Child School Attendance Research Articles

The Power of Multidimensional Poverty in Explaining Life Expectancy: Empirical Evidence from Cross-Sectional Data of 62 Developing Countries.

Background:We examined whether multidimensional poverty index (MPI) explained variations in life expectancy (LE) better than income poverty; and assessed the relative importance of MPI indicators in influencing LE.Methods:Cross-sectional data from 62 developing countries were used to run several multivariate linear regressions. R2 was used to compare the powers of MPI with income-poverties (income poverty gaps [IPG] at 1.9 and 3.1 USD) in explaining LE.Results:Adjusting for controls, both MPI (β =−0.245, P<0.001) and IPG at 3.1 USD (β=−0.135, P=0.044) significantly correlates with LE, but not IPG at 1.9 USD (β=−0.147, P=0.135). MPI explains 12.1% of the variation in LE compared to only 3.2% explained by IPG at 3.1 USD. The effect of MPI on LE is higher on female (β=−0.210, P<0.001) than male (β=−0.177, P<0.001). The relative influence of the deprivation indictors on LE ranks as follows (most to least): Asset ownership, drinking water, cooking fuel, flooring, child school attendance, years of schooling, nutrition, mortality, improved sanitation, and electricity.Conclusion:Interventions to reduce poverty and improve LE should be guided by MPI, not income poverty indices. Such policies should be female-oriented and prioritized based on the relative influence of the various poverty deprivation indicators on LE.

International Remittances and Child Welfare: A Case Study on Cali Colombia

International remittances can increase the income of recipient households, and thus reduce their budget constraints. As such, they may enhance consumption and investment opportunities for family members that remain in the country of origin. This document analyzes the impact of international remittances on child labor and school attendance for children aged between 12 and 18 in Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Using a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) strategy, we find that children in remittance-receiving households are less likely to engage in market work, but no evidence that international remittances may influence school attendance. The results in this document emphasize the importance of remittance income to improve the welfare of children left behind, reducing their exposure to market work, which is one of the targets of the Sustainability and Development Goals.

Preparation of School Psychologists to Support Black Students Exposed to Police Violence: Insight and Guidance for Critical Training Areas

The extrajudicial killing of Black people, particularly unarmed Black boys and men, at the hands of police is one of the most pressing social and racial justice issues in the USA. The awareness of, and indirect exposure to, police killings of Black people has a detrimental impact on the academic achievement, school attendance, mental health, and social development of Black children and youth. Despite this, there has been silence from the school psychology profession regarding police violence against Black people and ways to provide school-based support to Black children and youth who are exposed to such violence. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore school psychology students’ and school psychologists’ knowledge about police violence against Black people, their experiences with graduate education preparation for providing professional support to Black students who are exposed to police violence against Black people, and their perceptions of training areas in which school psychology programs could improve. Findings indicated that participants gained knowledge about police violence against Black people from multiple sources, including personal and professional experiences; few discussed police violence or Black Lives Matter specifically in their programs; none had specific training to support Black students exposed to police violence against Black people; and most recommended programs improve multicultural training.

Do conditional cash transfers (CCTs) raise educational attainment? An impact evaluation of Juntos in Peru

AbstractMotivationMany evaluations show that conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes raise school enrolment and attendance of children from low‐income households. Less evidence exists on the impact on learning and cognitive skills formation. This article contributes by evaluating the impacts of the CCT Juntos in Peru on school progression and performance in standardized test scores.PurposeWe investigate the overall impact of Juntos upon educational outcomes of beneficiary children. Specifically, we address two questions: does Juntos have an impact on school participation? Can programme participation be linked to impacts upon cognitive skills?Approach and methodsWe use a quasi‐experimental design that combines kernel matching with difference‐in‐difference estimation. We rely on data from the Young Lives panel survey and focus on a sample of 3,130 children aged 6–18 years old.FindingsThe article reports three main findings: (a) Juntos increases the chances of school enrolment and finishing primary school among children aged 12 to 18 years; (b) there is a positive effect on the transition to secondary school among the same age group, which is, however, only weakly significant at the 10% level; and (c) there is no positive impact on test scores of maths and language development among primary or secondary school‐aged children.Policy implicationsThe traditional demand‐side focus of CCTs risks neglecting supply factors related to service infrastructure and quality. The article suggests that policy‐makers need to study the structural mechanisms behind educational inequalities and integrate CCTs with measures to enhance skills formation for targeted households.

Measuring violence against children: The adequacy of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) child abuse screening tool - Child version in 9 Balkan countries

ObjectiveViolence against children is a global public health concern. Researchers are increasingly using self-report measures of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and neglect for population-based surveys. The current gold-standard measure, the 45-item ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool has been used across the world. This study assesses its adequacy for measuring abuse across countries. MethodsMultiple group confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the measure across nine Balkan countries. Data were collected using a three-stage stratified random sampling frame of 42,194 school-attending children in three grades (aged 11,13 and 16 years) from schools in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Turkey. Children completed the ICAST-C, which measures children’s exposure to physical, psychological, and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing household violence in the past year and across the lifespan. ResultsThe analyses show partial scalar invariance for the ICAST-C constructs children’s exposure to physical and psychological violence, neglect and witnessing household violence across the nine countries and partial scalar invariance for the constructs of children’s exposure to physical, psychological and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing household violence across eight countries (Turkey did not measure sexual violence). ConclusionsThe ICAST-C can be used to validly compare levels of physical, psychological, and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing violence in school-aged children across countries. It can also be used to validly compare the relations between these forms of violence and their covariates, predictors, and outcomes across countries.

Policing partnerships to address youth antisocial behavior: How parental risk‐taking shapes child outcomes

Research SummaryPartnerships are an integral part of the working life of police, yet not a lot is known about how such partnerships work to deter and control crime problems. This article explores the impact of a Third Party Policing Partnership involving police and schools coming together to engage with parents to address their child's truancy and antisocial behavior. We report on results from an embedded behavioral economics experiment within the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP) Trial. ASEP involved 102 young people who were chronically truant from school and randomly allocated to the experimental partnership program (ASEP) or the business‐as‐usual condition. We find that riskier choices made by parents increase the incidence of child self‐reported antisocial behavior (SRASB). Our results show parents in the ASEP condition had greater gains in knowledge of the education laws relative to control. There was a backfire effect for parents in the control group: Their gains in knowledge of the laws led their children to have higher levels of SRASB.Policy ImplicationsPolicing partnerships are an important part of the future of policing. Police partnerships with schools are a promising approach for engaging parents and young people in a manner that clearly and fairly explains to parents their legal obligations for their child's school attendance. While we do not find that ASEP modified parental risk‐taking behavior, we do find that the ASEP intervention created an insulating effect from the negative outcomes of the business‐as‐usual condition, in which school principals delivered ad hoc bad news to parents about their child's antisocial behavior in a way that was not procedurally just. Policing partnerships are likely to deter antisocial behavior when police work with third party partners who have some type of legislative responsibility. This legislative medium creates opportunities for the police and third parties to better engage and communicate legal responsibilities and the consequences of noncompliance.

Indicators used in measuring poverty under the multidimentional approach: a case study in Quang Ngai province

Since the concept of multidimensional poverty was initiated in Sen’s works, coupled with the national database providing increasingly complete information on meeting the basic needs of the society, the measurement and evaluation of multidimensional poverty have become popular and attracted the attention of many researchers. The multidimensional poverty line can be based on indicators that are not related to incomes or expenditures. However, it includes other dimensions such as the lack of basic social services. Hence, measuring and implementing poverty reduction policies under the multidimensional approach should be comprehensive in all aspects and cover fields such as education, health, and living conditions (including housing, water supply, possession of sustainable assets, etc.). Since 2016, Quang Ngai province has changed from using the unidimensional to multidimensional poverty measurement method following Decision No. 59/2015/QD-TTg on the multidimensional approach poverty lines applicable for the period 2016-2020. From studies and consultation with experts and researchers in the field of poverty reduction, 11 indicators suitable for measuring multidimensional poverty in Quang Ngai province were proposed, including education level of adults; school attendance of children; access to health services; health insurance, social assistance; child mortality; nutrition; housing quality; fuel used for cooking; water supply sources; toilets; and the possession of sustainable assets.

Migrant workers cash transfer effect on childrens education

The rationale of this study is to examine the impact of cash transfer on school attendance in Indonesia and whether the proportion of school children receiving cash transfer and those not receiving cash transfer is having the same effect. Using the data of Indonesia’s Family Life Survey-5 (IFLS-5) in 2014 covering 19 provinces with total observations of 16.024 household obtained from Rand Corporation and field interview held in 2015, the multiple cross section regression model was applied by using 2SLS and Probit regression method to examine the effect of cash transfer as exogenous variable, and individual vector, parents, and household as control variables on school attendance of children as endogenous variable. The main finding is that the cash transfer has significant positive effect in increasing children’s school attendance and the expenditure for children education. Nevertheless, the children from household receiving cash remittance tend to have lower school attendance vis-a-vis children from household not receiving the cash transfer. As policy considerations, it is advised to anticipate the migration effects when evaluating the effect of cash transfer on children’s school attendance or when updating migration policies and to improve the availability of facilities and basic infrastructure for school age children. Key words: Cash transfer, school attendance, household expenditure, education, children.

Regular dental care in preschoolers in rural Southern Brazil.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To evaluate if factors related to the mother’s previous guidance on her children’s dental health and the school attendance of children influence the regular dental care of preschoolers living in the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil.METHODS A population-based study was conducted with 264 children under five years of age and their mothers. Socioeconomic and behavioral data were collected using a questionnaire, and the children were subjected to dental health tests. The outcome was the regular use of dental services. The main exposure variables were children’s care in daycare centers or schools and maternal guidance on the child’s dental health. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance adjustment was used to estimate prevalence ratios, considering a 95% confidence interval.RESULTS The prevalence of regular use was 11.4% (95%CI 7.5–15.2). In the adjusted analysis, the regular use of services was associated with the child attending day care center/school (PR = 2.44; 95%CI 1.38–4.34), and the mother received dental health guidance (PR = 4.13; 95%CI 1.77–9.61), even with control for socioeconomic, maternal and child variables.CONCLUSION When mothers receive previous information on child dental health care and children attend schools or daycare centers, the likelihood of regular dental appointments in preschoolers living in rural locations increases.

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites among School Children Attending Two Community Schools in Auta Balefi, Karu, Nasarawa State

Aim: To determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites among school children attending two community schools in Auta-balefi, Karu. Nasarawa State.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted between July and August, 2019 in two community schools in Auta-balefi, Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: Microscopic examination of faecal sample from 288 pupils (143 males and 145 females) from ages 5 years and above was carried out using formol-ether concentration technique. Questionnaires were also administered and only pupils whose parents gave their consents were enrolled in the study.&#x0D; Results: This study recorded an overall prevalence of 45.1% gastrointestinal helminth infection. The study however, identified the following parasites in descending order: hookworm (30.76%), Ascaris lumbricoides (25.4%), Schistosoma mansoni (17.7%), Strongyloides stercoralis (13.8%), Proglottids of tapeworm (10.78%), Fasciola hepatica (1.5%). Males (51.0%) were more infected as well as children between the ages 11-15 years with (48.3%). Risk factors such as: The educational status and occupation (higher education and unskilled job) of the parents, use of water closet and use of well water and contact with soil were found to contribute to the prevalence of intestinal helminths infection in the study. This is because of the significant association of present of parasites and the prevalence of the parasites (P &gt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths parasite at the end of the study was (45.1%) which is considered to be high compare to previous study carried on the related subject matter and also certain risk factors were considered to be the reason for such high observation. The prevalence in this study is one to be worried about considering the harm these parasites has on the health and livelihood of children who need to be healthy to carry out their everyday functions.

Designing and Evaluating Scalable Child Marriage Prevention Programs in Burkina Faso and Tanzania: A Quasi-Experiment and Costing Study.

A significant number of girls are married as children, which negatively impacts their health, education, and development. Given the sheer numbers of girls at risk of child marriage globally, the challenge to eliminate the practice is daunting. Programs to prevent child marriage are typically small-scale and overlook the costs and scalability of the intervention. This study tested and costed different approaches to preventing child marriage in rural Burkina Faso and Tanzania. The approaches tested were community dialogue, provision of school supplies, provision of a livestock asset, a model including all components, and a control arm. A quasi-experimental design was employed with surveys undertaken at baseline and after 2 years of intervention. We examined the prevalence of child marriage and school attendance controlling for background characteristics and stratified by age group. Programmatic costs were collected prospectively. Among those in the community dialogue arm in Burkina Faso, girls aged 15 to 17 years had two-thirds less risk (risk ratio [RR]=0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.19, 0.60) of being married and girls aged 12 to 14 years had a greater chance of being in school (RR=1.18; 95% CI=1.07,1.29) compared to the control site. In Tanzania, girls aged 12 to 14 years residing in the multicomponent arm had two-thirds less risk of being married (RR=0.33; 95% CI=0.11, 0.99), and girls 15 to 17 in the conditional asset location had half the risk (RR=0.52; 95% CI=0.30, 0.91). All the interventions tested in Tanzania were associated with increased risk of girls 12 to 14 years old being in school, and the educational promotion arm was also associated with a 30% increased risk of girls aged 15 to 17 years attending school (RR=1.3; 95% CI=1.01, 1.67). Costs per beneficiary ranged from US$9 to US$117. The study demonstrates that minimal, low-cost approaches can be effective in delaying child marriage and increasing school attendance. However, community dialogues need to be designed to ensure sufficient quality and intensity of messaging. Program managers should pay attention to the cost, quality, and coverage of interventions, especially considering that child marriage persists in the most hard-to-reach rural areas of many countries.

Analyzing the Parameters of Multidimensional Poverty in Taluka Naushahro Feroze: A Case Study

This research paper tackles the multidimensional poverty applying Foster and Alkire methods of Taluka Naushahro Feroze’s 14 Union councils on the basic figures. No any single navigator gives clear value for deprivation as naturally it is multidimensional. Three dimensions are selected having unequal weights in health, education, and living standard. These areas have been extra distributed in ten indicators, two for education, two for health while six for living standards. The out-put shows that Union Council Waggan has the most multidimensional poverty while least multidimensional poverty was found in Union Councils of Cheeho Taluka Naushahro Feroze. It further suggests an indicator which has highest contributions for multidimensional poverty such as life expectancy, child school attendance, school quality, child mortality, year of schooling, walls, cooking fuel, overcrowding and which contribute lowest is electricity and improved drinking water. Percentage of people for those who are MPI poor of Taluka Naushahro is 47.95 % (incidence of poverty), while average deprivation of people is 55.75 % furthermore, multidimensional poverty index (MPI) is 26.73 % in Naushahro Feroze. Keywords : Multidimensional poverty, incidence of poverty, Average deprivation DOI : 10.7176/JPID/53-06 Publication date : March 31 st 2020

Impact of food price volatility on child health and education attainment

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to find the impact of food price volatility on child health and education attainment in urban areas of Pakistan. This research also compares the two variables among the two time periods: the period of low volatile food prices (2014‒2015) and the period of high volatile food prices (2013‒2014). The rate of child immunization and the rate of child school attendance are used as proxies for child health and child education, respectively.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs propensity score matching (PSM) technique introduced by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), to overcome the selection bias problem in the observational studies.FindingsThe closing part of the paper concludes that both the rate of child immunization and the rate of child school attendance are significantly poorer for the households of Pakistan in the control period (of high food price volatility) as compared to the treated period (of low food price volatility). After controlling the problem of selection bias through PSM technique, it is found that there is a further increase in the rate of child immunization and the rate of child school attendance. It proves that the data were biased before applying the matching technique.Originality/valueThis study lengthens the literature by identifying the impact of food price volatility on child health and education of urban households of Pakistan, using high frequency data of PSLM/HIES, with the help of semi-parametric technique of matching. This type of micro-level research has not been conducted (nationally or internationally) so far; therefore, it would possibly open a sphere for policy makers to implement the suitable policies.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2019-0275.

Parent's Perception regarding the Delivery of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) Education in Secondary Schools in Fiji: A Qualitative Study.

Background Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) remains a challenge globally. This study aims to gauge the perceptions of parents towards the delivery of SRH education in mainstream public secondary schools in Fiji. Methods The qualitative study design was used to collect the data from parents in Suva, Fiji, from July to August 2018. A semistructured questionnaire was developed to run Focus Group Discussion (FGD) among parents residing in Suva who had school-attending children from years 11 to 13. Parents were recruited from five schools with the help of students. Twenty-six parents of which 10 were males, aged between 38 and 65, participated in this study. Consent was obtained from each participant prior to the data collection stage. Data collected were transcribed verbatim and were analyzed thematically. Ethical approvals were obtained before collecting the data. Results Seven themes emerged which included the provision of school-based sex education, parental involvement with school-based sex education, sex education at home, age-appropriate incremental sex education, ethnic variations regarding sex education, barriers and facilitators for the delivery of school-based sex education, and perceived ideal version of sex education. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest for policy and programs to match parents, schools, and students' expectations. Effective interventions need to involve and help parents to take a more active part to change policy, program, and advocacy for relevant SRH education.

Intimate Partner Violence Against Low-Income Women in Mexico City and Associations with Child School Attendance: A Latent Class Analysis Using Cross-sectional Data.

Few studies have investigated how intimate partner violence (IPV), and patterns of IPV experiences, may impact children's school attendance in low- and middle-income countries. Using baseline data from a sub-sample of 659 women in Mexico City enrolled in a randomized controlled trial who reported having a child under age 18 and in school, multilevel latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify women based on their reported IPV experiences. Multilevel risk regression analyses examined associations between latent class membership and IPV-related disruptions in children's schooling. Latent classes were identified in a prior study. Overall, 23.3% of women reported their child's school attendance was disrupted due to IPV. LCA identified four distinct classes of IPV experiences: Low Physical and Sexual Violence (39.1%); Low Physical and High Sexual Violence class (14.8%), High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries (36.5%); and High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries (9.6%). Compared with women in the Low Physical and Sexual Violence class, women in the High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries class and women in the High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries class were at greater risk of IPV disrupting children's school attendance (ARR 3.39, 95% CI 2.34, 4.92; ARR 2.22, 95% CI 1.54, 3.19, respectively). No other statistically significant associations emerged. High disruptions in children's school attendance due to IPV were reported and were differentially related to patterns of IPV experiences. Findings underscore the need to understand underlying mechanisms. Future work integrating both violence against women and violence against children is needed.

Socio-economic Determinants of School Attendance of Punjab, Pakistan

Primary education is a key indicator of social and economic development. Since independence 1947, Pakistan has been facing the issue of low attendance rate at primary level. Pakistan has been working with international organizations like UNICEF for many years but unable to achieve the goal of universal primary education. Therefore, the present study focuses on this issue, and investigate the socio-economic determinants of school attendance of primary aged children (5-9 years) at Punjab. For this purpose, the study used MICS (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey) 2014 as a data set, conducted by Punjab Bureau of Statistics with the selected sample of 31,466 children. The results of descriptive analysis suggest that children in general and girls in particular of Punjab are deprived of their basic right of education. For the regression analysis, Logistic Models are constructed for Punjab. The results of Logistic Model suggest that gender of child, area of residence, wealth quintiles, mother education, father education, gender of household head, age of a child and household size determine the school attendance. As compared to the other factors, the impact of household wealth (wealth quintiles) is found greater in this study. It suggests that large socioeconomic disparities exist in Punjab. Lastly, the study recommends some policies to increase school attendance that can ensure more educational budget for deprived areas in terms of school attendance, and how to utilize its educational budget e.g. incentives to poor households in the form of conditional cash transfers. However, Pakistan must spend standard 4 percent of its GDP on education for the enhancement of human capital in the long run.

The Effects of Aerial Spraying of Coca Crops on Child Labor, School Attendance, and Educational Lag in Colombia, 2008-2012

Since 1999, one of the main strategies the Colombian government has used to mitigate coca cultivation is to spray the crops with herbicide, which is carried out from airplanes. This paper evaluates the consequences of this strategy for rural households in areas where coca is cultivated, specifically the effects of aerial spraying on child labor and education. Since the areas where spraying takes place are fundamentally different from those where it does not, I use a two-stage least squares model, instrumenting for aerial eradication with the number of days high-speed winds in the municipality made spraying difficult. These were days in which the wind was one standard deviation above the municipality's monthly average. This corrects for possible sources of endogeneity due to selection bias. The results of this study show that aerial spraying was associated with a one percentage point increase in the likelihood that children ages 12-17 would work instead of going to school. Crop spraying was further associated with a 0.15 percentage point increase in the probability that older siblings in families living in a coca-growing area would fall behind in school, and a five percentage point increase in the probability that younger siblings would drop out of school. Thus, the findings of this research, based on data that cover the period from 2008 to 2012, suggest that the war on drugs has the potential to generate new barriers to educational access for children who live in areas where aerial spraying occurs.

The impact of hearing impairment on Aboriginal children’s school attendance in remote Northern Territory: a data linkage study

Objective:To investigate the association between hearing impairment (HI) and Year 1 school attendance in Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. Methods:Observational cohort study (n=3,744) by analysing linked individual‐level information for Aboriginal children from the NT Government school attendance records, NT Perinatal Register and Remote Hearing Assessment dataset, and community level data for relative remoteness, socioeconomic disadvantage and housing crowdedness. ResultsChildren with unilateral hearing loss, mild HI and moderate or worse HI had significantly lower Year 1 attendance than those with normal hearing, attending 5.6 (95%CI, −9.10 ∼−2.10), 4.0 (95%CI, −7.17 ∼−0.90) and 6.1 (95%CI, −10.71 ∼−1.49) days fewer, respectively. Other variables that yielded significant association were: male gender, having attended preschool less than 20% of available days, speaking English as second language, twin birth and average household size >5. Conclusions:Aboriginal children with any level of HI are likely to have lower school attendance rates in Year 1 than their peers with normal hearing. Implications for public health:In this population, where the prevalence of otitis media and accompanying HI remains extremely high, the early detection and management of hearing loss on entry into primary school should be included in the measures to improve school attendance.

Short-Term Migration and Children’s School Attendance: Evidence from Rural India

Every year, millions of individuals from rural India migrate internally for short periods in search of employment. Temporary migration of parents can affect school attendance of children from these families. This study uses data from National Sample Survey Organisation’s (NSSO) Situation Assessment Survey 2013 to examine whether having a short-term migrant member in the family affects school attendance of children aged 6–10 years in rural India. An estimate from logit regression suggests that controlling for individual and family characteristics, village, district controls and NSSO state-region fixed effects, being from a migrant family reduces the probability that a child aged 6–10 years attends school by 15%. A series of robustness checks are done to ascertain the reliability of our finding. First, we assess the extent of potential omitted variable bias and find that our results remain unchanged even after controlling for bias. Second, we use instrumental variable approach since short-term migration of parents and school attendance of children can be driven by unobserved factors. In this method, the presence of a short-term migrant in the family is instrumented by lagged proportion of short-term migrants and lagged proportion of construction workers in the district. Our results remain robust to various specifications.

The Impact Of Child Labor Eradication Programs In Brazil

After a period of falling child labor rates, Brazil has witnessed an increase in its incidence. There are two main federal policies against child labor in the country. The Child Labor Eradication Program (PETI) was created in 1996, designed with a conditional cash transfer approach that requires families to pull their children from labor situation and to have them attend school. The Bolsa Família Program (PBF) targets families living in poverty and extreme poverty via cash transfers conditional on school attendance and vaccination of children. Despite the PBF not directly addressing child labor, the two programs have been in integrated management since 2005. We use a comprehensive dataset covering the entire Brazilian population in 2010 to estimate the effect of each program individually on labor supply of children, both in terms of the extensive margin (probability of labor) and the intensive margin (weekly hours worked conditional on working). We adopt a Propensity Score Matching methodology, flexibly selecting covariates among a wide list of variables related to demographics and socioeconomic indicators of the children and their households, using the algorithm proposed by Imbens (2015) based on the repeated estimation of likelihood ratio tests. In order to consider possible heterogeneous effects, we also perform all estimation procedures separately for each Brazilian region. Our results suggest that the PBF is only able to reduce the probability of child labor in the South region, while the PETI only does so in the Southeast region. Disturbingly, both programs seem to increase the likelihood of child labor in the North and Northeast regions, which are the poorest in the country. On the other hand, when considering the intensive margin of child labor, we find that both PBF and PETI seem to be effective in diminishing weekly hours worked among children in the entire country (except for PETI in the South and Midwest, with less precise estimates). Our estimates also suggest that PETI conditionalities are not closely monitored. Furthermore, with the evidence indicating the programs can only partially reduce hours worked but are unable to remove children from the labor market, we interpret that cash transfer amounts might be insufficient to discourage child labor, especially those from PETI, which have not been updated since 1996.