School Enrollment Rates Research Articles

Evaluasi “Sekolah Gratis” SMA/SMK di Kota Bandar Lampung

Evaluasi bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh implementasi kebijakan sekolah gratis berupa program bina lingkungan dalam Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru (PPDB) terhadap pencapaian delapan Standar Nasional Pendidikan SMA/SMK di Kota Bandar Lampung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Kebijakan sekolah gratis memberikan dampak positif dan negatif terhadap satuan pendidikan di Kota Bandar Lampung. Dampak positif, khususnya dalam menyukseskan program wajib belajar, angka partisipasi sekolah, pemberantasan buta aksara, serta memberikan tantangan kepada (kepala) sekolah dan para guru dalam menghadapi peserta didik yang memiliki kemampuan akademik dan nonakademik beragam. Dampak negatifnya disebabkan belum siapnya sekolah, baik menyangkut ketersediaan sarana-prasarana pendidikan, SDM guru dan tenaga kependidikan, serta kapasitas keuangan sekolah, untuk melaksanakan proses pembelajaran yang mengakomodasi tingkat keragaman siswa yang tinggi, khususnya dalam hal kemampuan akademik.

Model Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) Pengaruh Bidang Pendidikan dan Ekonomi Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia

Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) is one of the methods applied in the estimation of multiple linear regression models when the ordinary least square method (OLS) can not be used. OLS generates an invalid model estimate when multicollinearity occurs or when the number of independent variables is greater than the number of data observations. In conditions that OLS can be applied in obtaining model estimation, want to know the performance of PLSR method. This study aims to determine the model of PLSR the influence of literacy rate, the average of school duration, school enrollment rate, Income per capita, and open unemployment rate to the level of poverty seen from the percentage of poor people in Indonesia by 2015. Estimated model with OLS , Only variable of literacy rate are included in the model with the coefficient of determination R2 = 32.52%. PLSR model estimation of cross-validation, leave-one-out method with one selected component has R2 of 33,23%. Both models shows a negative relationship between poverty and literacy rate. The higher literacy rate will reduce the poverty level, indicating that the success of the Indonesian government in the development of education will support the government's success in reducing poverty level.

(Un)equal Educational Opportunities and the Labor Market: A Theoretical Analysis

AbstractThis paper intends to study the effects of public school quality offer on the labor market performance. With this objective in mind, we build a matching model for the labor market in two sectors: schooled and non‐schooled. The skilled segment of the economy is endogenous and composed of a continuum of workers who differ in the quality of the school attended. We show that there is a trade‐off between the quantity and the quality of education and that a reduction in schooling costs increases school enrollment rates. However, it adversely reduces the job creation dynamics in the skilled sector, due to the Composition Effect. We also verify that a first order improvement in school quality distribution may generate an increase in the schooling rate and a greater job vacancy creation in the skilled sector with no negative effects on the unskilled sector.

The incidence of the tuition-free high school program in Japan

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effect of a tuition-free high school program launched in FY2010 in Japan on the high school enrollment rate and household spending. We have some interesting findings. First, the program contributed to improvement in the high school enrollment rate for poorer households. Second, the program stimulated household spending significantly for poorer households relative to richer households. Third, the program altered the composition of household expenditure significantly for richer households with a surge in spending shares in non-tuition education, clothing, and recreational goods.

The Impact of Durable Goods on Child Outcomes: Evidence from China

Does the ownership of time-saving household appliances have a positive impact on children's outcomes? I use micro-level data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 through 2011 to infer that ownership of time-saving household appliances results in a decrease in time allocated to household work, increase in school enrollment rates, and decrease in labor force participation rates for children aged 12 to 18. When the sample is partitioned on the basis of gender, these outcomes are more pronounced among females. To deal with endogeneity of household durable goods, I instrument household ownership of time-saving appliances by average ownership rate among households with no children living in the same community and two family-specific time-using household assets. With gender equality and women's empowerment being a top priority among developing countries according to the United Nations, the results presented in this paper suggest one effective way to increase girls' school enrollment is to reduce their household obligations. Time-saving appliances are tools that can provide the requisite decrease in time dedicated to household work.

Discouraged workers in the Turkish Labor Market:1988-2014

This study investigates the trends of and factors behind discouraged workers in Turkey during the period 1988-2014. According to ILO (1982), discouraged workers are those who wanted to work, but are not employed, and not job seekers anymore because they believe there is no work available for them. In this paper, it is put forward that the number of discouraged workers in Turkey cannot be ignored. Using data from Turkstat, World Development Indicators, and Turkish Ministry of Development, locally weighted (LOESS) regressions are estimated for the possible determinants of discouragement. The results demonstrate that discouragement increases rapidly after a certain per capita income threshold is reached. Besides, as unemployment increases, people are more eager to become discouraged, which is an expected relationship. Surprisingly, in the recent period of increasing employment, a rise both in the number and share of discouraged workers is detected in Turkey. The crisis years (especially 2001) seriously accelerated discouragement at higher secondary and tertiary school enrolment rates. Furthermore, discouraged workers increased gradually as services value added share increased, whereas industrial and agricultural value added shrank. Urbanization also triggers discouragement. These findings are expected to have important policy implications for Turkey, which tackles with significant issues regarding unemployment levels and human capital development.

Determinants of Girl’s School Enrollment In Pakistan

The developing countries like Pakistan are facing the problem of low girls’ school enrolment rate. The study estimates the determinants of girls’ school enrolment by employing Binary Probit modal using the PSLM data 2010/11.The results show that though the education of both mother and father affect positively the girls’ school enrolment, yet the former affects it more as compared to the latter. The relationship between age of children and school enrolment is of inverted ‘U’ shaped. Foreign remittances and land ownership have more chances to affect the female school enrolment. School distance and poverty are major problems for female school enrolment. Further, females have more chances of school enrolment in urban areas as compared to rural ones. The results at provincial level reveal that mother’s education has more chances to affect the probability of girls’ enrolment in Sindh followed by Punjab as compared to KPK and Baluchistan. At a policy level government should pay more attention on girls’ school enrolment who are to become mothers tomorrow. The government should provide schools as near as possible to their homes. Free education should be provided especially for the poor. The ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development should be made more effective in searching out jobs abroad.

The Determinants of International Students Inflow to China

China has edged into the top 10 international student receiving country in 2011. The rapidly increasing inflow is greatly attributed to the striking economic growth and great development of higher education in China over the past 30 years. The study examines a few typical economic and educational determinants to find out what factors significantly affect the inflow of international students to China. A multiple regression method is used. The finding show that China’s R & D expenditure rate of GDP, China’s tertiary school enrolment rate of gross, and discrepancy in GDP between China and other 10 largest sending countries are main determinants of international student inflows. However, the number of Institutions in the World Top 500 University Ranking has, surprisingly, the smallest influence on international student mobility among all the explanatory variables. It means that international students coming to China largely due to the rapid economic growth rather than the reputation of Chinese universities.

Financing higher education and education loans in India: interstate differentials and determinants

An attempt is made here to examine financing of higher education across states using interest subsidy as a case of reference. Hence, we make an analysis of the relative shares of interest subsidies in student loans, enrolment, etc. The paper uses various published and unpublished secondary sources to answer these questions. Using the pooled OLS regression across 23 states for the period from 2008–2009 to 2012–2013, the present paper attempts to explore the question whether government expenditure on higher education and student loan is substitutes or complements. Also the present paper attempts to estimate the magnitude of influence of state income on government expenditure on higher education. Other factors such as institutional access, secondary school enrolment rate, share of young population and region are included as explanatory variables in the models. The interstate disparity can be understood better if we examine the enabling environment to access interest subsidy. In other words, we raise certain basic questions such as: How is higher education distributed across states? How this distribution has evolved overtime?

Human capital development in Nigeria: an empirical assessment on the impact of corruption

Corruption has been documented as one of the most difficult hurdles in the development of institutions as it snares most developing economies in a vicious cycle of underdevelopment. More specifically is corruption within the human capital sector which is extremely detrimental to economic growth. The objective of this paper therefore is to examine the impact corruption has on human capital development. It tests the corruption - human capital nexus using multivariate regression for a period from 1996-2014. Secondary school enrolment and the Human Development Index are employed as proxies of human capital development while the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index is used as a measure of corruption. The study also controls for variables that may affect human capital development such as government expenditure on education, age dependency ratio, urbanisation and GDP per capita. The findings suggest that corruption is a major deterrent to human capital development in Nigeria when school enrolment rates are used as the dependent variable. However, corruption has no statistically significant impact on human capital development when mortality rates per 1,000 births are employed as a dependent variable. Since education is a major element through which skills and knowledge can be acquired, curbing corruption in this sector in the country is recommended so that human capital will be developed effectively in order to tackle corruption effectively in turn.

Market Access, Well-being, and Nutrition: Evidence from Ethiopia

Summary We use a unique data source from a rural area in northwestern Ethiopia to analyze the relationship between household/individual well-being, nutrition, and market access. We find that households residing in relatively more remote areas consume substantially less than households nearer to the market, they are more food insecure, and their school enrollment rates are lower. Although their diets are also less diverse, we find no significant differences in mother and child anthropometric measures. Part of the differences in well-being that we do observe can be attributed to lower household agricultural production in remote areas. Nonetheless agricultural production differences alone do not account for all the differences in household consumption levels for remote households. An additional contributing factor is the terms of trade for remote households that negatively affect both the size of the agricultural surplus that these households market and the quantity of food items that they purchase. Reducing transaction costs for remote households and facilitating migration could help equalize well-being among more or less favored locations.

More Education, Better Jobs? A Critical Review of CCTs and Brazil's Bolsa Família Programme for Long-Term Poverty Reduction

Conditional cash transfers have come to play a prominent role in the social policy landscape in Latin America and especially in Brazil in recent years. Evaluations of their impacts, however, have focused on limited short-term outcomes, particularly consumption and school enrolment and attendance rates. Long-term outcomes have received comparatively little attention. This article reviews the existing evidence on the long-term impacts of CCTs, focusing on the underlying assumptions in the CCT model for intergenerational poverty reduction. In doing so, it questions the notion that CCTs can indeed interrupt the intergenerational cycle of poverty through human capital investments that are thought to lead to expanded opportunities in the labour market. Moreover, it highlights the need for more research on the social processes that may influence young beneficiaries’ life trajectories and experiences in poverty.

The Effect of Publicly Provided Health Insurance on Education Outcomes in Mexico

In this paper we study the causal effect of a large expansion of publicly provided health insurance on school enrollment rates and on children's academic performance using the case of Mexico. Acces...

Potential Beneficiaries of the Obama Administration's Executive Action Programs Deeply Embedded in US Society

The Obama administration has developed two broad programs to defer immigration enforcement actions against undocumented persons living in the United States: (1) Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA); and (2) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). The DACA program, which began in August 2012, was expanded on November 20, 2014. DAPA and the DACA expansion (hereinafter referred to as “DACA-plus”) are currently under review by the US Supreme Court and subject to an active injunction. This paper offers a statistical portrait of the intended direct beneficiaries of DAPA, DACA, and DACA-plus. It finds that potential DAPA, DACA, and DACA-plus recipients are deeply embedded in US society, with high employment rates, extensive US family ties, long tenure, and substantial rates of English-language proficiency. The paper also notes various groups that would benefit indirectly from the full implementation of DAPA and DACA or, conversely, would suffer from the removal of potential beneficiaries of these programs. For example, all those who would rely on the retirement programs of the US government will benefit from the high employment rates and relative youth of the DACA population, while many US citizens who rely on the income of a DAPA-eligible parent would fall into poverty or extreme poverty should that parent be removed from the United States. This paper offers an analysis of potential DAPA and DACA beneficiaries. In an earlier study, the authors made the case for immigration reform based on long-term trends related to the US undocumented population, including potential DAPA and DACA beneficiaries (Warren and Kerwin 2015). By contrast, this paper details the degree to which these populations have become embedded in US society. It also compares persons eligible for the original DACA program with those eligible for DACA-plus. As stated, the great majority of potential DAPA and DACA recipients enjoy strong family ties, long tenure, and high employment rates in the United States. Nearly one-half of the DAPA population and far higher percentages of the two DACA populations speak English well, very well, or exclusively. An unknown, albeit not insubstantial percentage of both the DAPA- and DACA-eligible may already qualify for an immigration benefit or relief that would put them on a path to permanent residency and US citizenship. These mostly low-wage populations have relatively high rates of poverty and low rates of health insurance. Not surprisingly, the educational attainment, school enrollment rates, and English-language proficiency of the DACA-eligible substantially exceed those of the DAPA-eligible. Both populations enjoy high levels of computer and Internet access. The Center for Migration Studies (CMS) derived its estimates on the DAPA- and DACA-eligible from statistics on the foreign-born population collected in the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS), as described in Warren (2016). It first derived detailed estimates for all undocumented residents, and then used the characteristics of this population (e.g., year of entry, age at entry, etc.) to tabulate the numbers of those who would be eligible for DAPA and DACA in 2014, which is the most recent year available.

A Comparative Study of Living Conditions in Slums of Three Metro Cities in India

Urban population in India has been rising rapidly as millions of migrants are moving to urban areas aspiring for higher earning and better living. The number of urban poor is also growing and a significant number of these poor find spaces in slums and continue to struggle for better living standards. Improving their conditions call for significant efforts from the governments for better policy designs. However, better policy design requires understanding the commonalities and differences across slums within and between cities. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of representative slums across three largest metro cities in India through primary surveys. We find certain characteristics, such as large average household size, poor housing quality, low female labour market participation and high school enrolment rates among children, to be common across and within three cities. Our study however reveals crucial differences between the cities in the demographic pattern of migration and its temporal element. And that in turn brings out considerable heterogeneity among different groups within slums of each cities with respect to living standards, access to civic amenities like sanitation facilities and drinking water. Moreover, there exists major cross-city differences in adult literacy rates across gender, consumption pattern, and subjective wellbeing. Overall, we find that slums in Mumbai on average perform much better in various living condition and social indicators than slums in Delhi and Kolkata.

Building a Theoretical Framework to Link Local Taxes and Parental Choice of Education

This paper theoretically examines the link between local taxes and education choice (indicated by private school enrollment rate or public school enrollment rate). The evidence shows that local taxes and parental choice of education are endogenously determined by one another. More importantly, this study frames an economic theoretical background for local taxes and parental choice of education, which can be useful in constructing empirical models for further investigations of this issue.

Physical Conditions of Faculties of Fine Arts Departments of Painting Established in and after 2005

There have been several educational policy changes in Turkey since 2002. These changes, affecting all educational institutions, have also seen an increase in the rate of school enrollment in higher education. According to this, the number of universities in Turkey has increased to a significant level. Faculties of Fine Arts have also been affected by the increase in the number of higher education institutions. The total number of these faculties have increased from 26 in 2005 to 67 in 2013; an increase of 158 %. This numerical increase of Faculties of Fine Arts, has revealed many controversies and opinions. Positive opinions point to issues relating to an increase in access possibilities and to a wider dispersion of faculties nationwide. In the relevant literature, it can be seen that such positive opinions are discussed as a quantitative concept. The other concept which causes controversy and usually contains negative opinions is the qualitative concept. One of the issues thought to pose a problem is mistakes regarding planning. Related research expresses that planning for Faculties of Fine Arts, established in and after 2005, has been inadequate and that new institutions commenced operations without the requisite physical and technical conditions being in place. The aim of this research is to determine students’ opinions about the physical conditions of Faculties of Fine Arts Departments of Painting established in and after 2005. Descriptive research methodology was used in the study. The research sample consisted of students of five Faculties of Fine Arts Departments of Painting which were established in and after 2005. A survey containing fifteen items was used to obtain data regarding physical conditions. The obtained data was analyzed using frequency (f) and percentage (%) and the results of the research are revealed.

Correlates of self-rated health status in the context of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka owing to its high levels of achievements in arena of social indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality rate or school enrollment rate relative to its income levels poses a paradox in the developing world. There is however near non-existent research examining correlates of self-rated health status in Sri Lanka. Self-rated health status has been accepted as a valid predictor of physical well- being and mortality. Present study, by investigating relative roles of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health care utilization pattern and level of satisfaction with the health care services in predicting self-rated health status in Sri Lanka, contributes to the growing literature on assessing subjective health measures in the context of developing countries. The analyses employ World Health Survey (WHS) data collected and disseminated by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The WHS was conducted in 2002-2003 for 69 countries and the data for the various countries was made available at varying points after the year 2006. The dependent variable, self–rated health status is a three pronged categorical variable, ‘very good/good’, ‘moderate’, ‘bad/very bad’. The independent variables are measures of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health service utilization and level of satisfaction with health care services. The multivariate regression model employs the ordinal logistic technique and is estimated using maximum likelihood. Findings suggest that while ‘traditional’ factors like age, gender, education are important, access to modern types of cooking fuel and level of satisfaction with the health care system are significant. With respect to educational attainment, the greatest change in self-rated health status occurs when educational status changes from ‘primary school not completed’ to ‘primary school completed’. Also, individuals who utilized health services most recently are more likely to perceive their health as ‘moderate’ or ‘bad/very bad’ relative to ‘very good/good’ implying a correlation between objective and subjective health assessments. Further, estimates indicate that independent variables are more significantly associated with the change between self-rated health status categories of ‘moderate’ versus ‘good/very good’ status rather than between ‘very bad/bad’ versus ‘moderate’. Programs encouraging people to complete primary schooling, improve access to modern types of fuel and enhance quality of health care system will help in improving levels of self-rated health status.

Measuring Effectiveness of Aid Agencies: The Effect of Recipient Participation on Goal Achievement

One of the functions of accounting is to measure performance, effectiveness, and efficiency of organizational systems. In for profit entities the tools and metrics used to measure performance include the income statement, as well as measures of return on investment. Measuring performance in not-for-profit (NFP) entities, where income maximization is not the ultimate goal, can be accomplished using different or additional metrics. In the specific NFP arena of developmental aid agencies, measuring effective goal achievement is an under explored research area. This current research paper examines the relationship between donations to developmental countries for education and the school enrollment rates in those countries. Country Programmable Aid (CPA), donations to developing countries over which the recipient has some say in how the funds are utilized, has been tracked for the last decade. Expectancy theory, used extensively in participative budgeting research, provides the theoretical framework for predicting a relationship between recipient participation and goal achievement. Just as manager participation in the budgeting process may lead to improved performance, recipient participation in the operationalization of the developmental program is expected to lead to improved performance. Participation is measured by the dollar amount of Country Programmable Aid. Performance is measured by the enrollment rates in primary and secondary education within educationally impoverished countries. Thirty-six countries with low initial enrollment rates were included in the analysis. Significant explanatory power was found in only a few instances. Small sample size, cultural effects, and mediating variables in the participative budgeting model may explain the weak results. Addressing each of these weaknesses are areas for future research.

English

Using data from 16 West African countries, this paper examines the links between Per Capita Income, Trade and Financial indicators, Education and Freedom indicators. Others are internet users, broadband and mobile cell phone subscribers. Meanwhile fresh water supply (which is assumed as a bench mark public sector-led water resource management performance indicators) and access to safe drinking water (a bench mark private sector-led water resource management performance indicators) represents indicators of water resources management. The results show that income, information and communications technology (ICT) and government trade policies influence the efficient management of cross-country water resource. Freedom indicators strongly affect water resource management performance indicators (WRMPI). Internet Users, Broadband Subscribers, and Mobile cell phones subscribers have a positive association with WRMPI. However, contrary to wide spread expectations, education does not influence WRMPI. In areas where water resource management performance indicators of safe drinking water exhibited strong correlation are: Secondary school enrollment rate (0.57), fresh water supply with consumer price inflation (0.78) and a fair correlation of safe drinking water with corruption index.   Key words: Information and communications technology (ICT), resource management, safe drinking water.