School Bag Research Articles

متطلبات استبدال الحقيبة المدرسية بالأجهزة اللوحية کما تراها معلمات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الرياض

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد المتطلبات اللازمة لاستبدال الحقيبة المدرسية بالأجهزة اللوحية، والمتمثلة في المتطلبات (المعرفية-الإدارية-الفنية-الاجتماعية-الاقتصادية)، واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي المسحي، والاستبانة کأداة لها، واختيرت عينة من المجتمع الأصلي بطريقة العينة العشوائية العنقودية وبنسبة (6%)، حيث بلغت (715) معلمة. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن أهم متطلبات استبدال الحقيبة المدرسية بالأجهزة اللوحية تتمثل في: (توعية الطالبات بضرورة المحافظة على ما في عهدتهن من أجهزة، وتنمية الرقابة الذاتية لدى الطالبات، وضع برامج تمنع الوصول إلى مواد شبکة الإنترنت غير الأخلاقية، اختيار الأجهزة اللوحية التي تناسب طالبات المرحلة الثانوية،وجود تشريعات وقوانين تحمي البيانات ومعلومات الاتصال وحقوق الملکية الفکرية، توفير القوى البشرية المتخصصة التي تمتلک الکفايات اللازمة لتنفيذ استبدال الحقيبة المدرسية بالأجهزة اللوحية، نشر الوعي الإيجابي للتکنولوجيا الحديثة لدى الطالبات، نشر ثقافة استخدام الأجهزة اللوحية من قبل وزارة التربية والتعليم بين أولياء أمور الطالبات، تقديم الحوافز المادية للمعلمات للمشارکة في تصميم التطبيقات التعليمية المتوافقة مع الأجهزة اللوحية، وتوفير العدد الکافي من الأجهزة اللوحية، بحيث يکون لکل طالبة جهاز خاص بها). This study aimed to determine the requirements of replacing the school bag with tablet devices represented in (cognitive-administrative-technical-social-economic) requirements. The study adopted a descriptive survey methodology and the questionnaire as a tool.The study sample was selected from the original society with the cluster random sampling method which was (6%) of the society, represented by (715) teachers. The most significant results of the study were as follows: The most important requirement of replacing school bag with tablet devices were (Educating female students about the need for preserving their devices, developing self-censorship among students, establishing programs to prevent access to unethical materials on the internet, selecting tablet devices that are proper for high school students, the existence of legislation and laws that protect data and contact information and intellectual property rights, Providing specialized manpower that possesses competencies needed to implement the replacement of school bag with tablet devices, publishing positive awareness of modern technology with students, spreading the culture of using tablet devices by Ministry of Education among parents of students, providing financial incentives for teachers to participate in designing educational applications compatible with tablet devices and providing a sufficient number of tablet devices so that each student has one).

The Role of ED-Links (Educational Development) in the Promotion of Secondary Education (A Case Study of District Malakand, Tehsil Dargai)

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze "The Role of ED-Links (Educational Development) in the Promotion of Secondary Education; A Case Study of District Malakand, Tehsil Dargai.
 Methodology: The researchers selected 50 respondents and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the respondents from the age group of 25 years and above. The interview schedule was used as a data collection tool due to the possibility of illiterate respondents. ED-Links played an important role in the development of secondary education of Dargai Tehsil in Malakand.
 Findings: The study indicates that ED-Links has helped the schools in infrastructure development and teacher training. This training has improved the skills of teachers and the development of infrastructures such as libraries, sanitation, and resource centers. All of the respondents said that ED-Links had a positive impact on the overall performance of the school. ED-Links supports students in providing book accessories, pens, geometric boxes, and school bags. ED-Links provided benefits for students and improved their skill level and the quality of education, which is the same as a bright future. The majority of the respondents believed that community members and students responded positively towards ED-Link. The main finding of the study is the majority of respondents and students were satisfied with the ED-Links program.
 Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: The government has the responsibility to formulate appropriate policies for non-governmental organizations engaged in educational development nationwide, and to register them to promote educational development, as well as The people in the community also have the responsibility of individual and collective participation in the promotion and development of the planning and implementation. If people can participate, problems can be reduced to a certain extent.

Masa đačke torbe učenika mlađeg školskog uzrasta

Considering the findings of previous research studies which had shown that excessive mass of the school bag can cause various deformities of the locomotor system in students, the aim of this paper was to investigate whether the percentage of students’ body weight and the weight of their school bags meet the prescribed standards, as well as to investigate the attitude of lower elementary school students towards the heavy school bag. The obtained results indicate that the mass of the school bag increases with children’s age and grade. Moreover, the vast majority of children carry a school bag which mass exceeds 10% of their body mass. The results of the survey showed that 68.6% of children go to and come back from school on foot, crossing a distance up to one kilometer (71.3%), carrying a bag on their own (81.9%). Finally, 65.2% of the surveyed children carried an ergonomic bag with reinforcements.

Perspectives of spinal health within the school setting in a South African rural region: A qualitative study.

Spinal pain is one of the leading causes of morbidity globally. There is an increase in the number of children and adolescents who experience spinal pain and the lifetime prevalence of adolescent spinal pain varies between countries. In Africa, one in two adolescents experiences spinal pain and the prevalence is increasing. This study reports on the knowledge and perspectives of school-attending children, adolescents, teachers, and parents/guardians regarding spinal health. We conducted a descriptive qualitative case study with an interpretative and phenomenological approach. Data coding, management and analysis was done using ATLAS.ti computer software. Ninety-three participants (66 women and 27 men) were enrolled in the study. The barriers associated with students' spinal health were multifactorial, including low levels of physical activity, dangerous gameplay, sports risks, poor ergonomics, school bags, insufficient knowledge, and pregnancy risks. Participants proposed strategies to improve spinal health including the provision of students' lockers, advice on appropriate school bag types, embedding spinal education in the curriculum, general advocacy for spinal health, and integration of technology in teaching and learning. There is a need for further engagement on school-based spinal health promotion programs that consider local socio-economic, educational, and cultural factors.

A Green Metal–Organic Framework‐Cyclodextrin MOF: A Novel Multifunctional Material Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Highly Efficient Mechanical Energy Harvesting

AbstractThe naturally available cyclodextrin has opened up a wide range of research avenues because of its superior characteristics such as being non‐toxic, biocompatible, and edible. The cyclodextrin is the green multifunctional material that can add to the triboelectric series and extend its self‐powered applications. The ultrasonic synthesized cyclodextrin metal–organic framework (CD‐MOF) designed using sodium as a metal ion and cyclodextrin as a ligand for the triboelectric nanogenerator is reported. The various detailed characterizations of the CD‐MOFs give an insight into the properties of the synthesized material. The Kelvin probe force microscopy suggests three types of CD‐MOFs, exhibiting a positive potential. As per the surface potential, the output of the various CD‐MOF based TENG is varied as alpha CD MOF/Teflon > gamma CD‐MOF/Teflon > beta CD‐MOF/Teflon. The alpha CD MOF/Teflon TENG produces an electrical output of 152 V, 1.2 μA, and 14.3 nC, respectively. The fabricated device output is utilized for powering numerous low‐power electronics through a capacitor and bridge rectifier circuit. The multiunit Z‐shaped TENG device is attached to various surfaces such as the shoe heel and the backside of the school bag, and the corresponding energy harvesting response is demonstrated.

Assessment of risk profile of medical and dental students regarding hospital-associated infections in Nigeria

Background: Medical education involves intense clinical training which necessitates exposure of the medical and dental students to patients. In some instances, the student comes in contact with infectious diseases and are vulnerable to getting infected or by themselves becoming a carrier of the disease.Objectives: We aim to assess the risk profile of medical and dental students in clinical settings in terms of hospital-associated infections.Study Design: This is a cross sectional studies conducted among medical and dental students in Nigeria, with focus on 4th to 6th year students from 4 Public universities using anonymous structured questionnaire.Result: Two hundred and ninety-five (295) participants were enrolled in this study. The mean (±SD) age of the respondents was 23.45 (±2.88) years. The majority (65.1%) of them were males, 82.4% were medical students. Only 68% of the respondents reported that they had received a comprehensive lecture on infection control in the course of their training. Less than half of the respondents indicated that their institutions provide free vaccination against tetanus, hepatitis, yellow fever, and cerebrospinal meningitis. 47.1% and 57.3% of the respondents keep their clinical apparels in their school bag and room wardrobe, respectively. More than 70% of the respondents agreed that hand washing is the most important step in infection control. However, only a minority (<40%) always practice hand washing in accordance with recommendation.Conclusion: The present study shows that there is a need for improvement in the attitude and practice of medical students towards hand hygiene use and vaccination. There is also a need for advocacy in institutionalization of preventive measures for the control of nosocomial infections.

Association of Heavy School Bags with Musculoskeletal Discomfort among Primary School Children of Islamabad, Pakistan

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders, an increasing concern among school going children, primarily affect muscles and tendons. They lead to secondary damage to nerves and joints in the neck, upper back, shoulders, arms, and hands, etc. The objective of this study was to determine the association of carrying heavy school bags with musculoskeletal discomfort among primary school children in government schools of Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Material and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in different government schools of Islamabad, Pakistan from June 2018 to November 2018. After an informed consent from parents, 377 healthy school going children aged 6-14 years were included in this study. Data was collected through Backpack Questionnaire. Chi square test was used to compare the frequency of musculoskeletal discomfort with demographic characteristics and backpack-related features. P-value less than .05 was considered statistically significant.
 Results: Mean age of the school children was 9.49 ± 1.53 years with 179 (46.9%) male and 203 (53.1%) female students. Majority of students (89.8%) were found with school bags more than 15% of their body weight. Shoulder pain was the most commonly reported complaint (67.3%). There was a significant association between pain and perceived backpack weight (P=.001), and between pain and self-perceived posture (P=.001). Leaning forward (66.2%) was the most commonly adopted posture followed by leaning sideways (15.4%) and stooping (2.9%), respectively. The association between pain and duration of carrying backpack from home to school was insignificant (P=.055) in contrast to pain and duration of carrying bag from school to home (P=.007), respectively.
 Conclusions: Musculoskeletal discomfort was found commonly among primary school children with shoulder pain being the most frequent, as maximum students were carrying heavy school bags.

Need of Postural Awareness in School-going Children

Posture refers to the position a person assumes while sitting, standing, or lying down. Our skeleton is formulated to support our body without spending much energy even with the pull of gravity. If we adopt poor posture, our muscles have to carry out the job of skeleton. When this overload remains for hours or days, we habitually develop some movement-related problems which hamper us at both, workplace and home.Postural problems in children are more concerning because heavy backpacks are badly affecting school-going children. Growth rate of appendicular skeletal system halts around 16 years of age for females and 18 years for males. Secondary ossification of vertebrae stops in mid-twenties. Therefore, spine is vulnerable to injury for longer time period. Various risk factors like inadequate ergonomic conditions, improper school bags, classroom's furniture, prolonged poor sitting posture, repetitive tasks, sedentary lifestyle, and absence of exercise are hampering children on daily basis in terms of developing musculoskeletal disorders including shoulder, upper & lower back and knee pain.In rural areas of Pakistan, children are used to sit on floor for prolonged period in schools due to unavailability of furniture, prolong sitting period which leads to many musculoskeletal disorders and eventually may cause spinal curvature to be poorly affected. American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA )recommends that students should carry backpacks no more than 15% of their body w e i g h t . A b i l l h a s p a s s e d b y K h y b e r Pakhtunkhwa government that bag weights shouldn't be more than 7kg. Other provinces should also enact similar laws to protect children from postural problems. An international study found that carrying10-kg backpack on one shoulder brought about asymmetric gait which meant selecting bags with two-straps andhanging it on both shoulders can prevent the gait kinetics to be disturbed1. A study conducted in Pakistan onschool going children, analyzed 54.61%children with low back paindue to poor posture2. According to educational statistics 2016-17, in Pakistan, there are around 28.68 million school-going children which portrays that a significant number of population, due to unawareness, no ergonomic measures in classrooms, no postural adaptations, is at a greater riskfor developing posture-related musculoskeletal disorders and in near future, disability. It is the need of hour to promote postural education in Pakistan as a strategy to mitigate high prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in school-going children. There is low awareness among parents and teachers about school bag weight limit, accurate carrying method, and proper posture. Many school administrations are acquainted with problems related to carrying heavy backpacks, but they pay no heed, so conducting seminars only isn't enough, the implementation and adaptation of correct posture in school is pivotal. There should be exercise session for 30 minutes per day to train bodies to preventpain onset and to improve body stance. Take into consideration that consuming proper diet alone is not enough to stay healthy, good posture equally matters for staying physically stable in long run.

BURDEN OF THE SCHOOL BAG: IS ANYBODY LISTENING?

In recent years, the weight of students' school bag has become an increasing concern to people with an interest or involvement in education at primary and secondary level. Parents, in particular, have given voice to this concern both as individuals and through their representative organisations. In addition, school authorities and teachers, health professionals and, indeed students themselves have increasingly voiced their unease regarding the heavy loads, which must be carried to and from school on a daily basis. Heavy school bags can be a burden, which tire students unnecessarily. There are also many researches, which have revealed strong correlation between school bag weight and physical problems among all students that can result in serious consequences in the future. So what are the factors, which contribute to the increased burden and weight on school children? Is it the number of textbooks, workbooks and copies , the size and weight of individual textbooks, the additional content and weight of the school bags or some other factors which have an indirect influence on the weight of school bags? These could be the provision of storage facilities, the lack of coordination of homework by teachers, students' lack of organisational skills and awareness in the school authorities of the possible health problems posed by excessively heavy school bags. This paper seeks to address these issues.

Prevalence and Levels of Forward Head Posture among School Going Children

Introduction: Exposure of overloaded bag packs and early usage of digital gadgets amongst school going children alters the cervical spine posture. The present research work intends to study the prevalence of forward head posture in school going children. The study also elucidates the ranges to consider for mild, moderate and severe forward head posture prevalence. Methods: A total of 100 school students (50 males and 50 females) were recruited for cross-sectional study. Assessment of forward head posture was done using plumb line. The students were made to stand at a point marked 25 cm distance away from the plumb line. The researcher, from the side view, using a meter scale, measured the distance between the tragus of the ear and plumb line and record it. The weight of the school bag was measured using the weighing machine and the time for which gadgets were used was recorded as per the subject/parents feedback. Results: The mean values for age, height, weight and BMI are 13.67 ± 0.55 years, 158.56 ± 7.71 cms, 46.47 ± 10.50 kgs and 18.40 ± 3.48 kg /m2 respectively. The mean values for gadgets time use, distance plumb line and weight bag are 130.50 ± 67.07 min, 1.96 ± 1.19 cm and 4.32 ± 1.70 kgs respectively. About ~27% children having mild or no FHP (less than or equal to 1 cm), ~37% children having moderate FHP (ranging between 1.01 cm to 2.49 cm) and ~36% children found to have severe FHP (more than or equal to 2.5 cm). Conclusion: The study showed that the FHP is developing at early stage in the school going children and it has the potential of altering cervical spine biomechanics. Early screening is much essential aspect to prevent FHP. The ergonomic based awareness programs should be organized to sensitize children about the right posture and to indulge them in physical activity.

Influence of school bag loads and carrying methods on body strain among young male students

This study examined the influences of schoolbag carrying modes combined with carrying weights on the body posture alterations, muscle activations, and subjective discomfort scores of participants. Twelve male university students were recruited as participants and executed nine test combinations of three carrying methods (2-strap backpack, 1-strap side backpack, and 1-strap crossbody carrying) generally used by Taiwanese young students and three loads (5%, 10%, and 15% of their respective body weights [BWs]). The results revealed that carried load and method significantly affected body posture and trapezius activation. Side backpack carrying should be avoided because of the relatively high lateral shoulder tilt, trunk flexion, right trapezius activation, and low lumbosacral angle observed compared with other two carrying methods. The unbalanced load of side backpack carrying may cause an uneven shoulder posture, thus resulting in extra body strains. Furthermore, carrying loads at 10% of BW was recommended when carrying a 2-strap backpack. Relevance to industryThe daily carriage of a schoolbag or backpack on the musculoskeletal health of young students has been a permanent concern. The findings suggest that carrying a load weighing 15% of BW and using the unbalanced side backpack carrying method should be avoided.

Parents' knowledge and attitudes when choosing their children's school bag: An introductory study

Background/Aim: A school bag is a device whose purpose is to store things that are necessary for a child in performing daily productive activities. The aim of the research was to examine how much parents are informed about the school bag and which specifications are crucial when choosing a school bag for their children. Material and methods: The prospective study included 150 parents of students aged 11 to 12 from Banja Luka. For the purposes of the research, a questionnaire with closed and open questions was used. Results: More than 97 % of the surveyed parents belonged to the age range of 30 to 49 years. The largest number of surveyed parents have had secondary education 44 %, but the number of university-educated parents was also very high 39.3 %. Ninety-six percent of students used a backpack. School bags in 97.4 % of cases were purchased in stores. Only in 10 % of cases, school bags fully meet the basic criteria. In the remaining 90 % of cases, there was an absence of at least one or more desired characteristics. Using the Chi-squared test (ch2 = 245.45; p < 0.001), a significant difference between the desired and the achieved result was statistically proven. 77.3 % of parents did not receive information about the school bag. Salespeople (11.3 %), other parents and friends (9.3 %) were the main source of information before purchasing a school bag. In the future, 54 % of parents would like to get information about the school bag through lectures and practical workshops for children and parents. Conclusion: Greater information enables adequate selection and reduces the possibility of marketing tricks and influences on consumers when choosing the desired product such as a school bag. Parents have an important role to play in ensuring unhindered growth and development during the educational process and in raising children's awareness and supervision of the proper use of the school bag.

School students’ posture: parents’ view

One of the most discussed problems today is the postural hygiene of school students. The article reports the results of a questionnaire survey on perceptions and awareness about risk factors, postural health, and pro-health behaviors of children. The study aims to understand what parents know about correct posture and how they participate in the preservation of children’s postural health. The results of the survey show that most parents have a correct awareness about signs of correct posture, walking, and sitting and also understand the importance of the way children wear school bags and correctly selected clothing and shoes. However, the answers to questions about children’s health-oriented behavior indicate that children do not spend enough time in the fresh air outside of school and ignore outside physical education classes and morning exercises and also demonstrate a low level of parents’ control of correct posture in various activities of children. At the same time, the respondents are ready to obtain knowledge and pay attention to this issue. The results of the questionnaire confirm the need to organize training and methodological support for teachers and parents in issues of disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the formation of correct posture in children.

Backpack improper use causes musculoskeletal injuries in adolescents: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND:This research is one of the very few studies, which seeks a focalized examination to observe the effects of the backpack on the teenager students. Adolescents prefer rucksacks as one of their favorite school bags during their school studies. This study inspects how knapsacks gradually bring changes as injuries in the bodies of school-going adolescents. There are ample studies in the past literature, which evidence the injuries of backpack among adolescents, such as backache, neck pain, and shoulder pain. The principal objective of this study is to determine the effects of backpacks on musculoskeletal injuries among school-going adolescents based on previous studies support in this research field.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This review study selected observational studies from the past literature indexed in the databases of Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL during 1999–2020. This review focused on the keywords of “Backpack,” “Musculoskeletal Injuries,” and “Adolescent” from MESH and selected 14 out of 210 articles based on the research objective. According to the Crombie Checklist, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and investigating the quality of the report, this review focused on literature evidence to the field under investigation.RESULTS:Based on the chosen 14 articles, the findings of the present review indicated two outcomes by considering the impact of the backpack on musculoskeletal injuries and pains among adolescents. The results of the review studies specified that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and pain using a backpack among most of the male and female adolescents. The findings also stipulate that injuries and pain intensity among female adolescents were higher than the male students.CONCLUSION:The results of this review study specified that improper use of the backpack, which exceeded the standard weight, caused chorionic pain and injuries between both genders of adolescents. The generalizability of the results is suitable for this review study.

Beban Tas Siswa di Sekolah Dasar Saraswati 5 Denpasar

The use of school bags without ergonomics design, miscarriage school bag, excessive bag load and carrying bags with long duration could be risk of disrupting the musculoskeletal system. The aim of this research is to know the frequency of bag load category of elementary students at SD Saraswati 5 Denpasar according to class, age, gender and weight of respondent. This research method was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at SD Saraswati 5 Denpasar. The sample in this study was selected by systematic random sampling. There were 86 respondents who carried load of bag of medium category amounted to 40 (46.5%) student, heavy bag category tend to carried by grade 3 student amounted to 12 (54.5%), male and female students carried the same bag load that is the moderate category 40 (46.5%) and the group with the mildest weight among other groups tend to carried heavy bag category amounted to 16 (55.2%). The conclusion is Students of Elementary School Saraswati 5 Denpasar more often carry the bag burden of the medium category. More heavy bag load categories are carried by students aged 7 years - 9 years. Groups of students with the lightest weight tend to carry heavy bag loads.

Entrepreneurship Empowerment Strategy in Islamic Boarding Schools: Lesson from Indonesia

Compared to formal educational institutions, Islamic boarding schools have their uniqueness and many advantages. Today's Islamic boarding schools provide learning about religious knowledge and entrepreneurship to equip and provide independence when returning to the community. This study aims to analyze the types of entrepreneurial empowerment of students and analyze the strategies of the Nurul Ulum Islamic Boarding School in Kemuningsari Lor Village, Panti District, Jember Regency in empowering santri entrepreneurship. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. While the data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. The study results show that the types of entrepreneurial empowerment activities that are managed and developed by the pesantren are adapted to the conditions of the pesantren environment, infrastructure, and capabilities possessed by the pesantren. First, the generated businesses result from waste management (making cellphone bags, handkerchiefs, school bags, and brooches). Second, dress code (sewing) in clothes, headscarves, coats, and pants. Then, the entrepreneurial strategies implemented at the Nurul Ulum Islamic Boarding School include cost leadership, differentiation strategies, and focus strategies. This research contributes in-depth knowledge that Islamic boarding schools play an essential role in entrepreneurship in providing new jobs and poverty alleviation and contributing to the country's economic development.

Do School Bag Weights of Primary School Children Affect Back Pain?

Purpose:The aim of our study was to investigate whether the school bag properties used by children had an effect on their back pain. Patients and Methods:Eighty-two volunteer students were included in the study. The characteristics of the school bag used by the children who were participating in the study, the data of the variables such as perceived bag weights, bag carrying patterns and pain and fatigue levels were questioned with the form prepared by the researchers. SPSS 22.0 analysis program was used to analyze the data. Results:The average age of the participants was 9.82 ± 0.65 years. Of the 82 volunteer students who included in the study were 39 (47.6%) female and 43 (52.4%) were male. It was determined that the type of bag that children used when coming to school was a backpack. 29.26% (n = 23) of the students carry their backpacks with one shoulder strap and 70.74% (n = 59) with two shoulder straps. There was a statistically significant correlation between the severity of back pain and the type of carrying bag (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the level of back pain and gender (p> 0.05). Conclusion:It was recommended that the weight of school bag should not exceed 10% of the child\'s body weight in Europe but we found approximately 13% and exceeded the recommended limit. The results of our study suggest that the bag weight perceived by children is related to back pain and fatigue.

Musculoskeletal Pain and its Association with School Bag Weight and Diet Intake: A Cross-Sectional Study among School-Going Adolescents in Delhi

Background: Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain is increasing in adolescent school students. This studyconducted to assess the role of heavy bag packs and faulty dietary habits in the causation of musculoskeletalpain.Methods: The study was conducted in school going 1600 adolescent school students of Delhi, India fromApril 2018 to March 2019. The demographic profile, symptoms of pain in neck, shoulder and back wasrecorded through a validated questionnaire and the simplified dietary gap assessment tool was applied toassess the dietary habits. The weight of the school bag was measured. The prevalence of musculoskeletalpain was 56.8% among adolescent school students. The musculoskeletal pain was significantly higher inthose students who were carrying bag weight 10-15% of their body weight and was two times higher thanthose students who were carrying bag weight less than 10% of their body weight. Students having dietarygap score of less than 5 out of 10 were more prevalent to get musculoskeletal pain than those having dietaryscore more than 8.Conclusions: Carrying of heavy school bag weight and gap in the diet among the school going adolescentscan lead to musculoskeletal pain

Correlational Study to Assess the Musculoskeletal Quandry with the Bag Carried by Children Studying at Selected School of Pune

Introduction and objective: The prevalence rate of musculoskeletal pain among Indian school-goingchildren is 55% to 85% in between and the recommended weight is given to school children should beless than 10% of the body weight but children carry bag weight on the body i.e. 15% of the body weight.Hence the main objective of this study was to correlate the weight of the student with bag weight andmusculoskeletal quandry. Methodology: Quantitative approach with non-experimental correlational designused in this study to assess the musculoskeletal quandry with the bag carried by children studying at selectedschool of Pune”. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed with the help of standardized tool which was Modifiedcornell musculoskeletal discomfort questionnaire, Wongs baker pain rating scale. 200 school children wereselected by using Non-probability convenient sampling technique. In this study the data was analysed usingPearson coefficient correlation test, and Fishers’ exact test. Result: The following observation were madefrom the study. The p-values for this test were large for these parameters, which is evident that though thereis a negative correlation of weight of students with Pain frequency (0.490), Discomfort (0.422), Interference(0.432), and Pain (0.486), the correlation is not significant Pearson’s correlation coefficient between theweight of school children and bag weight was 0.12 which is positive. Fisher’s exact test was applied to findthe association and the result shows that the p-value is less than 0.05 it indicates that there is a significantassociation with the musculoskeletal quandry. Conclusion: Hence, the significance of this study indicates ofevidence for the null hypothesis and analysis and results show that there is a negative correlation betweenthe weight of the student with the bag weight.

Weight of Schoolbags Among Indian Schoolchildren in Pune and Hyderabad

This study was done to determine proportion of children carrying heavy school bags and to compare new guidelines issued by Government of India on school bag weight limit, based on class of the child with previous guidelines based on child's weight. A cross-sectional study was done among students of schools from two cities of India - Pune and Hyderabad. Weight of school bag of 1321 children was measured and classified as 'heavy' or 'normal' based on existing as well as new guidelines. Agreement between two guidelines was also calculated. In our study, 722 (77.2%) out of 935 students from class 1-10 were found to be carrying 'heavy' school bags. Kappa coefficient for agreement between two guidelines was 0.55 (0.47,0.60) indicating moderately strong agreement. Large proportion of school children are carrying school bags with weight beyond permissible limits. There is a need for all stake holders to take steps to reduce weight of school bags.