Belgrade School Research Articles

Mass Murder in "Vladislav Ribnikar" Primary School: Victimization of Students, a Consequence of the Non-Existence of the "Safe School" Concept and Crime Prevention

The criminal event — the mass murder of students at the "Vladislav Ribnikar" school in Belgrade, on May 3, 2023, as a form of mass victimization of students, raised many questions, much more in the lay world and significantly less in the scientific or professional public: Was it possible recognize from the student’s behavior that in the future (immediate, near, distant, upcoming. . . ) he will take action to take the lives of students in the school he attends? Can we talk about the statistically inevitable "Black Swan" in the attack on students? Is the attack on students a consequence of the perception of school security in the security system of the Republic of Serbia? Research results show that such attacks can be predicted and prevented. Furthermore, based on the results of the research, it is concluded that in the Republic of Serbia in 2001, a pilot program of the “Safe Schools” model was launched, which lasted for four years and after 2004, it stopped being implemented as part of the prevention of crime in the local community through the program "Safe Communities". The research results show that in the Republic of Serbia there is no: "Code of school safety and safety behavior"; Law on safe school, students and school staff adopted by the National Assembly; “Declaration on the safety of students, teachers, professors and the school” as an initial document for the safety of the school, students and teachers; "National Center for School Safety"; "School Safety Office" in cities and local governments; personnel for auditing school safety; training for leadership in school security, and does not understand that the application of layered protection of students and the school as elements of support for the educational process, students, school staff and the school is necessary.

Fatigue crack growth simulation by extended finite element method: A review of case studies

AbstractNumerical simulation of fatigue crack growth (FCG) is presented, based on the application of the extended finite element method (XFEM). Couple of case studies are presented, as a review of recent experience of the Belgrade school of XFEM simulations, established at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Case studies comprised Charpy specimen with initial crack at the notch tip, oil rig pipe with an axial surface crack, pressure vessels with a crack at the welded joint with connecting pipe, turbine shaft with a crack at the transition radius, optimization of a wing spar in respect to FCG, the effect of mesh size on fatigue life estimation of a stringer panel, fatigue life estimation of wing‐to‐fuselage connecting lug, geometry effect on fatigue life of orthopedic plates and fatigue life of hip implant. Based on these case studies, XFEM is discussed in respect to its accuracy and efficiency. It is concluded that XFEM is a versatile tool for simulation of FCG, providing an excellent option for precise and reliable fatigue life of a cracked component.

Upotreba mobilnih telefona tokom nastave među učenicima srednje medicinske škole u Beogradu - studija preseka

The frequency of mobile phone (MP) use and the way students use them in school vary depending on the level of education, i.e., the age of the student, but also on the school, i.e., how it regulates its use. Many teachers stimulate the use of MPs during class, but by directing these activities to the topic being taught, knowing that an MP is an integral part of school supplies for a "digital native", both outside and inside the school. The purpose of this research was to determine the extent to which students used mobile phones in class and what their attitude was to the use of MPs during school activities and its impact on school performance. The research was designed as a cross-sectional study. The respondents were students of the Secondary Medical School in Belgrade, Zvezdara and represented a suitable sample, taken in one day in both teaching shifts, using an anonymous questionnaire filled in on a voluntary basis. A total of 152 students were included in the study, of which 114 (75.0%) were female. Most students were in the third grade of secondary school (45.4%). Respondents who expressed a higher degree of agreement with the claim that they used MPs in every class were significantly older (p=0.001) and had a significantly lower average grade (p=0.020). The statement that MPs had a negative impact on their concentration was agreed with by 59 students (38.8%), while 43 (28.3%) agreed that MPs distracted them from the important moments in class. The belief that MPs could contribute to the improvement of the teaching process quality was held by 126 (82.9%) respondents. Students who believed that MPs could contribute to the improvement of the teaching process quality agreed more with the claim that MPs had a negative impact on their attention (p<0.001) and concentration (p<0.001). Research has shown that almost a third of the students used MPs during class, even during every class, which was correlated with older age and lower average grades of students in the previous school year, as well as with the claim that they used it to suppress boredom. Younger respondents were more likely to believe that their mobile phone affected their concentration and success.

(NE)OPRAVDANOST SNIŽAVANJA STAROSNE GRANICE NASTUPANJA KRIVIČNE ODGOVORNOSTI U FEDERACIJI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

In the middle of 2023, a thirteen-year-old elementary school student in Lukavac (Bosnia and Herzegovina) shot a teacher with a firearm, causing him life-threatening injuries. It happened just one month after a much more monstrous crime had been committed by his peer in a school in Belgrade. Taking into consideration that in accordance with the positive (juvenile) criminal legislation in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, young persons of that age cannot be prosecuted by the criminal justice authorities, because the age limit for the onset of criminal responsibility is 14 years, in light of the aforementioned events, one of the vice presidents of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina submitted an initiative to the competent Ministry of Justice to amend the relevant legislation by lowering, or redefining the age limit for the onset of criminal responsibility. The paper presents different models of defining the age limits of criminal responsibility in comparative law, as well as tendencies related to their lowering, i.e. raising in the national laws of countries around the world in the last few decades. After that, the paper analyses the relevant international and supranational legal standards in this area, as well as the results of certain (neuro) scientific research related to this issue. Based on all of the above, it is concluded that the initiative to lower or redefine the age of criminal responsibility in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have a valid scientific and legal foundation and that it represents a kind of moral panic and penal populism.

Problematična upotreba mobilnih telefona i problemi mentalnog zdravlja adolescenata sa lakom intelektualnom ometenošću

In the last few decades, more people have been using mobile phones, even people with intellectual disabilities (ID). The most common consequence of excessive use of mobile phones is the emergence of mental health (MH) problems. This research aims to determine the predictors and correlation between problematic mobile phone use and MH problems in adolescents with mild ID. The sample comprised 54 adolescents of both genders who have mild ID and who attend the Vocational High School in Belgrade. The Problematic Cellular Phone Use Questionnaire was used to measure the characteristics of the respondents' use of mobile phones and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was used to measure MH problems. It was found that adolescents with mild ID have a statistically significantly high degree of problematic mobile phone use. Younger adolescents, those who use a mobile phone more time during the day and adolescents who use psychoactive substances have a higher degree of problematic mobile phone use. Girls have more MH problems compared to male adolescents. In addition, adolescents with mild ID who have a higher degree of problematic mobile phone use have more MH problems, and the presence of MH problems in one domain is positively correlated with the presence of others. In conclusion, we highlight the limitations as well as recommendations for future researchers and practitioners working with this population.

NURSE EDUCATION YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW

The traditional orientation of the international organization of the Red Cross to support and raise nursing as a relevant factor in the achievement of goals and the transfer of work programs towards the protection and improvement of people's health, contributed to the Red Cross of Serbia developing its activity towards the increasingly complex training of health care personnel. The path was covered from lower schools for child care workers in republican centers, through a high school for nurses in Belgrade, to the eminent higher school for nurses - "College in Simina Street", the founder, together with the health service, planned to employ the first generations in key places in the teaching bases of the school and in schools for nurses, in order to ensure quality staff for raising the level of professional work and for inclusion in the processes of education and upbringing of generations of nurses to come. The Higher Medical School in Belgrade was founded in 1958 with two departments: the Department of Senior Nursing Technicians and the Department of Senior Sanitary Technicians. The education of senior nurses in Serbia until 1973 was carried out in two schools, namely the Higher School for Nurses of the Yugoslav Red Cross and the Higher Medical School in Belgrade. Already in 1971, the idea of integrating the Higher School for Nurses of the Yugoslav Red Cross with the Higher Medical School in Belgrade was initiated. Since 2007, the transformation of the school from higher to high has begun, and a study program of basic vocational studies for nurses has been created. This programme was accredited by the decision of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia dated April 30, 2007. The goal of the program is the higher education of nurses who should be qualified to work in the field of theoretical and practical nursing and to take on responsible tasks for the protection and improvement of health. The school's specialist study programs have a clearly defined role in the system of higher education of nurses, and they follow on from the basic professional studies. The new study program for Vocational master's nurse - clinical nursing lasts two school years and is realized through five modules within the framework of theoretical work, exercises, independent work of students, professional practice in health institutions, and the preparation of a master's thesis under the supervision of a mentor.

The Action of the Saint Sava Society on the Formation of Identity among Serbs in Old Serbia and Macedonia

The Serbs in Old Serbia and Macedonia in the late 19th century, in national terms, were not recognized by the Turkish authorities. Their position in this region made it difficult for the Bulgarian and Greek propaganda and armed troops of Albanians, so the Serbs had to struggle to defend themselves and defend their national identity. One aspect of this struggle was the educational and cultural activity reflected in the establishment and development of the Serbian primary and secondary schools, the establishment of bookstores, and church-school communities. Support in all this was given by t he educational institutions, which had the task of minimizing foreign influences and using the potentials at their disposal to achieve national integrity. Thanks to their existence, at least for a short time, it seemed that the prevailing attitude was that the Serbs in those areas at the same time formed a bridge and an insurmountable gap between East and West. Besides the State government, support in dealing with educational issues was given by the Saint Sava Association established at the initiative of Svetomir Nikolajevic, professor of History and Literature at the Great School. Academic, political, and national activities of the Association were expressed through the establishment and work of Saint Sava evening, Preparatory and Theological-Teaching School in Belgrade.

JUVENILE OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS OF DIGITAL VIOLENCE

The authors are focused on the issue of digital violence among juveniles: factors, main characteristics, and responses to it. The paper is primarily based on the latest research results of judicial practice (of the Higher Court in Belgrade and the Higher Prosecution Office in Belgrade – Special Department for High-Tech Crime), data gathered by questionnaires filled out by juveniles from one secondary school in Belgrade, and other available studies on the topic. Some recommendations regarding the social response to digital violence among juveniles were made, having in mind General Comment No. 25 (2021) on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment adopted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child.

Učiteljica Marija Milutinović Punktatorka - prva žena pravozastupnik u Srbiji

The paper shows the development of legal representation in the Principality of Serbia, with a special focus on the professional participation of women in court proceedings, shown through the character and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, a teacher and the first female attorney in Serbia. In the judicial system of the Principality of Serbia, women were not prohibited from practicing law, which enabled an educated woman to pave the way for future women lawyers in the period of 'Little Serbia'. In the relevant literature, one can find rare texts in which the life and work of Marija Milutinović are mentioned casually and inconspicuously without an insight into the complete biography. By researching unpublished archival sources, significant information was obtained about the life and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, the wife of the poet Sima Milutinović Sarajlija and the mother of the architect and professor of the Grande école, Dragutin (Dragiša) Milutinović. Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was born in 1809 into the Popović family in Timisoara. As the 'first Serbian' teacher, she educated girls and thus strove for women in the 19th century to fight for their place in the society. She was educated in Buda, where she also studied several sciences privately, with a 'very good approach and accuracy'. After the death of her husband, in October 1848, she opened a private elementary school in Belgrade. Soon, in 1849, she entered the civil service and started working as a teacher at the state school in Belgrade near the Great Church (Saborna crkva), where she received a pension in August 1874. Marija Milutinović's main motive to engage in legal representation stemmed from humane motives and not from material benefit. She practiced law even during her married life. She charged wealthier people, whom she successfully represented and won lawsuits in court with large compensation-modest, symbolic sums, more as a reward than as a fee (Ignjatović, 1860, p. 24). Even after her husband's death (1847), she continued to practice law and fulfil her husband's bequest, providing legal aid and representing the poor free of charge, which reflected badly on her impoverished family fund (Javor, 1862-1863; 1874-1893, p. 350). During the working life of Marija Milutinović, legal regulations did not prohibit women from practicing law, nor did the prohibition result indirectly. With the entry into force of the Law on Legal Representatives (1862), the previous decrees and orders, which often ad hoc solved the issue of providing legal aid in the Principality of Serbia. Officially, Marija Milutinović did not submit a request to be recognized as a lawyer before the competent authorities because she did not graduate from the Faculty of Law. In a formal sense, Marija Milutinović was never recognized by the Ministry as having the right to call herself a lawyer. Based on the real facts, it cannot be disputed that Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was the first woman in the Principality of Serbia to engage in a free profession, in this particular case, legal work.

Društveni aspekti nasilja i uloga medija - između osude i apologije

The mass murders at the "Vladislav Ribnikar" Elementary School in Belgrade and in the vicinity of Smederevo and Mladenovac, in addition to general condemnation and anxiety of people, have also opened up many questions about dimensions of violence in society, everyday life and public space. And, as it usually happens after an event with such adverse consequences, the response to serious crimes is, above all, in the repressive sphere - in the increased presence of the state repressive apparatus, proposing stricter legal provisions and rhetoric in public space that is "coloured" by emotional responses to the issue. This period is followed by a review and analysis of various social processes and phenomena that, in a different manner, have contributed to the occurrence of such events. Therefore, on the pages of this paper, starting from the already postulated social experiences with violence in public space, in various times, in different localities and from different subjects, the attention is primarily focused on the social aspects of violence in reality. Although it cannot be said that the media are directly responsible for the recent massacres that have upset the Serbian society, the media narratives after these tragedies point to the presence of violence in the media that exceeds the limits of what is acceptable. The response of institutions and society, directed towards the incrimination of such media behaviour and public action, is imposed as one of the most important challenges faced by our society and state.

Razvijenost radnih navika i tehnika učenja kod učenika četvrtog razreda prilikom usvajanja istorijskih sadržaja - dinastija Nemanjić

Social changes in the 21st century require new competencies, and special emphasis is placed on learning to learn, regarding, the development of a learning strategy that will equip young people for life. The purpose of the study was to perceive working habits historical materials, specifically the teaching unit The significance of the Nemanjić dynasty for Serbia. The pedagogic value of the flipped classroom model was checked indirectly, through the observation of students' attitudes about the way of learning. The goal and tasks of the research required the application of the descriptive method, that is, the survey technique. We used a survey questionnaire, which we divided into three parts. In the first part, we analyzed the working habits of learning, in the second part, we examined the factors that affect students during learning - the teacher, the family, the grade. The third part of the questionnaire refers to the evaluation of the didactic apparatus in the mentioned teaching unit by the students. During March of the 2022/2023 school year, we conducted research in a Belgrade school on a sample of 84 students. The teacher directed half of the students to learning strategies, while the older brothers and sisters had no part in it at all. When using the textbook independently, the basic text with interesting facts helps the students the most, while the historical map, timeline and photo are in the background.

Dr Milutin Lj. Perišić (1873-1915), prilozi za biografiju jednog znamenitog Kragujevčanina

r. Milutin Lj. Perisic, a specialist in venereal and skin diseases and a deputy medical major, was born in Kragujevac into a civilian family with a long history of contributing high-ranking officials and officers to Serbia. As the child of an officer, he frequently changed his place of residence and education, attending primary school and gymnasium in Kragujevac, Nis, and Belgrade. He then pursued his education at the Law Faculty of the Velika Skola in Belgrade, but realizing that law was not his calling, he left his position as a court clerk and embarked on medical studies in Nancy, where he studied for six years at his own expense. After obtaining a medical degree and defending his thesis on "Syphilis in Serbia," he returned to Serbia in 1901. Shortly thereafter, he was appointed as a physician for the Kosmaj district. He spent time in Paris specializing in venereal and skin diseases, and from 1905 to 1914, he served as a municipal physician in Belgrade while also running a private practice. He was the first in Serbia and this part of Europe to apply "Ehrlich's treatment" for syphilis to his patients. During the Balkan Wars of 1912/13, he served as a physician for the Danube Artillery Regiment, and at the beginning of World War I, he assumed the position of the director of the Military Hospital in Skopje. Just a few months after the death of his wife Zorka, he contracted typhus and passed away as a result of the illness. He was buried at the Serbian military cemetery in Skopje. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Dr. Milutin Lj. Perisic's birth, it is an opportunity to remember this distinguished yet forgotten individual from Kragujevac.

Uspešnost u izvođenju različitih zadataka reprodukcije ritmičkih obrazaca dece predškolskog uzrasta, prvog i drugog razreda

Enrolment exam for music schools is an important moment when a child potentially, in parallel with attending general education, starts attending specialized, music education. In this paper we are questioning the existing concept of evaluating rhythmic abilities within the entrance exam for music schools. This evaluation currently includes duplicating rhythmical patterns, performed through one of two tasks: first one involves clapping the beat while performing the rhythmical patterns vocally, using the neutral syllable and the second one includes duplicating rhythmical patterns only through clapping. Nevertheless, in pedagogical practice the choice between the two tasks is usually arbitrary, since it is assumed that the results on both types of tasks would be similar. Furthermore, the level of difficulty of the given patterns within the test is arbitrary, since the teachers are usually inventing them "in situ" for each child. All respondents are evaluated in the same way, regardless of their age (which usually varies from 6 to 8). The aim of this paper is to contribute to the potential improvement of the quality and fairness of the enrolment exam for all participants, through investigation of the possible differences in the results of the same participants on two types of tests and comparing the results between the tasks with different level of difficulty, between the three age groups of children and between the two genders. The research was carried out within both - elementary school and preschool facilities in Belgrade and the sample consisted of 278 children. The results revealed that participants were more successful in the first type of task. Statistically significant differences were found between participants of different gender in their achievement in favour of girls and also between participants of different age groups, in favour of the second graders. Pedagogical implications were defined, regarding (1) transformation of traditional testing procedures regarding evaluating children's rhythmical abilities within enrolment exams in Serbian music schools, as a base for optimal selection of children and indirectly, optimal results of the teaching process in music schools and (2) the content of teaching and activities in elementary schools and preschools in the field of rhythm.

Počeci nastave jezika na Vojnoj akademiji u Beogradu

The subject of this research is the beginnings of language teaching at the Military Academy (Artillery School) in Belgrade, in the period from its establishment in 1850 to a few years after the end of World War I, i.e. until 1924, when reliable data and archival material date back, based mainly on the Memorial of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Military Academy. The importance of foreign language knowledge was manifold. In addition to a significant role in teaching professional subjects, given that the teaching process was, to a great extent, carried out according to translation of foreign textbooks, foreign languages also played a significant role in the development of the Serbian military doctrine, as well as the fact that there was a great influence of neighboring countries in the educational field of the military training. Also, cadets who were sent for education abroad were obliged to know the language of the country they were sent to. For enrollment, first in the Artillery School, and then in the Lower and Higher School of the Military Academy, the knowledge of French or German was mandatory. French was the first to be introduced into the curriculum, followed by German, while Russian, Italian and Turkish were introduced later. Throughout certain periods, Serbian was also taught as a subject. Due to insufficient data, as well as a lack of archival materials, the period after World War I has not been sufficiently studied in the military education historiography, which is why this paper is limited to the period from the establishment of the Military Academy to a few years after the end of World War I and the formation of a new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Women’s Organizations in Belgrade from the Last Quarter of the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries

This article considers the emergence and activities of women’s organizations in Belgrade from the last quarter of the nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. An attempt is made to show that their features, circumstances of formation, and activity are connected with the history of Serbian society from the second half of the nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Special attention is paid to the position and particular aspects of the life of Serbian women at that time, as well as the history of women’s education, in the context of which the Women’s Higher School in Belgrade is mentioned. This paper considers the foundation and work of several charitable and charitable patriotic societies and briefly presents the activities of the Serbian National Women’s Union, the Working Women’s Society (Consciousness), and the Secretariat of the Women of the Social Democrats. Attention is drawn to the great role of educated women in the foundation and work of such organizations, who were undoubtedly of outstanding personal qualities, and had the desire and opportunity to work for the benefit of society and the country. The attitude of Belgrade society and the state to their activities is also examined. It is emphasised that the “collective”, patriotic, and heroic principles characteristic of the Serbian worldview manifested in the nature and activities of a number of organizations. This occurred at a time when there were no real internal or external conditions for the development of a movement in favour of changes in the position of women in Serbian society or broadening their rights. The research is based, in particular, on the testimonies of some Russian observers (scholars-Slavists, travellers etc.) who visited or lived in Serbia in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which complement the idea of the overall picture of Serbian and Belgradian life at that time.

Upper primary school children’s cosmogonic ideas: Childhood and space

This paper collates research on the ideas about the origin of the universe and the planet Earth that pupils from Years 5 to 8 of primary school in Belgrade have. Such knowledge should open space for us to further analyse the attitude of young people towards science and the world it describes. With them, it is possible to gain a better insight into the basic ideas about reality that people build and adopt in general. The starting hypothesis is that pupils themselves create hybrid concepts that combine knowledge from classes, ideas from popular culture, and modern scientific theories that are available to them through various media. The cosmological knowledge offered to pupils in geography classes will be analysed, along with the popular discourse accessible to young people. Finally, a preliminary ethnographic study of pupils? cosmogonic ideas conducted on a pilot sample will be presented. The aim of the research is to understand the pupils? fundamental knowledge about reality, about the formation of a cognitive framework in which pupils inscribe their own ideas about the place of the Earth and life in space.

Informacione inovacije i efektivnost akademske biblioteke - primer biblioteke Fakulteta za inženjerski menadžment

Data management innovations in business and educational systems are especially reflected in the work of academic libraries. This paper shows how the application of new technologies and use of scientific databases affect the library activities, in relation to teaching and scientific activities. Data analysis indicates the connection between the needs of library users in higher education and the possibilities of library services, and thus explores the use value of library information resources and effectiveness of library operations in higher education. Case study of the Belgrade School of Engineering Management Library shows the response of users through the process of introducing innovations. Data on the use of the fund, access to scientific databases, monitoring the researchers' bibliographies show that activities at the academic library change and develop according to current user needs. As library and information resources became more comprehensive, the basis for education and scientific research becomes stronger. Traditional and modern approaches are not mutually exclusive, but complement each other. Leadership support and communication with teachers play key roles in planning innovations and activities at the library. In order to access current and reliable data, the paper emphasizes cooperation with related institutions, development and connection of information systems.

International medical student’s mental health: psychological distress and socio-cultural adaptation

Abstract Background The greater academic mobility and globalization have introduced a substantial number of foreign students to more universities. The lack of recent studies about their adaptation and signs of psychological distress arose an interest about this relevant issue. Recognizing the factors involved in the adaptation process are vital for international students, especially medical, as they are considered the future health-care workforce. Ensuring their well-being is essential for consumers safety, satisfaction and raising quality at lower costs. Thus, the aim of this research was to explore the predictors of psychological distress including socio-demographic variables and socio-cultural adaptation Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Belgrade School of Medicine, where 124 (65 males and 59 females) international students from 32 countries were interviewed using a socio-demographic questionnaire and psychometric tools such as Revised Socio-cultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS-R) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). Statistical analysis included prevalence data and multiple linear regression. Results The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was found to be 39%, 55% and 41%, respectively. Maladaptation to a new environment by lack of participation in the community and focus on own interests were significant predictors of depression (β = −.39, p< .01) and stress (β = −.36, p< .05), while anxiety was associated with both female gender (β = −.30, p<.05), self-centration and absence of community involvement (β = −.37, p< .01). Conclusions There is a high prevalence of anxiety followed by stress and depression among international medical students. The results highlighted the importance of cultural adaptation for psychological distress. This shows a requirement for developing an adequate, accessible professional counselling and peer support services for foreign students that are necessary to achieve sustainable development goals. Key messages Encouraging researchers to further investigate the needs of international medical students. The development and implementation of health policies addressing student’s mental health.

Iskustva učitelja tokom stručnog usavršavanja uz podršku facilitatora

The importance of facilitator support is given particular emphasis within the modern conceptions of professional teacher training. Starting with the premise that perceiving teachers' perspective is of vital importance for understanding this process, the goal of our research was to examine the experiences of teachers throughout continual professional training for the application of innovative teaching methods with the help of facilitators. By applying qualitative thematic analysis, we have examined audio recording transcripts created during 18 individual conversations that the facilitators conducted with three teachers from a primary school in Belgrade. The results of the research show that the experiences of teachers in this process are overall positive and that it prompted them to reconsider existing practices and implicit pedagogical beliefs, and introduced positive developments in their work. The individual work of facilitators with teachers founded on trust demonstrates potential when it comes to encouragement and maintaining teachers' motivation for implementing innovations and undergoing further professional training. We have highlighted the key implications of the obtained findings and provided guidelines for further research in the area.

Belgrade School of Electrochemistry

Belgrade School of Electrochemistry is not made of institutions, building, not even the community. It is made of people and their knowledge, achievements and results. It has no date of establishment nor defined start, and we hope it also won?t have an end. It was created as a result of several decades of scientists? efforts to accumulate knowledge and pass it on to future generations, to contribute with their research and results, to conquer new knowledge and advance the society as a whole. Its initiators and founders were not aware that they are starting something that will become recognised on a global level in the field of electrochemical science, they even didn?t want that ? they were simply devoted to their science and they tried to pass that devotion on to the future generations. The name Belgrade School of Electrochemistry appeared in the global electrochemical community even before we ourselves became aware of it, as a term which, first of all, defines one of the most important centres of electrochemical science in the world, and most definitely, the largest and the most developed in this part of Europe. It equally relates to the system of education and the importance and influence of the results and achieved knowledge of the scientists who originated from the Belgrade University on the world of electrochemistry.