among the poorest of the poor, where Puerto Rican youth continue to drop out of high school, join gangs, and experience the most inhuman consequences of poverty, such a successful social initiative must be considered carefully. She points out the irony that this nationalist ideology—which encourages critical appraisal of U.S. policies toward Puerto Rico and of the ideology of the American Dream—actually encourages high school students to pursue mainstream mobility routes, such as abandoning gangs, finishing high school, and enrolling in college. The powerful, positive presence nationalist activism among Chicago Puerto Ricans is undeniable, as is the sense of hope and possibility that students and barrio residents experience at Pedro Albizu Campos High School and other community development projects in Chicago.

Practicing Medicine and Practicing Anthropology Can be Complementary: A Physician-Anthropologist in Academic Geriatric Practice

First I was an urban anthropologist, then I was a medical anthropologist on the faculty of a university medical center. Then I went to medical school, completing undergraduate, graduate and fellowship training in internal medicine and geriatrics. At first I thought of myself as an anthropologist in medical school, a privileged participant-observer of the making of doctors in the United States. Ten years out of medical training I think of myself as a physician. I am responsible for the outpatient and inpatient care of elderly patients. I am also the medical director of a nursing home. I am teaching faculty for medical students and medical residents at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago where I give both lecture and bedside instruction in the finer points of geriatric differential diagnosis and medical management. Occasionally I volunteer for teaching duties in ethics and humanities. Yet my funded research is more recognizably applied anthropology. With funding from the Illinois Department of Public Health and from the United States Army Breast Cancer Research Fund, I direct a research and intervention project to increase use of early cancer detection among older immigrant women in Chicago. In this article I will describe the research, but my principal focus will be on the role of anthropology in my practice as an academic geriatrician.

Researchers Help Chicago Schools Onto the Internet

CHICAGO-- A pathbreaking collaboration between the University of Chicago and the city's public schools has brought fast Internet access--and the tools and training to use it--to 12 neighborhood schools. The project, called CUIP for Chicago Public Schools/University of Chicago Internet Project, is serving as a pilot for a bold plan to hook all 557 public schools in Chicago to the Internet, and it is being viewed as a model for similar collaborations in other cities. It's also a rare example of topflight researchers getting out of their labs to help solve a problem that many have been wringing their hands over for years: U.S. schoolchildren's lack of interest in or appreciation for science.

Pioneers in oral biology: the migrations of Gottlieb, Kronfeld, Orban, Weinmann, and Sicher from Vienna to America.

Following the annexation of Austria by Hitler's Germany in 1938, officials at the eminent University of Vienna Medical School purged faculty ranks of Jews. Among those forced out were several distinguished physician dentists, several of whom emigrated to the United States. The assimilation of foreign-trained dentists raised questions at national meetings of the AADS and the National Association of Dental Examiners. Already existing ties between dental schools in Chicago and the University of Vienna, including the 1928 appointment of Rudolf Kronfeld to the faculty at Loyola, led to the relocation of Balint Orban, Harry Sicher, and Joseph Peter Weinmann in that city. Bernhard Gottlieb, who had been director of the Dental Institute in Vienna, transplanted less easily, but eventually found a niche at the Baylor College of Dentistry in Dallas. The careers of the Vienna dentist-scientists strengthened the scientific foundations of clinical dentistry in the United States, contributed to the development of a stronger research establishment, and enlarged the scope of oral biology.

Beyond the Trees

In early 1991, the Chicago-Kent Law Library embarked on a project to change the nature of the Information Center- to increase its efficiency and effectveness, to improve its cash position and, most of all, to remove the physical barriers presents not only by the building, but the very books and aterias themselves . This was when the Information Center began to offer access to its own materials electronically. The goals of the projecyt are outlines. The changes are analysed

This Side of the Mountain

This Side of the Mountain Sidney Saylor Farr In the Summer 1996 issue of Appalachian Heritage, four people wrote about their different viewpoints of growing up in Appalachia. Reading and editing those pieces for publication brought to mind my own life in Southeastern Kentucky. It is said that immigrants need three generations to become Americanized, but that Appalachian people only have one generation in which to do it. It is a great psychological bridge from the mountains to wherever we go. For generations mountain women knew where their place was and how they fit in their various roles. Their strength and independence grew from their ties to the land and to families. Everyone worked to help the family survive. The women were strong and used to defending their own against the outside world. The roles mountain women have played since early pioneer days have changed. Land that once nurtured them and their livestock does not look the same any more. Many mountain women have moved with their families "up north" hoping for a better life. Yet they found that people there had not woven a garment of love and welcome for them, and often classified them as ignorant hillbillies, too lazy to work or do much of anything else. With this kind of stereotyping, it was hard for them to keep in mind that they were once individuals, making a difference in their communities at home, and that they were still the same people, only farther away from home. Can we ever measure or weigh the worth of a human being? How does one make the transition from a traditional society into a modern society and keep any realistic image of self? I am the oldest of ten children from far back in Bell County, Kentucky . Father worked in the timber woods when he could. We ate what we grew on the place or could glean from the hillsides. Just about everything was made by hand, and we had little contact with people outside the region. I married when I turned fifteen. I wanted to go to school, but Father said no. There was no money for me to be a boarding student at the Red Bird Mission School or the Pine Mountain Settlement School. We would not take handouts from those people, he said. My introduction to the world beyond the mountains came when I was nineteen. Missionaries from the Red Bird Mission came to Stoney Fork to start a community center and build a church. I thought the missionaries were perfect people. They brought me books to read, taught me to play the piano, and told me about Chicago, New York, San Francisco, Europe. I decided that if I were to live in a town or city some day, I'd need to talk and act like city folks did, much to the disgust of my family and friends. However, I was more driven to "get above my raising" than they ever imagined. I worked for my high school diploma by correspondence from the American School in Chicago, graduating in five years. In 1960 we, as thousands had done before us, went to a big industrial city to find work. I worked doubly hard to prove that I was worthy, even if I was from Appalachia. However, in this new environment I never told anyone voluntarily of my origins. But I managed to fit in very well while learning first-hand about things I had only read about before. Away from the mountains, I was dreadfully homesick for them. To alleviate some of the pain I felt at that time, I began writing about the mountains and my people. In 1962 we moved to Berea and in 1964 I began working for the Council of the Southern Mountains on the staff of Mountain Life & Work, a quarterly publication. There I was again brought face to face with my people and Appalachia. The council was involved with the War on Poverty; college students, community activists, social workers, and educators came in on a wave of money from Washington, D.C, and streamed out into the mountain communities to live and work. Although I was not directly involved in the social...

Politicians, AIDS Experts Wage Budget Debate

A NEW REPORT that recommends restructuring federal AIDS research has reignited a tug-of-war over who should control the purse strings for such research. During a news conference last month in Chicago, Ill, a trio of AIDS experts called on a small group in Congress to restore full spending authority to the Office of AIDS Research (OAR) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The promise of AIDS research is very much at risk because of these debates, said Mathilde Krim, PhD, chair of the American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR). Krim was joined by Mark Harrington, policy director of the New York, NY—based Treatment Action Group, and Steven Wolinsky, MD, associate professor of medicine at the Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago. Harrington and Wolinsky were among the 114 scientists, academics, drug company representatives, and community advocates who conducted a sweeping review of the $1.4 billion NIH AIDS research effort.

A Short Biography of Abraham I. Braude

chief until his death in 1984. We are grateful to the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and to the University of Chicago Press for underwriting the costs of publishing this symposium. Abraham I. Braude was born in Chicago on 15 June 1917. His father was an obstetrician. After attending high school in Chicago, he enrolled at the University of Chicago when he was only 16 years old. After graduation, he attended the University of Chicago Medical School and graduated in 1940, at the beginning of World War II. After only 1 year of internship at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, he was drafted into the U.S. Army Medical Corps. He served in Puerto Rico and Burma, and his experiences with tropical medicine while he was in the army influenced his choice of the subspecialty of infectious diseases as a career. After the war, he went to the University of Minnesota to finish his residency in internal medicine and to join Wesley Spink's laboratory, where he received his infectious diseases training and earned a Ph.D. in microbiology. Spink's laboratory was an exciting place for a young investigator. In 1951 the laboratory became the World Health Organization's center for brucellosis research in North America. From the results of a series of animal experiments, Braude was able to describe the natural history of Brucella abortus infections and to show that Brucella was an intracellular pathogen [1, 2]. Abe contracted brucellosis while working in the laboratory; he always felt that this experience made him a better doctor. The work on brucellosis led him to another

The Role of ESL in a Dual Language Program

Abstract This article paints a portrait of Inter-American Magnet School in Chicago and the role of the ESL program within the school. Inter-American Magnet School was founded 21 years ago by two parents who wanted their own children to be educated in a Spanish bilingual, bicultural program that welcomed children of all backgrounds. The school now serves 630 children in a kindergarten through eighth grade program. The school's Latino, African-American, and European-American students learn together in Spanish and English in a setting that fosters literacy and fluency in two languages, high academic achievement, and multicultural pride and tolerance. English is one of the two second languages that students are learning in the school, and is taught both in the classrooms and in a pull-out program.

Catholic Elementary Schools in Chicago's Black Inner City: Four Modes of Adaptation to Environmental Change

This article summarizes qualitative research on Catholic elementary schools in Chicago's black inner city. It describes jour categories of schools that emerged as a result of in-depth interviews with pastors and principals of thirty-three schools. These categories represent the basic approaches schools used as they attempted to adapt to radical changes in their populations and environments. The paper analyzes the factors influencing approaches to adaptation and examines the organizational effectiveness of each mode. Using an organizational framework, the author explores the relationship between resource dependency, autonomy, and institutional legitimacy.

Linking Governance Reform to Schooling Opportunities for the Disadvantaged

Public school systems are increasingly experimenting with decentralized governance. This article examines the extent to which decentralized governance at the school site has an impact on instructional and curricular organization for disadvantaged pupils at the classroom level Using descriptive information gathered from four inner-city elementary schools in Chicago and Albuquerque, this study finds that strong professional control over program decisions remains intact regardless of the extent of parental empowerment.

Summary of the Urologic Section

A meeting of the Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics was held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics in Washington, DC, October 30 through November 1, 1993. This meeting continues to be the most significant scientific program for pediatric urology. Two hundred ninety-three abstracts were submitted worldwide, and the competition was fierce for the 91 accepted podium and poster presentations. Chairperson, Casimir F. Firlit, MD, PhD, of North-western University Medical School and Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago, IL, presided over the meeting. The papers that were presented at this meeting and that are of interest to the practicing pediatrician are summarized in this article according to topic. URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION This group of papers investigated both clinical management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction as well as some basic research concerns, all to determine what is the best method of management for newborns and young children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Early diagnosis by prenatal ultrasonography has only complicated decision-making processes relative to appropriate therapy. The combination of research protocols to evaluate the effects of obstruction as well as appropriate methods of management were presented. Thomas et al, from Leeds, determined that the renal pelvic diameter measured on a 16- to 24-week fetus could help to determine ultimate renal function. If the in utero ultrasonograph revealed a renal pelvic diameter of >15 mm, impaired renal function was the determination. However, those kidneys that had a renal pelvic diameter <5 mm would have normal renal function even though hydronephrosis would be present at the time of birth.

Livin' the Blues: Memoirs of a Black Journalist and Poet.

Frank Marshall Davies (1905-1987) was a prominent African American poet and journalist in the 1930s and 1940s. Although not as familiar a name as his contemporaries, Zora Neale Hurston, Richard Wright, Gwendoline Brooks and Langston Hughes, Davis was a significant figure during the Depression and the Second World War. He wrote and published four collections of poetry in the 1930s and 1940s. Man's Verse (1935), I Am the American Negro (1937), Through Sepia Eyes (1938), and 47th Street: Poems (1948). Davis turned his back on a sustained literary career by moving to Hawaii in 1948. There he cut himself off from the busy world of Chicago writers and virtually disappeared from literary history, until interest in his work was revived in the 1960s Black Arts Movement, which hailed him as a pioneer of Black poetry and established him as a member of its canon. Because of his early self-removal from the literary limelight, Davis' life and work have been shrouded in mystery. His autobiography offers us a chance to rediscover this poet and writer and stands as an example of Black autobiography, similar in form, style and message to those of Langston Hughes and Richard Wright. In addition to his writing achievements, Davis was an editor for several African American newspapers in the 1930s; the Chicago Evening Bulletin, the Chicago Whip, the Chicago Star and the Atlanta World. In the early 1940s he began teaching what he believed to be the first history of jazz course at the Abraham Lincoln School in Chicago, and in 1945 he began broadcasting his own radio jazz show, Bronzeville Brevities on WJJD in Chicago. Active in the civil rights movement, Davis served as vice chairman of the Chicago Civil Liberties Committee from 1944 to 1947 and was a member of the national board of the Civil Rights Congress from 1947 to 1948. His autobiography chronicles the unravelling of Davis' negative self-image and suggest how he was able to construct a healthy, self-assured life. The common thread connecting the disparate events of Davis' life is the blues. By rooting itself in a blues sensibility, his life story is one of triumph over economic hardship and racial discrimination. He captures what it was like to grow up black and poor, struggling towards both economic and emotional self-sufficiency.

Computers in the Kindergarten∗

The computer use of two classrooms of kindergarten aged children in private school in Chicago were compared for variance in terms of the age and sex of the children, for variance by classroom, and for variance in the software selected. The major statistical method used was analysis of variance. There were two dependent variables: total frequency of computer use and the difference between the frequency in the first half and that in the second half (in order to examine the changing pattern of computer use in the two classrooms). There was no significant difference in computer use by sex or age, but there was a significant difference in the frequency of computer by classroom in the second half of the project compared to the first half. There was no significant difference in the software selected. ∗ This research was completed with the help of a Committee on Research Grant from Northeastern Illinois University.

School improvement processes: A comparative study of Chicago high schools

AbstractHow well do market pressures contribute to school improvement in high schools of choice? This chapter evaluates the relation between markets and reform by comparing two Catholic and two public high schools in Chicago.

Industrial and Commercial Training

After 25 years of studying IBM, General Electric, Polaroid and Xerox, Professor Brian Quinn of the Amos Tuck Business School in Chicago, found that not one major product had come from the formal planning process. Instead, many successful innovations had come from the “wrong” places — from people with an obsession about something, from people who stumble on to something by accident, or from people who found a new use for an existing product.