School Background Research Articles

Why Cognitive Test Scores of Spanish Adults are so Low? The Role of Schooling and Socioeconomic Background

We explore the cognitive skill gap between the adult population in Spain and in the rest of European Union countries using the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies. We find that differences in schooling account for about a third of the average difference in cognitive test scores, whereas differences in socio-economic background explain about one fourth of the average score gap. While cognitive skill gaps are increasing along the distribution of test scores, differences in educational stocks and socio-economic factors explain a larger fraction of the gap at the bottom than at the top of the skill distribution.

(h) in Marshallese English

Abstract This paper explores the sociolinguistic patterning of glottal choices in the English spoken in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), a variety that variationist research has thus far eschewed. The analysis suggests that the schooling background of the speaker is the most crucial determinant for both /h/-dropping and /h/-insertion. These findings are not surprising given the dramatic social inequalities regarding access to educational opportunities that characterise the RMI. The locally-specific contact situation, in conjunction with the constraints on /h/-insertion, suggest that the English spoken in the Marshall Islands is typologically distinct from the Southern British dialect root described for other parts of the Pacific by Schreier (2019).

Could the UK Foundation Programme training post allocation process result in regional variations in the knowledge and skills of Foundation doctors? A cross-sectional study.

Background and AimsThe allocation of medical school graduates to Foundation Schools (post‐qualification training, organized at regional level) in the United Kingdom uses a ranking process that takes into account educational performance at medical school and performance on a situational judgment test (SJT). We aimed to compare the performance of United Kingdom graduates allocated to different United Kingdom Foundation School according to three metrics: educational performance measure (EPM), SJT, and prescribing safety assessment (PSA).MethodsWe used a cross‐sectional study design using data from the UK Medical Education Database, studying 19 United Kingdom Foundation School groups. A total of 33 730 graduates from United Kingdom medical schools in the period 2014 to 2018 (inclusive) who started Foundation Training in August 2018 or earlier were included in the study, excluding those allocated to the Academic Foundation Programme or the Armed Forces Deanery. The outcomes were within‐year standardized mean scores (by Foundation School) on the EPM, SJT, and PSA.ResultsThere was a significant difference between Foundation Schools in the Educational Performance Measure (F = 401, P < .001), SJT (F = 213, P < .001), and PSA (F = 95, P < .001). Tukey‐Kramer pairwise comparisons between Foundation Schools showed a very high percentage of statistical significance (78%, 402/513 comparisons). The Cohen's d effect size for the difference in means and Tukey‐Kramer 95% confidence intervals between the Foundation Schools with the highest (North West Thames) and lowest (West Midlands North) means were 1.92 (1.77‐2.07) for the EPM, 1.59 (1.44‐1.73) for the SJT, and 0.94 (0.79‐1.09) for the PSA.ConclusionThere is a statistically significant difference between the knowledge and skills of doctors (as measured by the three metrics used in this study) entering the Foundation Programme in different Foundation Schools. It is less clear whether this has an impact on patient care and thus is unfair from the perspective of the patient.

Reflection on the Quality and Equity of Chinese Basic Education—From PISA 2018 Results: Where All Students Can Succeed

PISA 2018 Results: Where All Students Can Succeed analyzes students’ academic performance and wellbeing from the social background of students and schools. It shows that the influence of socio-economic status on the academic performance of students in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang(China) (hereafter “B-S-J-Z[China]”) is relatively low, but disadvantaged students receive insufficient support from school; socio-economic segregation between schools in B-S-J-Z(China) affects students’ academic performance and expectations for the future; the shortage of quality teachers in B-S-J-Z(China) is serious, but the teaching resources are sufficient. According to PISA 2018, China should promote balanced development among schools, strengthen teachers’ education, adhere to curriculum and teaching reform, so as to promote education equity and improve education quality.

The Impact of Learning Culture of High Schools on Learner Autonomy in Private University Preparatory Schools (A Case of Erbil)

This study commenced upon the university preparatory English teacher’s perceptions about the lack of their student’s readiness for learner autonomy. The impact of students’ educational background and learning culture in high schools on learner autonomy in university preparatory classes were examined accordingly. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to obtain the data in depth for this study. Within this context, the researchers designed and distributed a questionnaire to preparatory students in a private university in Erbil, and 70 students participated in this stage. The obtained data were analyzed through SPSS 25 software program. Also, the researchers interviewed with preparatory school instructors to have their perceptions about students’ present autonomy level. Initially, the students’ perceptions of former learning culture were examined according to their educational background information, and then the level of present readiness for autonomy was analyzed. According to the results, the students believe their teachers in high schools were authoritarian, so they were not given opportunities to enhance their skills to be autonomous learners. Their present teacher-dependent attitudes which came from high school still prevent them from being autonomous learners. However, the encouragement of the preparatory school’s instructors helps the students boost motivation to be self-directed learners. This study will shed light on the problems such as teacher-dependent students of the education systems based on rote-learning and guide the curriculum designers and school teachers to take the urgency of learner autonomy into consideration in language teaching.

A Critical Review of 'Getting Tough? The Impact of High School Graduation Exams'

The highly-praised and influential study, “Getting Tough?,” was published in 2001. Briefly, while controlling for a host of student, school, state, and educator background variables, the study regressed 1988 to 1992 student-level achievement score gains onto a dummy variable for the presence (or not) of a high school graduation test at the student’s school. The 1992-1988 difference in scores on the embedded cognitive test in a US Educational Department longitudinal survey comprised the gain scores. The study was praised for its methodology, controlling for multiple baseline variables which previous researchers allegedly had not, and by some opposed to high-stakes standardized testing for its finding of no achievement gains. Indeed, some characterized the work as so far superior in method it justified dismissing all previous work on the topic. Moreover, the article was timely, its appearance in print coincident with congressional consideration of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) and its new federal mandate requiring annual testing in seven grades and three subjects in all U.S. public schools. The article also served as the foundation for a string of ensuing studies nominally showing that graduation exams bore few benefits and outsized costs (e.g., in dropout rates). Graduation exam opponents would employ these critical studies as evidence to political effect. From a high number of more than thirty states around the turn of the millennium, graduation tests are now administered in only seven or eight states. The multivariate analysis in “Getting Tough?” should have had the advantage of authenticity — an analysis of a phenomenon studied in its actual context. But that should mean that the context is understood and specified in the analysis, not ignored as if it couldn’t matter. And, it could have been understood and specified. Most of the relevant information left out of “Getting Tough?” — specific values for other factors that tend to affect test performance or student achievement — was available from the three contemporary surveys, and the rest could have been obtained from a more detailed evidence-gathering effort. The study could have been more insightful had it been done differently, perhaps with less emphasis on “more sophisticated” and “more rigorous” mathematical analysis, and more emphasis on understanding and specifying the context — how testing programs are organized, how tests are administered, the effective differences among the wide variety and forms of tests and how students respond differently to each, the legal context of testing in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and so on.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KONSUMEN DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN MINYAK GORENG CURAH

“Analysis Of Factors Which Influence Consumers In Making Decision Purchase Oil Fry Bulk in Subdistrict Pantai Cermin.( Study Case : Housewives Appliances in Subdistrict Pantai Cermin" this research is guided by Myrna Pratiwi Nasution SP., MP .&#x0D; The purpose of research it is to identify the characteristics of consumers of oil fry bulk location research , identify the decision -making of consumers in buying the product oil fried bulk and to determine the factors that influence on the decisions of consumers in the purchase of the product oil cooking of the samples performed by using the technique of purposive sampling with a sample of 100 respondents . The method of analysis that is used is the method of analysis of descriptive , analytical factors, multiple reservation the data supported by Microsoft Excel 2013 and statistical package of social science (SPSS) version 21. The research is conducted on the month in March -April 2020. The results of the study it can be concluded that (1) consumers of oil fried output is dominated by the age of 31-40 years (67 %), most large has a background of education junior high school (73%), clarification of the work of consumers on average mother house of stairs (100%). (2) the process of making the decision of purchase of consumer oil fried bulk through the five stages of the process are : introduction to the problem, the search for information , alternative evaluations , purchasing decisions , post- purchase behavior ; (3) the results of the analysis of the factors that the seven factors that are culture factors, social factor, personal culture of social factors, social psychological factors, psychological factors, culture factors, culture psychological factors. &#x0D; &#x0D; Key Word : Oil Fry Bulk, Analysis Factor.

Penanganan terhadap Anak Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penganiayaan yang Terlibat dalam Geng Motor di Wilayah Badung

A bike gang refers to a group of youths (teenagers) having the same school background in an area who are members of a two-wheeled motor vehicle user community. The criminal act of maltreatment committed by a group of biker gang in Bali has violated the provisions of the applicable criminal law. With regard to the fact, the urgency of the modus operandi of the criminal act of maltreatment committed by biker gang and the legal protection for young biker gang who commit crimes of maltreatment are examined in the present study. The method used in this research is the empirical method. The modus operandi appeared as the mode applied by criminals to commit criminal acts and the implementation of legal protection against bikers who committing the criminal act of maltreatment in the Badung District Police jurisdiction is through not overriding the children’s rights as child defendants, such as the right to legal assistance at every level of examination in line with procedures determined by law. It would be better if, in implementing criminal sanctions, law enforcers take the condition of the community, the perpetrators of crimes, into account in order to foster legal awareness within them.

Intercultural communication experiences among students and teachers: implication to in-service teacher professional development

PurposeThis paper aims to present the qualitative findings on students’ and teachers’ experiences in communicating and interacting with students and teachers from different ethnic backgrounds in the Malaysian vision schools initiative.Design/methodology/approachFace-to-face interviews were conducted involving 15 informants comprising of three headteachers, three teachers and nine students. The interviews centred on the informants’ experiences and views living and experiencing the reality of the vision schools which is comprising three major races; Malays, Chinese and Indians; which is represented by the three school types which are a national school, Chinese vernacular and Indian vernacular schools.FindingsThe interview data revealed that the intercultural communication in the vision schools had triggered intercultural understanding and awareness of cultural diversity in the schools. However, the interview data with experienced teachers showed some drawbacks of the intercultural dynamics at the school complex. Among the weaknesses were the absence of structured and formal training on intercultural and multicultural education, lack of trust and poor social skills which may have hindered effective intercultural communication from taking place.Originality/valueThis study presents the informants’ experiences and views on the reality of intercultural interaction among students and teachers in the context of the Malaysian vision school initiative.

Assessment of Perceived Discrimination and Self-esteem Among Students of Manjo Ethnic Background in Schools and Colleges of Bonga Town

The objective of this study was assessing perceived discrimination and self-esteem among Manjo students. Descriptive and co-relational survey design was employed to investigate the issues. One hundred twelve students from schools and college were included on the principles of comprehensive sampling for institutions and snowball sampling for participants. Data was collected using close ended questionnaire and semi-structured interview guides. The collected data was analyzed using percentage, mean, Pearson correlation, independent test, and one-way ANOVA for quantitative information while thematic analysis was used for qualitative information. The results show that a) there was significant variation on mean self-esteem across different grade levels (F (2, 109) =11.68 at P&lt;0.05), and age groups (F (2, 109) =35.00 at p&lt;0.05), b) SE has significant positive relation with age (r=.588), grade level (r=.740), SES (r=.419), and PD (r= 0.26), c) there was no mean variation between male and female participants in SE (t (110) =1.33, P&gt;0.05) and PD (t (110) = -0.598, P&gt;0.05).Nearly all respondents (95.5%) believed that they are socially discriminated by non-Manjo people both inside and outside the school compound which includes disgrace, segregation, neglect, mock, receiving negative ethnic proverbs, insult, discouragement, being called by nick name, physical abuse, harassment, and beat were found as major discriminative behaviors frequently faced. Also, respondents (91%) perceive that they are socially discriminated because of being a member Manjo ethnic group which is given unjustified negative stereotypes. On the basis of findings and discussions, it is concluded that social discrimination still exists in the area mainly caused by shared stereotype and prejudice. Finally, on the basis of findings and conclusions implications for future directions on alleviating the existing situations are forwarded.

Gender differences in brain type according to the Empathy/Systemising Quotient for Children (EQ/SQ-C) questionnaire in Indonesia

Objective: This research was conducted to support the hypothesis that boys and girls have different brain types that affect their empathy and systemising quotients. Method: This was a cross-sectional study using an online survey. The Indonesian version of the Empathy/Systemising Quotient for Children (EQ/SQ-C) questionnaire was used to identify the brain type and empathy and systemising quotients. Participants were 620 parents who had primary school children and having minimal junior high school background. The data analysis used chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U-test on SPSS program for Mac version 20. Results: Boys and girls had different brain types (p < 0.05). The extreme-empathising brain type consisted of 1.9% girls and 0.5% boys; the empathising brain type was 15.8% in girls and 9.0% in boys. Further, 0.8% of girls and 2.6% of boys had the extreme-systemising brain type. Although the empathy quotient average mean score of the boys was significantly lower than the girls (p < 0.05), the systemising quotient average mean score was slightly higher than that of the girls. Conclusion: This study found that gender plays an important role in empathy and systemising skills. Therefore, creating a stimulating program that supports empathy and systemising quotients in primary school students should be developed according to gender.

Analisis Pemahaman Mahasiswa Akuntansi terhadap Konsep Dasar Akuntansi

This study aims to examine the understanding of Accounting Students related to the basic concept of accounting, namely the understanding of assets, liabilities and capital based on the background of secondary schools (Vocational Accounting, Social Sciences and Natural Sciences Senior High School). Sampling through a purposive sampling technique that is a number of 90 accounting students from Mataram University and Mataram University of Technology who filled out the research questionnaire. This study uses SPSS 18 data processing, with a different test, testing the hypothesis shows the result that H3 is accepted, which is a significance level of 0.044 where the value is less than 0.05; and concluded that there are significant differences regarding the understanding of capital between students from SMK Accounting, SMA IPS and IPA SMA, while H1 and H2 are not accepted, the significance level is 0.724 and 0.874, respectively, where the value is greater than 0.05. This happens due to several factors including: lack of practice, lack of practice, short study portions, etc., causing a lack of understanding of students towards assets and liabilities which are important indicators of other financial statements.

Neurophilia is stronger for educators than students in Brazil.

Educational products claiming to be "brain-based" are common. Due to neurophilia, including a brain in a product's marketing can enhance perceptions. However, schooling background may play a protective role. As previous neuromarketing research has been conducted predominantly in English speakers, we examined whether the effects of neurophilia extend to a Portuguese-speaking Brazilian population. Teachers and students (N=262) viewed one of four advertisements for a hypothetical product translating to ''Right Brain'' or ''Right Start'' Training; half the advertisements contained an MRI brain image. Participants rated their perceptions of interest, efficacy, and scientific rationale. The presence of a brain image or the word 'brain' did not influence responses. However, occupation had a significant effect: teachers' ratings were higher than students' ratings. Importantly, teachers were more susceptible to neurocontent, rating "Right Brain" training significantly higher than students. These results thus highlight the need to improve teachers' neuroscience literacy.

Opplevingar og erfaringar med å delta i ein organisert fritidsaktivitet for jenter med minoritetsbakgrunn – «Jentegruppen»

Jenter med minoritetsbakgrunn har lågare deltaking i organiserte aktivitetar enn andre barn. Deltaking i organiserte grupper har fordelar for fysisk, psykisk og sosial utvikling. Formålet med studien er å utforske kva det betyr for jenter med minoritetsbakgrunn å delta i fritidsaktiviteten «Jentegruppen». Tretten jenter i alderen 9–12 år vart intervjua, og data vart analyserte induktivt med kvalitativ innhaldsanalyse. Hovudfunnet i analysen var at «Jentegruppen» representerte ein fristad for sosial deltaking og utvikling, som såg ut til å gjere dei i stand til å handtere utfordringar knytte til den kulturelle bakgrunnen deira i skule og samfunn. Vi identifiserte tre undertema: «På «Jentegruppen» blir eg utfordra til å lære», «På «Jentegruppen» er eg meg sjølv» og «På «Jentegruppen» har eg fått venner». Vi konkluderer med at «Jentegruppen» er ein viktig arena for læring, som kan styrke integreringa av jenter med minoritetsbakgrunn i skulen og det norske samfunnet.

어린이영어성경학교의 영어교육적 이론 및 운영사례

본 논문은 교회 내 어린이영어성경학교에 대하여 영어교육적 이론의 토대를 마련하고, 유치부부터 초등 고학년까지 영어성경반을 계획, 운영하며 교육적 시사점을 찾는 데에 목적이 있다. 어린이영어성경반의 영어교육적 이론으로는 내용중심교수법, 멀티미디어 활용 영어교육, 전신반응교수법을 적용하였다. 연령과 수준에 따라 총 네 개의 반으로 나누었고, 성경이란 내용을 중심으로 교육하는 내용중심교수법과, J사의 미디어 컨텐츠 및 유튜브의 영어성경인물, 찬양 등을 활용하는 멀티미디어 활용, 놀이를 가미한 전신반응 교수법을 반영하였다. 교회절기에 맞추어 달란트잔치, 외국인 목사님 초청, 영어암송 및 찬양 발표 등을 시행하였다. 미취학 아동 중 교회를 다니지 않던 5가정 이상에서 아이의 영어성경교육을 위하여 부모님까지 함께 교회에 나오게 된 자연스러운 전도의 열매도 맺게 되었다. 향후 어린이 영어성경반에 대한 더 많은 연구를 통하여 개교회에 적용할 수 있는 교육적 시사점을 더욱 얻게 되기를 희망한다.

Scientific Work of Pre-Service Science Teacher in Basic Physics Practicum: Analysis of Major Background with Scientific Work Capabilities

Basic Physics Practicum is a course taken by the pre-service science teacher of Tarbiyah Faculty of IAIN Kudus. Pre-service science teachers are required to carry out scientific work in the practicum. Scientific work includes scientific attitudes, scientific communication, and scientific process skills. The problem in this research is how the level of scientific work of pre-service science teachers who have different fields of study background in high school. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of scientific work of pre-service science teachers who have different fields of study background in high school. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive method in which research data are obtained through instruments in the form of questionnaire sheets and observation sheets. Based on the results of the study note that the ability to work scientifically which includes scientific attitudes, scientific communication, and scientific process skills possessed by a pre-service science teacherwith non-natural science backgrounds is lower than with the natural science ones. These results provide input to the lecturer team to revise the practicum draft that has been prepared so that it is more effective in improving the scientific workability, especially for pre-service science teachers with non-natural backgrounds.

Construction and Practice of Characteristic Specialty in Universities

The article is aimed at the construction of national-level specialty of “Microelectronics Science and Engineering” of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications. According to the relevant policies and regulations of the Ministry of Education and the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, the implementation opinions on the development of microelectronics science and engineering professional training programs are proposed, combined with the school background. Based on the school background and current situation, the research content, objectives and problems to be solved are put forward, and the expected benefits of this construction project are finally put forward.

A framework to understand the needs of the medical students of the future

Purpose: Medical education is undergoing curricular reform driven by internal needs and external pressures. Concurrently, medical students are changing. More diverse student bodies, particularly those from underrepresented minorities, bring different skill sets, needs and priorities to their medical school education. Here we present their voices.Methods: In order to explore the stories, needs and motivations of future physicians, we conducted a small-scale study of students from diverse backgrounds in US medical schools. Our interviews revealed two core themes about medical school: (1) that medical school is an extreme physical and emotional challenge for all students, and (2) that medical school education consists of multiple conflicting goals. Combining the two themes provides a descriptive topology of student’s motivations and strategies for getting through medical school. Using this framework, we deconstruct the experience of medical school to reveal the gaps and misalignments between the traditional system of medical education and what medical students want, expect and need to be successful.Conclusions: We discuss the implications of our research and this framework for curricula and the learning environment with a particular focus on (1) cooperative learning and social interdependence theory and (2) an expanded understanding of diversity and the needs of under-represented students.

Technical Evaluation of Soft Mist Inhaler Use in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundProper inhaler technique is highly relevant to the effective management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The tiotropium bromide spray (TBS) (Spiriva® Respimat®) is a soft mist inhaler (SMI) preferred by patients to pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) because of its convenience in use. However, the technique of using TBS inhaler in the real world is unclear.ObjectiveTo evaluate techniques in using TBS inhaler and investigate the association between the patient characteristics and the correct use of TBS inhaler.MethodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled 74 COPD patients who used TBS inhaler device for more than 3 months. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded. The technique of using TBS inhaler was evaluated step by step. Incorrect use was defined as the patient’s inability to complete the key steps in the inhalation manoeuvre. The percentage of incorrect use was compared between the groups. Risk factors related to incorrect use were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf the 74 participants, only 2 (2.7%) patients completed all the steps correctly, and 48 (64.9%) patients misused the key steps in the inhalation manoeuvre. Incorrect preparation of the TBS inhaler for the first use was the most frequently misused step, accounting for 77.0%. Factors associated with misuse of TBS inhaler included the educational background (p=0.010), living state (p=0.031) and COPD assessment test (CAT) score (p=0.005) of the patients. Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that the COPD duration was significantly associated with the incorrect use (p=0.019). Compared with patients with a higher educational background, patients with an elementary school background [OR 11652.99, CI: 22.72–5975697.72], junior high school background [OR 7187.78, CI: 16.41–3146787] and high school background [OR 1563, CI: 4.27–572329.67] were more likely to misuse TBS inhaler. Patients living with their spouses alone were also more likely to commit errors in using TBS inhaler as compared with those living with their children [OR 12.29, CI of 1.14–1.96]. Clinical factors like the COPD symptoms were relative to the technical use of the device. Better technique was accompanied by a lower CAT score [OR 1.49, CI of 1.14–1.96].ConclusionThe incorrect use of TBS inhaler was common in COPD patients. Healthcare providers should not only teach the patients about the drug preparation but help them use the inhaler correctly. Special attention should be paid to patients with a short COPD duration and a low educational background and those who live without the company of their children. Proper use of TBS inhaler can significantly improve the symptom control of COPD patients.

IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN KESISWAAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS AKADEMIK PESERTA DIDIK DI SMP IT AT-THOHIRIAH

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Management is a process of activities that are planned and carried out intentionally and continuously to all students in the relevant educational institutions in order to be able to participate in the learning and teaching process effectively and efficiently. Learning achievement is the level of humanity students have in accepting, rejecting and assessing the information obtained in the teaching and learning process. A person's learning achievement is in accordance with the level of success of something in learning subject matter which is expressed in the form of grades or report cards for each field of study after experiencing the teaching and learning process. This study aims to determine the extent of implementation, acceptance, student management, efforts made, as well as the implications of the application of student management in At-Thiriiriah Junior High School in improving the quality of students. This study uses a qualitative approach using a type of case study research by taking a background in At-Thiriahah Junior High School, Gunung Bunder I, Pamijahan, Bogor. Data collection is done by interview, observation and documentation. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis method. Based on the process of data collection and data analysis, researchers can conclude several things including: (1) The application of student management that takes place at At-Thiriahah IT Junior High is classified as good, where the concept of student management starts from the planning and implementation of new students, monitoring or control and evaluation can be applied by all at IT Thohiriah Junior High School. (2) In an effort made by schools related to student management to improve the quality of students in At-Thiriahah Junior High School, among others: improving discipline including a). At-Thiriahah Junior High School students arrive at 07.00 WIB, b) Wearing Uniforms. (3) As for the implications of the implementation of student management to improve the quality of students in At-Thiriah Gunung Bunder I Junior High School, seen from the academic achievement in the form of UN scores that have increased, non-academic achievements achieved by At-Thiriahah IT Middle School students have also increased, and graduates of At-Thiriiriah IT Middle School were accepted into public and private schools.&#x0D; Keywords: Student Management, Academic Quality of Students