D URING THE SECOND HALF the thirteenth century emerged as a formally organized academic discipline in the studium Bologna in close institutional association with liberal arts and philosophy.' In terms institutional and professional history this constituted real and significant change. Public medical teaching leading to a license and doctorate in and the formation a student university and a doctoral college of arts and medicine were innovations. The appearance learned physicians as a professional and academic group endowed with corporate privileges and prepared to compete with the prestige and privileges the doctors and scholars law was, indeed, a novelty to which the lawyers Bologna found it hard to reconcile themselves.'2 But the significance the change in terms intellectual history or the history science is less easy to determine. The creation university faculties arts and in which logic, astronomy and astrology, and the libri naturales Aristotle were studied as essential foundations medical learning, and in which medical texts were subjected to scholastic analysis, did not introduce learned medicine, scholastic medicine, Aristotelian medicine, Galenic medicine, or Arab to the West, for all had long since been present.3 Nor, at any rate in Italy, did it divorce theory from practice, since