School-based Intervention Program Research Articles

Promoting Healthy Lifestyle in High School Students: Determination of the Lifestyle Status through the Healthy Lifestyle Screen (HLS) Assessment.

BackgroundHealthy lifestyle behaviors have given emphasis as an important characteristic in health promotion and to prevent diseases. Individuals who practiced healthy lifestyle behaviors in the early stage of life can withstand health risks in later life. To this end, researchers conducted a healthy lifestyle assessment as the initial step in school-based programs promoting healthy lifestyle and wellness among high school students. The aim of this study was to determine the lifestyle status among students and further assess lifestyle components that could affect them.MethodsData were collected from 380 high school students from grades eighth (n = 192) and tenth (n = 188). The Healthy Lifestyle Screen (HLS) was utilized to assess the lifestyle condition of the subjects of this study and it has components consisting dietary behavior, exercise or physical activity, water intake, sunshine exposure, temperance or self-control, quality of air, quality of rest or sleep, trust of which the higher score denotes healthier lifestyle.ResultsThe results showed that respondents of the study are in the unstable lifestyle status as they obtained low mean sub-scale scores on lifestyle components such as water, rest and exercise. Lifestyle components included in HLS showed significant differences comprising the physical/mental, behavioral and environmental aspects (p < 0.001) associated with the general characteristics of the high school students.ConclusionFindings of this study showed the necessity in assessing the lifestyle status as an initial step for promoting, maintaining and establishing a well-balanced life and preventing the increase of health-risk behaviors and thus, highlighted the need of transforming healthy lifestyle behaviors among students through school-based intervention programs.

The Weather Impact on Physical Activity of 6-12 Year Old Children: A Clustered Study of the Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP).

It is commonly known that children do not engage in a sufficient amount of physical activity. Weather conditions and day length may influence physical activity of children. Little is known about the relationship between physical activity and seasons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between weather conditions and physical activity in 6–12 year old children based on hip-worn Actigraph wGT3X–BT accelerometer data. The study sample consisted of 2015 subjects aged 6–12 years from the Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP) study carried out in Horten municipality and Akershus county, Norway. Six days of sedentary and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity data was gathered in January–June and September–October, 2015, presented as daily averages. The accelerometer-monitored physical activity of children grouped within nine schools was matched with regional weather conditions and assessed with the means of linear mixed models. Increased day length was associated with decreased sedentary behavior. Warmer temperature and dry weather were associated with increased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity after adjusting for age and sex. One-hour increase in daylight resulted in a decrease of sedentary time by, on average, 2 min (95% CI = (−2.577, −0.798)). For every 5 °C increase in temperature (range: −0.95 and 15.51 °C) and dry weather, average moderate-to vigorous physical activity increased by 72 and 67 min (males and females, respectively) (p < 0.001). Days with precipitation had, on average, 10 fewer minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared with days without precipitation (95% CI = (−16.704, −3.259)). Higher temperatures and dry weather led to higher physical activity levels, seeing larger increases among boys than girls. A school-based physical activity intervention program should be adjusted regarding local weather conditions in line with the present findings.

Factors associated with smartphone addiction prevalence and its predictive capacity for health-related quality of life among Filipino adolescents

ObjectivesThe prevalence of smartphone addiction among adolescents is currently on the rise. Earlier studies focused on the impact of smartphone addiction on various aspects of life, but little is known about its capacity to predict an individual’s quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of smartphone addiction among Filipino adolescents and to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Furthermore, this study explored the differences between the smartphone addiction and non-smartphone addiction groups in terms of demographic profile, family environment, smartphone usage patterns, and HRQoL, and examined the predictive capacity of smartphone addiction on HRQoL above and beyond demographic profile, family environment, and smartphone usage patterns. MethodsThis cross-sectional study employed descriptive and hierarchical linear multiple regression analyses for the data obtained from 1,447 Filipino junior and senior high school students (males, n = 580; females, n = 867) through a Google forms online survey. ResultsWe found that the prevalence rate of smartphone addiction among Filipino high school students was 62.6% (males = 66.2%; females = 60.2%). A significant negative correlation between smartphone addiction and total HRQoL (r = −0.090; p < .01) was found in this study as well as with its subdomains: physical well-being (r = −0.106; p < .01), psychological well-being (r = −0.169; p < .01), and school environment (r = −0.072; p < .01), but not with the autonomy and parents (r = −0.001; p > .05) or peers and social support (r = 0.011; p > .05). Furthermore, significant differences were found between the smartphone addiction and non-smartphone addiction groups in terms of gender, hours spent on smartphones on weekdays and weekends, and frequency of smartphone use on weekends as well as total HRQoL and its subdomains: Physical well-being, psychological well-being, and school environment. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis reported that after entering smartphone addition in Model 4, it accounted for 3% of the variance in HRQoL (F(1, 1429) = 2.557, p < .05), which indicates that smartphone addiction significantly predicts HRQoL after accounting for demographic profile, family environment, and smartphone usage patterns. ConclusionsThis study clearly shows that the prevalence rate of smartphone addiction among Filipino adolescents is high. This calls for full awareness among parents as well as community educators and counselors regarding this issue and for the development of both community-based and school-based intervention programs to lessen the risk of smartphone addiction and its impact on the HRQoL of students.

School-Based Psychosocial Intervention Program for Disaster-Related Trauma in Albay, Philippines

This study aimed to design a school-based psychosocial intervention program for disaster-relatedtrauma in Albay as a psychosocial support to promote mental health in times of disasters. Likewise, thisstudy aimed to prepare a module for the program developed, and present the proposed program using themodule for preparedness and response. Developmental-evaluative method of research through expert panelevaluation, survey, interview techniques, and workshop sessions as well as focused group discussion (FGD)were utilized to gather data. Respondents and key informants were guidance practitioners, psychologistsand teacher-advisers of secondary schools in the province of Albay, Philippines. The proposed school-basedpsychosocial intervention program was evaluated by the expert panel as adequate and relevant based on thefelt needs of the educational institutions and was recommended for implementation. Survey of guidancepractitioners and teachers of pilot school revealed outstanding results as to the content and relevance ofthe workshop topics, expertise of speakers, and appropriateness of workshop activities. FGD revealed acommon theme to empower school heads to support the program through budget allocation and conductmore trainings for effective implementation of the program. Registered guidance counselors, in a randominterview, were highly responsive to their commitment to replicate the program with the support of theschool administration. The proposed school-based psychosocial intervention program is recommended forimplementation and replication in other educational institutions.

School-Based Intervention Programs for Preventing Obesity and Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness: A Systematic Review.

With the significant decrease in physical activity rates, the importance of intervention programs in the schools, where children spend a significant part of the day, has become indisputable. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine the possibility of school-based interventions on promoting physical activity and physical fitness as well as preventing obesity. A systematic approach adopting PRISMA statement was implemented in this study. Three different databases (2010–2019) were screened and primary and secondary school-based intervention programs measuring at least one variable of obesity, physical activity, or physical fitness were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the validated quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. Among 395 potentially related studies, 19 studies were found to meet the eligibility criteria. A general look at the studies examined reveals that among the outcomes, of which most (18/19) were examined, a significant improvement was provided in at least one of them. When the program details are examined, it can be said that the success rate of the physical activity-oriented programs is higher in all variables. School-based interventions can have important potential for obesity prevention and promotion of physical activity and fitness if they focus more on the content, quality, duration and priority of the physical activity.

Current alcohol consumption and associated factors among school adolescents and youths in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:The use of alcohol is an alarmingly growing public health concern worldwide, and it has an impact on younger generations. There are a few large scale and comprehensive nation-wise surveys conducted on the subject matter and study groups. Hence, the purpose of this study was to render strong evidence for policymakers and researchers on the prevalence of alcohol consumption and its associated factors among school adolescents and youths in Ethiopia.Methods:Systematic searching was conducted using electronic (Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Science direct), and grey literature sources. Cross-sectional studies conducted among adolescents and youths (12–24 years old) were included. Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of studies. Heterogeneity was examined by using forest plot and I2 heterogeneity tests. Publication bias was also assessed by inspecting the funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. Stata/M16.0 for windows was used for the analysis.Results:A total of 26 studies were included in the final analysis with a total of 17,880 participants. The pooled prevalence of current alcohol consumption was 27.0% (95% CI = 22.0–32.0). In the subgroups, the prevalence of current alcohol consumption among high school, college, and university students was 23%, 27%, and 29%, respectively. The pooled data revealed that being a male (odds ratio = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.24–2.99), khat chewing (odds ratio = 6.65; 95% CI = 2.52–17.52), family members alcohol consumption behavior (odds ratio = 3.20; 95% CI = 2.08–5.17), and peer pressure (odds ratio = 3.79; 95% CI = 2.64–5.42) were significantly associated with alcohol consumption.Conclusion:The pooled analysis of 26 studies indicate that over a quarter of school adolescents and youths consume alcohol in Ethiopia. Hence, we recommend designing and implementing community and school-based intervention programs to tackle the growing problems of alcohol consumption and its multifaceted impacts.

Anhedonia, screen time, and substance use in early adolescents: A longitudinal mediation analysis

IntroductionScreen time is associated with substance use risk among adolescents; however, less is known about the underlying factors that explain this association. Methods: This research examined anhedonia, a facet of depression noted by the reduced capacity to experience pleasure, as a mediating factor in the relationship between screen time (hours spent watching television, using internet, and/or playing video games outside of school) and substance use (alcohol and/or cigarettes). We used a longitudinal survey design among a sample of students aged 9–11 years in the 4th to 6th grades in Southern California, United States of America [N = 709 (354 males)]. Results: Structural equation modeling (SEM) findings revealed longitudinal mediation effects of anhedonia on the association between screen time and substance use, while controlling for baseline screen time, baseline individual and peer substance use, race/ethnicity, and gender. Moderation analysis based on a multiple-group approach revealed that gender was not a significant moderator of this mediation pathway. Conclusions: Adolescents may become desensitized and exhibit a blunted response to hedonic effects from increased screen time. This may result in increased anhedonia and greater risk for substance use through the need to compensate for the reduced experience of rewards. These findings have implications for future school-based substance use prevention and intervention programs.

Effect of multi-component school-based program on body mass index, cardiovascular and diabetes risks in a multi-ethnic study

BackgroundMexico occupies one of the first places worldwide in childhood obesity. Its Mestizo and Indigenous communities present different levels of westernization which have triggered different epidemiological diseases. We assessed the effects of a multi-component school-based intervention program on obesity, cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors.MethodsA physical activity, health education and parent involvement (PAHEPI) program was developed and applied in six urban (Mestizo ethnic group) and indigenous (Seri and Yaqui ethnic groups) primary schools for 12 weeks. A total of 320 children aged 4–12 years participated in intervention program; 203 under Treatment 1 (PAHEPI program) and 117, only from Mestizo groups, under Treatment 2 (PAHEPI+ school meals). For Body Mass Index (BMI), cardiovascular and diabetes factors, pairwise comparisons of values at baseline and after treatments were done using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Generalized linear models were applied to assess the intervention effect by age, sex and nutritional status in relation to ethnicity and treatment.ResultsWe observed improvements on BMI in children with overweight-obesity and in triglycerides in the three ethnic groups. The Mestizo ethnic group showed the largest improvements under Treatment 2. While Seris showed improvements only in cardiovascular risk factors, Yaquis also showed improvements in diabetes risk factors, though not in BMI.ConclusionsThis study showed that the same intervention may have positive but different effects in different ethnic groups depending on their lifestyle and their emerging epidemiological disease. Including this type of intervention as part of the school curriculum would allow to adapt to ethnic group in order to contribute more efficiently to child welfare.Trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered under the identifier NCT03768245.

Delay Discounting and Health Risk Behaviors: A Review and Suggestions for School Based Intervention in Vietnam

Delay discounting is the cognitive process that allows the individual to compare values between an immediate smaller reward and a larger but delayed reward (for instance, individual is asked to choose between 10.000 dong now or 20.000 dong in a week). Recently, delay discounting assumes an important role in the field of self-control and decision making related to health, explain why people engaged in various health risk behaviors (including unhealthy diet, inactivity, smoking, drinking). These behaviors account for serious consequences as mortality, mental disorders, cardiac diseases, cancer… This article firstly presents the concept of delay discounting and the discount functions. Secondly, it summarizes the evidences for the relationship between delay discounting and health risk behaviors and describes how the discount functions explains for these behaviors’ patterns. Lastly, it introduces some strategies to reduce delay discounting in order to improve health behaviors and makes suggestions to school-based intervention programs targeting health risk behaviors in Vietnam.&#x0D;

School-based intervention that integrates nutrition education and supportive healthy school food environment among Malaysian primary school children: a study protocol

BackgroundMalnutrition among school children may contribute to adverse health consequences such as non-communicable diseases, poor cognitive performance, psychological distress and poor quality of life that may persist into adulthood. In order to prevent childhood malnutrition, an intervention programme that integrates nutrition education and healthy school food environment is needed to provide nutrition information and reinforce the skills on healthy eating behaviours in schools. This paper describes a study protocol of a school-based intervention programme that integrates nutrition education and healthy school food environment, namely School Nutrition Programme (SNP). The SNP is a primary prevention programme that promotes healthy lifestyle among primary school children in light of the high prevalence of malnutrition in Malaysian children.Methods/designThis quasi-experimental study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the SNP between intervention and comparison groups before and after the SNP, and after a 3-month follow-up. The SNP consisted of two main components, whereby three nutrition education sessions were implemented by trained teachers using three standardised modules, and healthy school food environment was implemented by the canteen food handlers with the provision of healthy menu to children during school recess times. Children from intervention group participated in the SNP, in addition to the standard Physical and Health Curriculum. The comparison group attended only the standardised Physical and Health Curriculum and the school canteen food handlers were reminded to follow the standard canteen guidelines from the Ministry of Education Malaysia. The assessment parameters in evaluating the effectiveness of the programme were knowledge, attitude and practice on nutrition, eating behaviours, physical activity, body composition, psychological distress, cognitive performance and health-related quality of life. Assessments were conducted at three time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up.DiscussionIt was hypothesised that the SNP would be effective in promoting healthy lifestyle among school children, and further contributes in preventing malnutrition problem, enhancing cognitive performance and improving health-related quality of life among school children. Findings of the present study can be expanded to other schools in future on ways to improve nutrition education and healthy school food environment.Trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trial Registration UMIN000032914 (Date of registration: 7th June 2018, retrospectively registered).Protocol version16th September 2019 & Version 4

The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia: A systemic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundCigarettes and their by-products (i.e., smoke; ash) are a complex, dynamic, and reactive mixture of around 5,000 chemicals. Cigarette smoking potentially harms nearly every organ of the human body, causes innumerable diseases, and impacts the health of smokers and those interacting with the smokers. Smoking brings greater health problems in the long-term like increased risk of stroke and brain damage. For students, peer pressure is one of the key factors contributing to cigarette smoking. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia.MethodsAn extensive search of key databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Hinari, Embase and Science Direct was conducted to identify and access articles published on the prevalence of cigarette smoking by high school and university students in Ethiopia. The search period for articles was conducted from 21st September, 2018 to 25th December 25, 2018. All necessary data were extracted using a standardized data extraction checklist. Quality and risk of bias of studies were assessed using standardized tools. Heterogeneity between the included studies was assessed using Cochrane Q-test statistic and I2 test. To estimate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking, a random effects model was fitted. The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking was determined and was reported in Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata software.ResultsFrom 175 searched articles, 19 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking among Ethiopian high school and university students was 15.9% (95% CI: 12.21, 19.63). Slightly higher prevalence of cigarette smoking was noted among university students [17.35% (95% CI: 13.21, 21.49)] as compared to high school students [12.77% (95% CI: 6.72%, 18.82%)]. The current aggregated meta-analysis revealed that peer pressure had a significant influence on cigarette smoking (OR: 2.68 (95% CI: 2.37, 3.03).ConclusionMore than one sixth of the high school and university students in Ethiopia smoke cigarette. Students who had peer pressure from their friends were more likely to smoke cigarette. Therefore, school-based intervention programs are needed to reduce the high prevalence of cigarette smoking among students in Ethiopia.

학교기반 긍정개입 프로그램의 효과성 검증 연구 -여고생의 행복, 자기결정성을 중심으로-

학교기반 긍정개입 프로그램의 효과성 검증 연구 -여고생의 행복, 자기결정성을 중심으로-

Emotional Awareness Moderates the Association Between Discrimination and Emotional-Behavioral Problems: A Cross-Informant Study in Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrant Youth

The present study used a sample of Chinese rural-to-urban migrants in early adolescence to examine whether emotional awareness (EA) moderated the expected association between status-based discrimination and emotional-behavioral problems and whether patterns of associations differed across informants (self-report vs. teacher-report). A total of 169 migrant early adolescents (46.1% girls, age: 10-13 years) living in Shanghai completed self-report measures of discrimination and emotional-behavioral problems, while self-related and other-related EA were assessed via structured vignettes. Teachers were asked to evaluate their students’ emotional-behavioral problems. Linear regression analyses indicated that at high levels of discrimination, adolescents with higher EA-self reported having more emotional-behavioral problems than those with lower EA-self; in addition, adolescents with lower (as opposed to higher) EA-other were rated as more problematic by their teachers. Our findings suggest that school-based prevention or intervention programs may target EA-related abilities to minimize the adverse effects of discrimination on rural-to-urban migrants’ socioemotional adjustment.

Cannabis and amphetamine use and its psychosocial correlates among school-going adolescents in Ghana

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of cannabis and amphetamine use and to determine its associated factors among school-going adolescents in Ghana.MethodThe 2012 Ghanaian Global School-based Student Health Survey on 3632 adolescents aged 11–19 years (mean = 15.1 years; SD = 1.4) was used. Participants for this study were sampled from selected junior (JHS) and senior high schools (SHS) in all the 10 administrative regions of Ghana. A two-stage cluster sampling design was used to select 25 senior high schools to represent all the 10 regions of Ghana. Information was collected with a self-administered structured questionnaire that contained information on demographics, alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, violence, and a range of other health-related behaviours.ResultsThe result showed that past-month cannabis use was 5.3% and lifetime amphetamine use was 7.1% among students. In multivariate model, after controlling for other variables, school truancy and current cigarette smoking were associated with both past-month cannabis and lifetime amphetamine use. The number of close friends was associated with only past-month cannabis use. School environment factors (bullying victimisation and having been attacked) and parental substance use were associated with lifetime amphetamine use.ConclusionThis study identified a number of risk factors, including parental substance use and various risk behaviours, for both past-month cannabis and lifetime amphetamine use. School-based health intervention programmes should be developed taking into consideration the risk factors associated with cannabis and amphetamine use among school-going adolescents.

Food insecurity and school performance among the left-behind children in rural China: Depression and educational expectation as mediators

The present study aims to explore the associations between food insecurity and school performance, and the serial mediation of depression and educational expectation on the focal association, among Chinese rural left-behind children. This study conducted a cross-sectional survey on 2128 students (Grades 5–9, mean age = 13.21 years) who reported one or both parents had migrated into the urban sector. They responded to questions on school performance, educational expectation, The Food Insecurity Experience Scale, and The Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale. Serial mediation modelling was used to test the mediating role of depression and educational expectation. It is found that food insecurity was significantly associated with school performance. Moreover, depression and educational expectation functioned as serial mediators and were fully mediating the association between food insecurity and school performance. The findings as with the severity of childhood food insecurity in rural China as well as its association with the negative consequences in children's education provide empirical support for contentions that food insecurity problem should be taken into account in designing and implementing school-based intervention programs for left-behind children. Moreover, schools shall pay special attention to the mental health risks of food insecurity among rural left-behind children.

Comprehensive school-based health programs to improve child and adolescent health: Evidence from Zambia.

BackgroundWhile school-aged children in low- and middle-income countries remain highly exposed to acute infections, programs targeting this age group remain limited in scale and scope. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of a new and comprehensive primary school-based health intervention program on student-reported morbidity and anthropometric outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia.MethodsA prospective matched control study identified 12 classes in 7 schools for the intervention and 12 classes in 7 matched schools as controls. Teachers in intervention schools were trained to deliver health lessons and to refer sick students to care. In addition, vitamin A and deworming medication were biannually administered to intervention students. The primary study outcome was student-reported morbidity. Secondary outcomes were weight, height, health knowledge, and absenteeism. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate program impact.Results380 students ages 4–16 were enrolled in the study in 2015, and 97% were followed up at endline in 2016. The intervention decreased the adjusted odds of self-reported acute illnesses by 38% (95% CI: 0.48, 0.77) and the adjusted odds of stunting by 52% (95% CI: 0.26, 0.87). It also increased health knowledge by 0.53 standard deviations (95% CI: 0.24, 0.81). No impact was found on weight (adjusted mean difference β = 0.17, 95% CI: - 1.11, 1.44) and student absenteeism (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.33).ConclusionThe results presented in this paper suggest that comprehensive school-based health programs may offer a highly effective way to improve students’ health knowledge as well as their health status. Given their low cost, a more general adoption and implementation of such programs seems recommendable.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03607084.

Physical activity, sedentary time and bone tissue: effects of an 8-months interdisciplinary program with overweight/obese children

Moderate to vigorous physical activity plays a recognized osteogenic effect on bone. Moreover, sedentary time, and fat accumulation are unfavorable to bone health. Our study aimed (1) to examine changes in body composition, bone tissue, physical activity, and sedentary time; and (2) to explore whether changes in physical activity intensities and in sedentary time are associated with changes in bone outcomes after a school-based interdisciplinary intervention program. A total of 53 overweight/obese students (10.6 ± 3.5 year-olds; 26 girls) participated in physical activity classes. Bone area, bone mass, and bone mineral density z-score, body composition (fat mass, fat lean mass), physical activity, sedentary time and potential confounders (vitamin D and maturational status) were assessed at baseline, and 8 months later. General Linear Models were carried out and significance level was set at 5%. Changes in moderate to vigorous physical activity were positively correlated with changes in all bone mass indicators. We observed a significant overall effect of the intervention on bone mineral density z-score changes, however after adjustments for changes in sedentary time and moderate to vigorous physical activity, no effect was observed. Finally, variations in sedentary time and in moderate to vigorous physical activity play an important role in bone mass density in those participants of the interdisciplinary program.

Middle School Students: Active Learning Activities for Stroke Education and Healthy Lifestyles

The objective of this study is to determine whether a school-based program that allows middle school students to actively take responsibility of their learning can act as an effective intervention to promote stroke awareness and healthy lifestyle. Middle school students in grades 6, 7, and 8 (ages 11–14) were divided into small groups and participated in a series of interactive learning activities, centered on motivating middle school kids to learn and recognize signs and symptoms of stroke and to learn healthy lifestyle choices. A total of 127 sixth, 113 seventh, and 98 eighth grade students participated in the intervention program. ANOVA found a significant difference in the baseline knowledge of all stroke and healthy life parameters evaluated in the pre-and post-intervention between the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant change in the performance (P < 0.001) from pre to the post-intervention for all grade levels. A school-based intervention program that allows middle school students to actively learn how to recognize the signs of a stroke and to identify healthy lifestyle choices can significantly change knowledge from baseline and act as an effective tool to promote stroke and healthy lifestyle education.

학급 내 집단따돌림 사후개입 프로그램의 개발 및 효과

학급 내 집단따돌림 사후개입 프로그램의 개발 및 효과

A student-centered intervention program to educate and retain knowledge in stroke education and healthy habits.

The goal of the stroke intervention programs was to increase knowledge in stroke awareness and healthy habits. Most of the existing school-based didactic stroke education intervention programs have not been very effective in improving learned information. We developed a student-centered or active learning educational pedagogy to improve the retention of learned knowledge on stroke issues and healthy habits. Middle school students, ages of 11 to 14 years attending a public school in the stroke belt were recruited to participate in an intervention program to raise stroke awareness and promote healthy habit. The impact of the intervention program on students' knowledge post-test and three weeks following the intervention was evaluated. Middle school students at all grade levels were aware of the cardinal symptoms of stroke, demonstrated basic knowledge of the salty foods in the post-test, and knowledge of learned information increased significantly after three weeks post intervention. The three weeks follow-up test revealed a significant increase in stroke knowledge among the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades [F (2,109) = 134.65, P = 0.001]. Post-hoc pair-wise comparisons analysis revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. In an active learning or a student-centered stroke and healthy life style educational program, middle school students perceived the intervention program as fun, instead of primarily educational and this allowed the learned information to be retained even three weeks after the intervention.