School Football Research Articles

PELATIHAN VARIASI TEKNIK BERMAIN SEPAKBOLA PADA SEKOLAH SEPAKBOLA (SSB) PUTRA TRESNA BALI

Based on discussions with several SSB (Soccer School) Men's Tresna Bali coaches during football practice held at the Denpasar Flapa Field on October 28 2023, SSB students are expected to meet the requirements based on the PSSI. Coaches do not understand the variations and training stages of the Football Coaching Curriculum, and SSB students do not understand and master the training session model based on the PSSI Football Coaching Curriculum. Undirected soccer training programs and lack of knowledge are obstacles in developing quality young players in the future. Early childhood development is an important factor for countries to improve the quality of their senior players. Currently, the quality of early childhood education in Indonesia seems to be still low. Apart from that, some coaches and parents who have a big influence on children's interest in football still have minimal knowledge about how to use coaching information. The problems faced by the SSB Putra Tresna Denpasar City coach above are as follows: the coach is unable to organize and plan his training program properly based on the PSSI football coaching curriculum as well as a lack of coaching knowledge regarding training methods and stages. Football coaches, coaches do not yet understand and master the training session model based on the PSSI curriculum for football coaches. Based on these problems, training will focus on two aspects. SSB students will be able to understand the variations and stages of training based on the PSSI Football Coaching Curriculum. Second, so that SSB students understand and master the training session model based on the PSSI Football Coaching Curriculum. About the PSSI Curriculum for Football Coaches. The training program for implementing curriculum-based training programs is divided into five stages, namely the planning stage, activity implementation stage, observation stage, evaluation stage, and mentoring stage. This training activity will be carried out for four consecutive days, and of course mentoring activities will be carried out for two months after the activity. The target number of participants is 5 coaches and 32 SSB players, so the total is 37 people. The implementing partner for this service program is the Tresna Men's Football School (SSB) in Denpasar. Based on the results of the PKM football training activities, it shows that the suggestions in the problem formulation can be implemented well and appropriately. From the results of implementing this activity, there was an increase in knowledge and skills, as well as motivation and interest of young players and SSB Putra Tresna Bali students in practicing soccer games, especially basic variations. football playing techniques, the answer is high. This leads to improvement in personal skills of SSB students. Will be useful in the future

Modern approaches on the improvement of technical skills to students who are part of the football school team in primary school

Modern approaches on the improvement of technical skills to students who are part of the football school team in primary school

The effectiveness of small-sided games training on the passing accuracy of young soccer players

The research aimed to determine the effect of small-side game training on the passing accuracy of young soccer athletes Farmel Hatta Palembang. The research method used in this study is experimental. The research design used was a pretest-posttest group design. The sampling technique used in this study used all members of the population in a youth soccer team of 40 players. The analysis techniques used are normality tests, homogeneity tests, and paired sample tests using the SPSS program version 26. The result obtained from the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test) for the pre-test data was 0.56, and the post-test data was 3.28, so the data obtained from the pre-test and post-test were normal. The homogeneity test results show that the sig p is 0.633>0.05. Then the results of the hypothesis test obtained are t count 10.801 and t table 1.685 (df 39) with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000, so that small-sided game practice greatly influences the results of passing accuracy. Based on the research results on the impact of small game training, it fully affects the passing accuracy of young athletes of the FIFA football school Farmel Hatta Palembang.

Basic Football Skill Instruments for Indonesian Junior Players

Football skills instruments are needed by football coaches or practitioners to identify talents and evaluate the training process of each player. Currently, there are many types of football skill instruments, but instruments that are in accordance with the characteristics of Indonesian players and the Indonesian Football Development Curriculum (Filanesia) are not yet available. The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of football skills instruments that are suitable for Filanesia in order to obtain information on the needs, urgency, benefits, and draft models of these instruments. This research approach uses mixed methods, namely quantitative and qualitative. A total of 30 respondents were involved in this study, consisting of 25 football coaches and 5 expert lecturers in the field of football. Data was collected using questionnaires distributed through g-forms and through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) activities. Questionnaire results were analyzed using quantitative descriptive statistics. Apart from this analysis, data triangulation was used to analyse the result of the interviews and discussions during FGD. The results of this study indicate that a football skill instrument is very useful for coaches and players, and the urgency of developing a Filanesia-based football skill instrument model is very high. Thus, a draft instrument model has been produced for two levels of age groups (10–12 years and 13–16 years). Of course, this is an opportunity for further research, namely to validate the two draft models and measure their reliability so that the two test models can be used by football school coaches.

18 Months of Treatment with Triheptanoin in 2 Patients with Long Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders

Introduction:: Long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAOD) are inborn errors of metabolism, also identified in newborn screening in Portugal. They interfere with adequate energy utilization, namely by muscles, heart, and liver. Treatment aims to maintain patients in an anabolic state, with increased caloric intake, using carbohydrates and medium-chain fatty acids. Treatment with triheptanoin (THP), a synthetic seven-carbon fatty acid triglyceride compound with an anaplerotic effect that increases energy availability to the cell, has been advocated as an efficacious and safe therapy in LC-FAOD. Methods:: Retrospective revision of clinical records of 2 LC-FAOD patients comparing number, severity and admissions for rhabdomyolysis crises, maximum CK values and weight gain in a period of 18 months before and after treatment with THP. Results/Case Report:: Patient 1 is a 12 year old male with VLCADD, with main manifestation being rhabdomyolysis crises. After he started THP we found a decrease in admissions (6 to 2), less rhabdomyolysis crises treated at home (5 to 3), and lower maximum CK values (72352 U/L to 13.000U/L). He had a large increase in weight - 13kg in 18 months. He was able to start pool exercises with no rhabdomyolysis associated. Patient 2 is an 8 year old male with LCAHDD, with main manifestations being rhabdomyolysis crises and retinopathy. After he started THP we found a decrease in admissions (4 to 1), no rhabdomyolysis crises treated at home, and lower maximum CK values (100.000U/L to 19848 U/L). He also increased his weight - 7kg in 18 months. He plays football in school and swims with no rhabdomyolysis associated. In both patients, no major side effects were observed. Conclusion:: In our patients, we could observe a reduction in the number of admissions, and less severe rhabdomyolysis crises after THP use. The weight gain was significant. There were no major side effects. Despite regarding only two patients, our findings are in line with the latest literature on THP and LC-FAOD, reinforcing the utility of THP as one more tool in the treatment of these disorders with rhabdomyolysis as the main manifestation. The weight increase is an issue to be aware of and to address from the start of the treatment.

Pengaruh Latihan Shooting Bola Diam dan Shooting Bola Jalan terhadap Ketepatan Shooting Pemain Usia 15 Tahun Sekolah Sepakbola New Tugumuda Semarang

The purpose of this study was to produce a product for developing health education teaching The research objective was to determine whether or not the effect of street and silent shooting training on shooting accuracy as well as to analyze the type of training which was better for shooting accuracy. This type of experiment research uses a group pretest and posttest design. The study population was 24 students of SSB New Tugu Muda u15 Semarang City. The sampling technique used total sampling, so that the sample size was 24 students. The data collection technique used a shooting accuracy test. The data analysis technique used paired-sample t-test and independent-sample t-test. The results obtained information that (1) there is an effect of street ball shooting practice on shooting accuracy, (2) there is an effect of still ball shooting practice on shooting accuracy for players, (3) still ball shooting practice is better than street ball shooting practice on shooting accuracy shooting at a 15 year old player at the NEW Tugumuda Football School Semarang. Conclusion this research is that street ball shooting exercises and stationary balls have an effect on shooting accuracy and still ball shooting exercises are better than street ball shooting exercises.

IDENTIFIKASI CEDERA PADA SISWA SEKOLAH SEPAK BOLA INDONESIA MUDA DI KABUPATEN PURWOREJO TAHUN 2021

Injuries to Indonesian Young Football School students have a bad impact on students. The aims of this study were (1) to identify injuries to young Indonesian soccer school students in Purworejo Regency in 2021 and (2) to determine the factors causing injuries to young Indonesian soccer school students in Purworejo Regency in 2021. This research method used qualitative descriptive. . Data analysis was carried out by reducing data, presenting data, drawing conclusions and reporting research results. The results showed identification of injuries to young Indonesian soccer school students in 2021 That the results of the study showed identification of injuries to young Indonesian soccer school students in 2021 That the most common injuries encountered in young Indonesian soccer school students Purworejo were bruises, cramps, dislocations , Strains, Sprains, Wounds and Bleeding. Factors that cause injuries to young Indonesian soccer school students in Purworejo Regency are External Violence (causes originating from outside), Internal Violence (causes originating from within) and also Over Use.

282 Teaching CPR with resuscitation device in several children of a football school

282 Teaching CPR with resuscitation device in several children of a football school

Small-Sided Games 5v5: Improving Aerobic Endurance of Youth Football Players

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of small-sided games 5v5 on increasing aerobic endurance in football players. Materials and methods. This type of study is a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was Gama Muda Football School (SSB) players in Pasaman Regency (Indonesia), totaling 60 persons. Sampling was performed using a targeted sampling technique, so the sample was determined to be a maximum of 20 individuals. The players’ endurance capacity was determined by measuring their VO2max capacity. The study used the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IR Test) as an instrument to obtain research data. Data analysis in this study used the mean difference test (t-test) statistical method. Before testing our hypothesis, we first performed a normality test using the Lilliefors test. Results. After hypothesis testing, the results obtained show the value of t-count (10.15) > t-table (1.729), indicating that small-sided games 5v5 training effectively improves the aerobic endurance ability of young football players. Conclusions. The results of this study demonstrate that small-sided games 5v5 training can improve the aerobic endurance of young football players.

Organizational and practical features of rational training of 17-21-year-old football players during the transition to professional football

The article is devoted to solving the problem of managing the training of football players aged 17-21 during the transition to professional teams. The paper characterizes the modern system of long-term improvement in the context of preparing football players for performances in professional teams. The general problems of managing the training of football players aged 17-21 during the period of transition to professional teams are highlighted and the prospects for their solution are presented.
 It was revealed that the level of technical-tactical and special physical fitness of athletes after graduation from the children's and youth football school does not correspond to the model indicators of the players of professional football teams.
 The main reasons for the termination of sports by talented youth during the transition to professional teams have been established:
 
 non-compliance of psychophysiological functions and basic motor qualities of players aged 17-21 with the requirements of the training process and competitive activity of professional teams;
 sports injuries in interdependence with the educational and training process and competitive activity in the early stages of long-term improvement;
 demographic features of football activity.
 
 It has been proven that graduates of sports schools and youth football organizations need from three to five years to develop sports skills, functionality and their effective implementation in professional teams of different leagues in Ukraine.
 The article determines that the improvement of the training management of 17-21-year-old football players during the transition to professional teams is due to the qualitative transformation of two interrelated elements that are of decisive importance for the systematic development of young talents: the competition system and the training system.
 The results of the pedagogical experiment, which provided for the optimization of the content of training loads in accordance with the system of holding competitions among teams under 21, indicate that the indicators of special physical and technical-tactical fitness of football players have gradually improved. The 19-21-year-old athletes corresponded to the level of model data of the players of the professional teams of the second and partially the first leagues of the championship of Ukraine.

METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOTBALL GAME TECHNIQUE IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The traditional practice of playing football in school, means going through the technical-tactical elements of the game according to the analytical method. Each process is practiced, in order to learn, isolated, broken by the conditions of the game. No matter how adequate the methods and means used are, the exercises will not succeed in ensuring the complete, multilateral employment of the student, so that through the immediate and subsequent effects the major objectives will be achieved, which motivated the introduction of football in school. The practice of the integral game, with some simplified rules, ensures a much greater contribution and a special contribution to the involvement of football in the tasks of physical education. In the game, students are engaged multilaterally in the bio-psycho-motor plane, and the phenomena of addiction, teacher-student is diminished. During the game, the teacher intervenes in correcting some fundamental mistakes in the technical-tactical executions, or in interpreting the game rules. Integral play, however, cannot be practiced without the students having acquired a minimum of specific motor knowledge and skills. The teacher's mastery consists in knowing how much of the physical education lesson is given to learning the technical procedures separately, how much in conditions analogous to the game and how much time is allocated to the whole game. In addition to this time planning in the lesson, the teacher must also schedule new technical-tactical actions subject to the learning process and the consolidation of the technical procedures underlying the development of the game of football. Starting from the optimal, technical-tactical model of the graduate, the content of the training must be in accordance with this model and staggered on the requirements of their periodization and staging. This need is imposed by the practice of the game of football both in school - as a means of physical education, but also by the participation of students in school competitions reserved for them and which includes the entire mass of students. So, in the physical education lesson, the isolated learning of the technical-tactical elements and procedures will be short, insisting on their repetition and consolidation within the technical-tactical actions of the game, by practicing the bilateral game. The system of physical education and sports has a dynamic character, being subjected over time to changes and adaptations dictated by the social order, respectively by the state of society and its members, by technological progress and cultural level, by their aspirations. In the spirit of this dynamic, the steps of elaboration and revision of the school curricula in a curricular vision are revealed. This vision presupposes “a design in their interaction of objectives, contents, learning activities and evaluation principles and methods. The curriculum for physical education in secondary education reflects a new conception regarding the formation and complex development of the autonomous and creative personality of the students ”. The curricular area underlying the new curricula is a first step in decentralizing education, offering increased opportunities for choice, increasing the chances of an individualized teaching / learning process and increasing school autonomy in developing one's own curriculum. The methodical steps imposed by the new orientation of the physical education and sports activities in the school represent a challenge for all those involved in this process, "but the teacher will always remain the main creator of his lesson".

Football Passing Training Model Based on Game for Children (10-12 Years)

The purpose of this study was to produce game based football passing training model for kids (10-12 years olds) that can be applied in the exercise as well as football school or football club. This training model is expected to help trainers during the training session, especially in passing material. This study uses the ADDIE method. The result of the study resulted in a product in the form of game based football passing training model for kids (10-12 years olds) that was validated by three football experts as many as 8 models of ball possession method. Data were collected through documentation, interviews, and observations. Data analysis was carried out by descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. The result of the study were in the form of a game based football passing training model book for kids (10-12 years olds). The football passing training model can effectively improve the football passing skill of the kids athlete at the football school or football club. Based on the results of the study, it is proven that the football passing training model for kids (10-12 years olds) has been declared valid and effective and can be applied to kids (10-12 years olds).
 

Effects of Life Kinetic and Brain Gym Training Models On Working Memory and Concentration of Football Athletes

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of Life Kinetic and Brain Gym training models on working memory and concentration of junior football athletes and to examine the more effective training model, the Life Kinetic or Brain Gym training models, to improve working memory and concentration of junior football athletes. In this study, the researcher used a quantitative research using the true experiment and the pre-test and post-test two treatment design. The population of this study were all students of Saswco Bandung U-13 Football School, totalling of 26 people. The samples were selected using total sampling technique. Respondents were given the Life Kinetic and Brain Gym training models 3 times a week, carried out for 4 weeks. The instrument for measuring working memory was The Digit Memory Test, while the instrument for measuring concentration was The Amazing 1 to 50. The hypothesis testing analysis technique used was the Multivariate test. The results of the research for the Life Kinetic and Brain Gym training models on working memory and concentration was sig. 0.000 0.05, while the between-subjects effect test value was Sig. 0.000 0.05. It shows that there was a difference between Life Kinetic and Brain Gym training on working memory and concentration of junior football athletes. In conclusion, the Life Kinetic and Brain Gym training models can improve working memory and concentration of junior football athletes. Life Kinetic training had a better effect than Brain Gym training on working memory and concentration of junior football athletes. It is suggested that further research should recall information more specifically during matches and practices of football games by simplifying Life Kinetic and Brain Gym Exercises.

HUBUNGAN KOORDINASI MATA-KAKI DAN KELINCAHAN DENGAN KEMAMPUAN DRIBLING PEMAIN SEPAK BOLA SSB GUNUNG TUNGGAL TARAM KECAMATAN HARAU 50 KOTA

ABSTRACT
 The problem in this study is that the players' dribbling skills are still not good, it is suspected that it is caused by internal factors, namely the players' physical condition. These physical condition factors include agility, balance, leg muscle strength, leg muscle explosive power, eye-foot coordination, foot contact with the ball and so on. Researchers suspect that the physical condition factor that is considered the most dominant has a relationship and influences the dribbling ability variable, namely eye-foot coordination and player agility. This study aims to reveal the causes of the problems that led to a decline in achievement for the Gunung Tunggal FC Football School (SSB) players, Harau District, 50 Kota District.
 The purpose of this study was to determine the ability level of speed and ankle coordination on dribbling abilities in Gunung Tunggal FC Football School (SSB) players, Harau District, 50 Kota District. The data collection method uses a test survey method. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative descriptive statistical analysis. The population of this study were students of the Football School (SSB) Gunung Tunggal FC,
 Harau District, 50 Kota District. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, namely 26 SSB players. Data collection was carried out by measuring agility variables using the Illinois Agility Run Test, eye and foot coordination tests using the Eye-Foot Coordination Test/kicking the ball to a specified target and dribbling tests using the Dribbling Test.
 Data processing using multiple correlation There is a significant relationship between agility and Dribbling ability tcount 9.78 > t table 1.72 and r = 0.89. There is a significant relationship between eye and foot coordination on Dribbling ability, the results of calculating t count 5.79 > t table 1.72 and r = 0.76. Agility and Coordination of the eyes and feet on Dribbling ability From the results of data analysis obtained Fcount 10.78 > Ftable, there is a significant relationship between Agility and Coordination of Eyes and Feet together with Dribbling with Rcount = 1.46
 
 
 Keyword : Agility, Ankle, Dribble, Soccer

Analysis of Motor Ability on The Ability To Kick The Ball In Football Games

This study aims: 1) To find out how the motor skills of Syekh Yusuf's football school (SSB) students in Gowa Regency. 2) To find out how the ability to kick a football school student (SSB) Syekh Yusuf, Gowa Regency. 3) To find out the relationship between motor skills and the ability to kick a ball, SSB Syekh Yusuf students, Gowa Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive method with a quantitative approach to the type of correlational research. The population in this study were all students of SSB Syekh Yusuf, Gowa Regency. The sampling technique used simple random sampling consisting of 27 people. The results of this study: 1) The motor skills of Syekh Yusuf Gowa Regency Football School Students (SSB) tend to be in the very good category. 2) The ability to kick the ball in Syekh Yusuf's Football School Students (SSB) in Gowa Regency tends to be in the good category. 3) Motoric ability has a significant correlation with the ability to kick a ball in Syekh Yusuf's Football School Students (SSB), Gowa Regency, amounting to 20.2% with an R value of 0.449 and an Fcount of 6.311.

Prone plank test base core muscle strength contribution to anticipate the risk of ankle injury for soccer player

Rationale and purpose Football is the most commonly injured sport, especially ankle injuries. The number of risk factors associated with ankle injuries include warming up, coach knowledge, the physical condition of athletes, and socioeconomic circumstances of athletes. Ankles require strong muscles, especially for soccer players. activities that are too frequent and heavy will potentially cause injury. At the age of adolescents where in growth can affect the risk of injury that can affect in the future. Core muscles play an essential role in body control. The core muscle is vital for stabilizing the lower limbs and ankle joints. Core muscles can be measured with a prone plank test. Sensorimotor ankle mechanism joints are influenced against the risk of an ankle injury. Discussion for core muscle as an intervention against ankle injuries has been a lot, but predictions to anticipate the risk of ankle injury are very low, especially in football players. This study aims to determine the contribution of muscle strength using the prone plank test to anticipate ankle risk in football players. Material and Methods The study respondents were 44 student football players aged between 13-15 years. This study used product-moment correlation analysis. Results The results showed that core muscle strength contributed to the risk of ankle injury by 31.82%. In addition, the product-moment correlation showed that core muscle strength contributed to the risk of ankle injuries (p≤0.05). This research can be a reference for clinicians and coaches to better understand and increase core muscle strength training in anticipation of the risk of an ankle injury. Conclusions This study showed that the relationship between core muscle strength and the prone plank test could predict the risk of an ankle injury. It seems that an exercise routine for core muscle strengthening should be recommended at primary age. These programs should be concentrated and circulated early on in any long-term athlete training model to prevent the risk of ankle injury in football school students. Clinicians and coaches should consider incorporating core muscle strengthening into a daily exercise warm-up program as one of the most important elements and recommend that players do exercises at home. The results showed that predictions of core muscle strength could anticipate the risk of an ankle injury

Analisis Pembinaan Prestasi Cabang Olahraga Sepak Bola di Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Se-Kabupaten Pati

The purpose of this study was to find out how the development of football school achievement in the Pati district. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The object of this research is SSB Soegondo, SSB Bina Mandiri, SSB Basoka, SSB Regaloh and SSB Merpati Putra Karaban. The research data instrument was processed using the triangulation method. The results of the research conducted showed that, 1) Coaching includes the mass, nursery and achievement stages, 2) Recruitment of athletes without any special selection to join, 3) Recruitment of licensed training, 4) The training program implemented is good, namely there is physical exercise, mental training and technical training, 5) Completeness of facilities and infrastructure in good category but still need to be added to develop training, 6) Organization in SSB is structured and running smoothly, 7) Funding for SSB comes from the SSB student tuition. In conclusion, the SSB development process in the Pati Regency area has been going well, starting from student recruitment or holding tournaments, the existence of an organization, infrastructure, although it is not yet complete, but it is sufficient to carry out training and the achievements of several SSBs.

Pengaruh Latihan Menggunakan Target Gawang dan Ban Motor terhadap Akurasi Tendangan Penalti Siswa SSB Perwira Timur Purbalingga

A penalty kick is a great opportunity to score a goal in football game if taken accurately. Penalty kick accuracy training can be done with this target practice. This study aims to determine the effect of target goal training and motorcycle tires on the accuracy of penalty kicks.The method used is a quantitative experimental method. The sample of this study was 20 students of Football School Association Perwira Timur Purbalingga who were divided into two experimental groups using the A-B-B-A pattern.Based on the research, the average pre-test of experimental groups 1 was 13.40, post test 20,20, the difference in the mean was 6,80 with tcount = 11,129 ≥ ttable = 2,262. The average pre-test of experimental groups 2 was 13.30, post test 18,60, the difference in the mean was 5,30 with tcount = 6,380 ≥ ttable = 2,262 with a level of = 0.05 then ?? was rejected and ?? was accepted.The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant effect of practicing penalty kick accuracy using goal targets and motorcycle tires on the accuracy of penalty kicks. Training using goal targets has a high effectiveness in increasing the accuracy of penalty kicks compared to training using motorcycle tires targets

Descriptive Analysis of Long Pass Results in Football Games

The low results of students' long pass at the BBSA soccer school cannot be separated from the training process that is being held. The purpose of this research is to increase the long pass results of BBSA Betung soccer school students through plyometric exercises through a demonstration approach. Implementation of the long pass with plyometric training through the demonstration method approach, is to follow the five stages of the demonstration cycle, namely ask (ask), invest (investigate), create (produce), discuss (discussion), and reflect (reflection). The research method used is the research method. This research is included in experimental research using sports action research (PTO) or commonly called PTK with actions carried out in two cycles. The research instruments used were pre-test/post-test sheets and educators/students. The research subjects were 18 BBSA football school students. The results showed that the results of plyometric training had increased after applying plyometric training through a demonstration approach. The results of the ability of the BBSA football school students to practice plyometrics using the demonstration approach increased.

The Effect of Barrier Hops and Jump-to-Box Practices on Shooting Ability in Students at Persegrata Palembang Football School (SSB)

This research is an experiment with the pretest-posttest control group design method. The type of research used in this study is a type of experimental research with a quasi-experimental design. This research is experimental research and the research design used is a Quasi-Experimental Design, namely the Group Pretest Posttest Design. The sample used in this study were players aged 13-15 years, Persegrata Palembang football school (SSB) students in 2023, totaling 10 players. The sampling technique in this study used a systematic sampling technique and an ordinal pair system. This research as a whole used test, measurement, and documentation methods. The results of the study showed differences between the group of students who used the barrier hop training model and those who used the jump-to-box training model for their shooting abilities. This means that the training model has a significant role in shooting ability. Also, there are differences in passing and shooting skills between groups of students who receive the barrier hop training model and the group of students who receive the jump-to-box training model.