School Of Anthropology Research Articles

Koncepcje eugeniczne w polskiej nauce kryminologii w okresie międzywojennym (aspekty prawno-kryminalne)

The aim of the article is to show the role of eugenic concepts in the views of Polish legal criminologists looking for solutions to reduce crime. One way they considered was castration and especially sterilization of criminals, believing that the propensity to commit crimes is hereditary. These concepts raised great moral and ethical doubts as well as legal ones. Most of them met with opposition from Polish lawyers, but were still popular due to the influence of the anthropological school in the study of criminal law. In the 1930s, the solutions were adopted in German law.

Should Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Be Adjusted for Race?

Should Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Be Adjusted for Race?

Contemporary Chinese anthropology: reflections, developments and prospects

Since the 16th World Congress of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) was successfully held in Kunming in July 2009, Chinese anthropologists have been committed to exploring the new direction of Chinese anthropology, striving to build the discipline system of Chinese anthropology in the new era, thus making it a prominent discipline in the study of contemporary Chinese society. After more than ten years’ efforts, Chinese anthropologists have made great progress both in theory and practice, which is embodied in two aspects: the first one is interdisciplinary comprehensive researches and cross-cultural comparative researches based on the thinking and efforts of prestigious anthropologists such as Qiao Jian, Fei Xiaotong, and Li Yiyuan; the second one is the new direction and construction of discipline system of Chinese anthropology in the new era pursued by contemporary Chinese anthropologists. Over the past decades, significant achievements have been made in Chinese anthropology, especially in three aspects. The first is localization of anthropology with less dependency on Western theories and more self-dependence, so as to establish Chinese anthropological schools enjoying localized concepts and theories. The second is modernization of anthropology which demands more adaptability and less discipline inertia and calls for practical researches on current social topics and modernization transformation from the perspective of anthropology. The third is internationalization of anthropology to reduce discipline closeness by conducting overseas researches and exchanges, thereby strengthening international communication and cooperation.

The fundamental concepts of cultural anthropology applied in the theory and practice of the anthropological theater

This article explores the classical terms and concepts of cultural anthropology, which have found practical application in the performances, paratheatrical experiments and actions of the Polish experimental stage director Jerzy Grotowski (1933–1999) and collectives of the modern anthropological theater that continue the pursuits of Grotowski of the late XX century. The methods and terms of cultural (social) anthropology by A. van Gennep, V. Turner, M. Eliade, B. Malinowski and structural anthropology by C. Levi-Strauss give a better perspective on the specific terminological apparatus of Grotowski, unique practical discoveries of his works, and conceptual basis of theatrical anthropology as one of the paramount phenomena in the development of modern art. This article is first to discuss the problems of the emergence and formation of anthropological methodology as the framework for creating a scientific apparatus for understanding ritual-theatrical forms, as well as practical tool for artistic expression in the theatrical and paratheatrical experiments. Based on the fundamental works of the school of cultural anthropology, the author reveals the key terms of modern anthropological theater. As a result of studying the methods and approaches of cultural anthropology, the author determines the new unique technique of the modern Polish theater ensembles based not on the reconstruction of theatrical forms of the past, but rather reactualization of the mythological structures in the process of creating ritual-theatrical action.

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL LEGACY OF VOLODYMYR SHYNKARUK IN THE WORKS OF VITALII TABACHKOVSKYI

The emergence of various interpretations of the legacy of Volodymyr Shynkaruk is caused not only by the texts of the classic of modern Ukrainian philosopher and facts from the histo-ry of philosophical thought development in Ukraine in the second half of the 20th century, but also by the struggle of various narratives that already exist or are offered by philosophers to tell about the fate of philosophy in Kyiv in Soviet and post-Soviet times. The discussion about the identity of Volodymyr Shynkaruk's philosophy arose in the late 1990s and early 2000s in connection with the publication by V.H. Tabachkovskyi of a number of articles and chapters in books devoted to the interpretation of the figure of V. Shynkaruk as the founder of the Kyiv anthropological school. Vitalii Tabachkovskyi tried to substantiate and reveal a cer-tain narrative about the Kyiv Philosophical School as the central mainstream in the philo-sophical sixties, as well as a narrative about the phenomenon of philosophical sixties as a kind of manifestation of liberalism and dissidence regarding the official ideology and philos-ophy. Many distortions of the true meaning of the texts of Kyiv philosophers occurred through reading them not in their own context and meanings, but through guessing what similar philosophical concepts are in world thought. Vitalii Tabachkovskyi's method of anal-ogies and his attempts to look at Volodymyr Shynkaruk's work through the prism of analo-gies with modern trends develop in his book and many articles. Despite the desire to posi-tively accept Vitalii Tabachkovskyi's reasoning about Volodymyr Shynkaruk's philosophical views, we cannot do this, as his reflections at certain points obviously contradict Volodymyr Shynkaruk's texts.

КАК ВОЗМОЖНА ФИЛОСОФСКАЯ АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ, ИЛИ О РОЛИ ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ ОСМОТРИТЕЛЬНОСТИ И ПРОЗОРЛИВОСТИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЧЕЛОВЕКОЗНАНИИ

The article deals with the features of philosophical prudence and foresight as a methodological and world-view reflection of the presuppositions of modern humanity and its role in the critical analysis of modern scientific facts and arguments about human’s nature, essence and existence developed by the founder of the St. Petersburg school of philosophical anthropology B.V. Markov and also shows its originality in comparing with approaches in Western humanities

Imaginários da cibercultura a partir do pensamento complexo

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir conceitos, imagens e narrativas que constituem os imaginários da cibercultura. Partindo da importância da cibernética na constituição de um ciberimaginário, localizam-se as ideias-chave (comando, correspondência entre sistemas, transmissão de informações e retroação) e as vertentes de imagens que lhe são subjacentes, seguindo a perspectiva da escola francesa de antropologia do imaginário. Depois, este trabalho expõe discussões de Edgar Morin sobre a cibernética e as reabilitações que ele opera em seus conceitos e imagens a partir do pensamento complexo. Por fim, discute as limitações e potencialidades associadas à ciência do comando.

Diffusionism and Beyond in IR Norm Research

ABSTRACT This article suggests the relevance of diffusionism in discussing the past, the present, and the future of the International Relations (IR) norm diffusion literature. The paper argues, thus, that IR norm research has reproduced the diffusionist and beyond-diffusionist mechanisms and epistemologies that the anthropological research on culture diffusion has developed, and this has been consequential for the discipline. Accordingly, the diffusionism dominant in the mainstream IR norm research has led to the normalisation of normative hierarchies and power asymmetries between geographies in the diffusion context. The critical norm research, complementarily, while extensively criticising such biased scholarly practices, failed to diagnose the problem as diffusionism and thus failed to benefit from the informed conclusions the anthropological schools offered regarding beyond-diffusionism in diffusion research. The paper takes this as a basis for highlighting the necessity to further extend the dialogue between IR and social sciences and humanities on issues including diffusion.

Francisc Iosif Rainer. Biografia unui proiect de viaţă (1874-1944), Editura Oscar Print, Bucureşti, 2017. Adrian Majuru

The book, written by Adrian Majuru, is devoted to the life and work of Francisc Iosif Rainer (1874-1944), a professor of anatomy in Interwar Bucharest and Jassy who initiated a modern school of anthropology in Romania. Rainer would impose an holistic conception of anthropology, underlying the 'close relationship between biology, social environment and culture'. Francisc Rainer contributed to the establishment of the Institute of Physical Education and organized the teaching of artistic anatomy at the Academy of Fine Arts in Bucharest.

МНОГОМЕРНОСТЬ СОЗНАНИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМА ЕГО КОНЦЕПТУАЛИЗАЦИИ 3

It is investigated the problem of the construction of the integral concept of the consciousness, whose multidimensionality caused multivariance and, as a result, the fragmentariness of its philosophical interpretations. In this regard recognized heuristic concepts are, developed by representatives of anthropological school. It is substantiated the productivity of the idea of natural uncertainty of man, which allows to represent consciousness as a way of self-building of man.

Аspects of Post-Structural Anthropology of Eduardo Viveiros de Castro (Postmodernism as a Language of the Description of Amazonian Tribes’ Mythological Reality: the Trickster’s Simulacra in Shamanism)

The purpose of the study is to trace the origins of E. V. de Castro’s «poststructural anthropology», and the possibility of its application in Religious Studies in contemporary Russia. For the purpose of the study, the methods of description, historical and comparative analysis and modelling were chosen. The objectives of the study are: 1) to create an analogous 3D model of «the shaman’s universe», according to the factography of E. V. de Castro’s «poststructural anthropology»; 2) to verify its heuristic potential using the material of the belief in the existence of werewolves; 3) to verify whether the postmodern thesaurus, as a language of description, could be adequately applied to the worldview of Amazonian shamans. The author concludes that: a) the immediate origins of «poststructural anthropology» lie in the views of J. Deleuze and F. Guattari, and that the achievements of the British school of social anthropology and Cl. Levi- Strauss’s structuralism served as the general background for E. V. de Castro’s and E. Kohn’s work; b) the conceptual framework of postmodernism is able to serve as an appropriate language of description of the shamanic experience which was clearly demonstrated by Amazonists E. V. de Castro and E. Kohn; c) the shamanic model of the universe (the Chaosmosis) has sufficient heuristic potential to be applied to other phenomena of religion, mytho-ritual, virtual fantasy worlds, fairy tales, and folklore.

Totem symbols in decorative traditions of the peoples of pre-Columbian America: conflict or harmony?

The object of this research is a totem symbol in decorative tradition of the peoples of pre-Columbian America. The subject of this research is the images of jaguar in the art of the Aztecs of Mesoamerica. The images of a human and jaguar are captured on the metal, stone and clay artifacts of pre-Columbian civilizations that are available to the public in Mexico City National Museum of Anthropology, Peruvian Museum of the Nation in Lima, Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D. C. The research methodology is based on compilation of the results of fundamental research of the leading scholars of North American School of Anthropology. The article conduct a general systematization and brief analytics of scientific records on the specificity of Mesoamerican decorative tradition of totem symbols throughout an extensive period of time: 1500 BC – 400 AD (Olmec Civilization), III century BC – VII century AD (Teotihuacan Civilization), 900 BC – 200 AD (Chavín Civilization), 750 BC – 100 AD (Paracas Civilization), 2300 – 1200 BC (Kotosh Civilization), 1250 – 1470 AD (Chimú Civilization). The presented materials substantiate the thesis that jaguar as a totem symbol carried out the functions of unification and identification of ethnoses of Mesoamerica, reflecting relevant sociocultural trends at various stages of anthropogenesis. The novelty of this work consists in scientific systematization of the facts that the nuances of fusion of the images of human and jaguar in art objects of Aztec culture reflect a harmonious or turbulent frame of mind in pre-Columbian era.

The Science of Empire: Darwinism, Human Diversity, and Russian Physical Anthropology.

The article explores deployment of the Darwinian narrative of the "natural history of humanity" in Russian physical anthropology in the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. It traces two narratives developed by the leading Russian school of physical anthropology: one narrative advanced a universalist vision of collective scholarly enterprise working toward clarifying the missing links in the a priori accepted developmental evolutionary model. The other constructed a new language that undermined the idea of species/subspecies/races/nations/ as stable, externally bounded, and internally homogeneous units and attempted to rationalize imperial hybridity. The article's main focus is on the latter classificatory narrative, its relational methodology, and the protostructuralist units of comparison that it produced.

ИДЕИ СИНГУЛЯРНОЙ АНТРОПОЛОГИИ

The article considers and develops the ideas of singular anthropology, formulated in the philosophical Manifesto of the Moscow Anthropological School, from the point of view that philosophy is understood not as a love of wisdom, but as a conscious madness. Man here appears not as a biosocial being, and not as a rational being, but as a being dreaming in reality, as a being United in two persons, the duality and unity of which is interpreted from the position of singular events. They are the focus of singular anthro-pology, as events in which there is a transformation of what should destroy a person into what becomes his salvation, his new horizon of life

Is There an Ibero-American “Youthology”? A Conversation

This article reproduces a conversation between Carles Feixa and Maritza Urteaga, researchers in youth studies, whose paths converge in the critical study of contemporary youth culture. Carles Feixa, PhD, is Professor of Social Anthropology at the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona) and holds a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University of Manizales (Colombia). He was previously a lecturer at the University of Lleida, and has been visiting scholar in Rome, Mexico City, Paris, Berkeley, Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile, Newcastle and Lima. He has also been a public policy consultant for the United Nations and VP for Europe of the “Sociology of Youth” research committee of the International Sociological Association. In 2017 he was awarded the icrea Academia Award by the Autonomous Government of Catalonia and an Advanced Grant from the European Research Council. Maritza Urteaga, PhD, is Research Professor at the National School of Anthropology and History in Mexico City, and a level ii member of the National System of Researchers in Mexico. This conversation reviews Feixa’s career, from its beginnings in the 80s to the present, to determine whether there is something that can be called Ibero-American “youthology”.

PAOLO MANTEGAZZA'S VISION: The Science of Man behind the World's First Museum of Anthropology (Florence, Italy, 1869)

AbstractThis article examines some significant yet little‐known early anthropological achievements in Italy. These include the world's first museum of anthropology, founded in 1869 by Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910) at Florence (Firenze), Italy, where that same year he also established Italy's (and the world's) first cattedra (university professorship) of anthropology. Mantegazza sought to develop a unified “science of man,” with a broad definition of the new discipline that brought together human physiological, ethnographic, and “comparative psychology” collections within his new anthropology museum, later complemented by a companion “psychological” museum. Even though Mantegazza's Florentine school of anthropology ended under Fascism, today the surviving Museum of Anthropology in Florence is still the repository of important ethnographic collections from early Italian traveler‐explorers and other contributors. Their study was an important component of Mantegazza's science, which is receiving new attention by modern Italian anthropologists.

Paul T.W. Baxter: Photographing the Other-Than-Human

ABSTRACT This article revisits the work of the late anthropologist, Paul T.W. Baxter, re-reading his photographs and writing on pastoralism in northern Kenya through the prism of contemporary interest in anthropology in the ‘other-than-human’. It contextualises Baxter’s work within a wider school of anthropology of pastoralism, and his photography within wider photographic practice in anthropology and in the region of Kenya where he worked in the 1950s. We argue that his work – and that of others of the structural-functionalist era – offers rich detail that can be mined by later anthropologists with different theoretical interests and influences. In particular, his photographs speak – albeit partially – to a wider intertwining of human and animal lives in northern Kenya of the 1950s beyond his own focus on pastoralist livelihoods, an intertwining that resonates with current work on human–animal sociality.

Identity and difference of culturological and anthropological schools

Identity and difference of culturological and anthropological schools

Etnografía del municipio de Santa María Ostuma; tierra de la piña, leyendas y tradiciones

Se exponen los resultados de la investigación realizada en el año 2017, impulsada por un docente y sus estudiantes, de la carrera de la licenciatura de antropología -Utec, desde un enfoque de la antropología sociocultural, dimensionan las expresiones socio-históricas y organizativas-culturales del municipio, que surgen a partir de la producción y comercialización del producto insignia; “La piña”. Se explican las dinámicas locales como el emprendimiento económico, la proyección y construcción patrimonial tangible e intangible entorno a la fruta, que se ve manifestó en las creencias, la producción artística, las leyendas y tradiciones religiosas-espirituales, ejemplo de ello las palancas, las ferias de la piña y la mayordomía a la santa patrona la virgen de Candelaria, entre otras. El método aplicado fue cualitativo-etnográfico, desarrollando entrevistas, grupos focales, aplicando software para análisis cualitativo Nvivo, además se utilizó el drone, permitiendo un registro de lugares emblemáticos del municipio. Entre los resultados se menciona la piña como el producto por excelencia en el municipio; destacando la variedad de azucarón o india, que como se verá más adelante, es el fruto tradicional, a la que le llaman “el patrimonio Ostumeño”; confriendo un sentido de arraigo o pertenencia a los habitantes de la villa ostumeña.

До питання актуальності сучасних компаративних досліджень

The article analyzes the relevance of comparative research in the modern conditions of the global world. The forms of communication that are immanent for any culture, the development of another's experience of cultural being, intercultural interactions are determined. The significance of philosophy is deter- mined as one of the foundations contributing to the processes of forming dialogism as a cultural characteristic of ancient, and then Western culture. The culture-creating nature of the communicative, dialogical nature of Western culture is interpreted as an important basis for the emergence of a comparative historical method of studying cultural diversity. Attention is focused on the productive experience of cultural interaction that emerged in ancient Greece and developed by further followers in the Western world. The history of the development of the comparative tradition is traced through the delineation of the main factors, which, in their entirety, have become a favorable basis for the emergence of systemic research using the comparative method. Indicates the main trends of modern comparative searches and unsolved problems. The directions of the heuristic development of the future prospects of this method of cultural analysis are indicated. These include: a high level of dialogicity of ancient, and then Western culture; geographical discoveries of the New time; educational and cultural activities of representatives of the Enlightenment; the development of scientific knowledge in the direction of the penetration of ideas about the natural movement of social development from the natural sciences into the social sciences; the appeals and popularization of O. Conte of studying the "main laws" of social phenomena, including the comparative historical method; authoritative recognition of history and linguistics as a science in the nineteenth century; the idea of progressive progress of human culture; scientific activities of representatives of cultural schools of evolutionary anthropology, diffusionism, social anthropology.