Views Of Scholars Research Articles

The Consolation of Untamed Nature in Job 38–41 according to John Chrysostom

Abstract This article discusses John Chrysostom’s interpretation of Job 38–41 as consolatory, which stands in stark contrast with an influential modern interpretation of the whirlwind speeches. As an investigation into patristic exegesis, it argues that John’s approach is motivated by a desire to guide the reader to the contemplation of untamed nature for the purpose of consolation amid suffering. According to an influential scholarly view, the whirlwind speeches do not so much address Job’s concerns as they seem simply to intimidate and belittle him. God puts Job, and humanity, in their place. By contrast, John Chrysostom reads the whirlwind speeches not as a demotion of Job’s humanity and a dismissal of his persistent inquiries into divine providence. Rather, the speeches comprise an a fortiori argument for God’s special care for human beings, offering consolation to Job in the midst of suffering. This article proceeds in four stages. First, it unpacks John’s approach to contemplation of nature as a source for knowledge of providence. Second, it discusses his idea of providence as rooted in philanthrōpia, divine love for humanity. Third, it shows how the contemplation of untamed nature in Job 38–41 can function as a path to discovery of philanthrōpia. Finally, it shows how John constructs Job as an exemplary teacher who leads the reader to their own discovery of consolation. Throughout, it demonstrates how John’s arguments are grounded in his reading of the Greek version of Job, notably in places where it differs significantly from the Hebrew.

Critical Approaches to Postcolonialism

This paper examines distinctive measurements of post colonialism and analyzes the point of view of postcolonial scholars in a way that the concepts on post colonialism and colonialism within the modern scholarly dialog can be comprehended. The speculations and approaches to scholarly examination have made the discourse on post colonialism hot and far from being obviously true as the nations and journalists of the colonized countries have entered into a preface that's expected to be free for basic and imaginative dialogs. The perspective the paper has attempted is exploratory because it includes the basic viewpoints of the researchers such as Che Guevara, Rumina Sethi, Robert Youthful, Arif Dirlik, Amar Acheraiou, Aijaz Ahmad, and Homi Bhabha extending from Europe to Asia. Postcolonial scholars look for the reasons of what happens when two societies collide with each other. Their concern is repercussions of social struggle. Decolonization may be a preparation of vanishing colonizers from the lands they had colonized at a time and ruled on the local individuals. In spite of the fact that decolonization has wrapped up its course, the scholars lock in the perusers within the clash of civilization as experienced by the colonized and caused by the colonizers within the colonized countries within the post-colonial period. The article lays the streams on the issue i.e. post colonialism and its unmistakable flow as seen and conceived by the postcolonial scholars. The paper has utilized a topical approach to discuss post colonialism.

Proper names as speech acts

Abstract In this paper, I question the idea that proper names are merely used to refer to things or individuals. However, I am not going to use predicativism to prove this point. I will somehow look at things from the point of view of scholars like Frege or Kripke. I consider that this idea (that proper names are merely used to refer, at least when they are in argument positions) stems from a view of language that does not throw proper light on contextuality as discussed by Mey, Jacob. 2001. Pragmatics. Oxford: Wiley. From the very beginning, I argue that the issue can be seen in a better light through a theory of language use that considers language games as embedded in a society and a culture. I accept the idea that there are norms for introducing names in society and for using them in an appropriate way. Even if, for most philosophers, referring is the basic function of proper names, I propose that in a number of cases proper names are not essentially used to refer (although it is possible that the name allows a combination of referring and other functions). The referring function of names broadly correlates with the assertive function of the utterance in which the name occurs or with speech acts whose aim is to modify reality and, therefore, persuade, modify, create, promote, destroy, etc. objects or individuals (often referred to with proper names). However, there are other types of speech acts where proper names are not only used to refer, but, instead, to call someone (another case is scolding someone or a dog). Intentions clearly emerge in context. The same utterance may have more than one function, from the illocutionary point of view, but a proper name, as situated in different contexts, may have more than one perlocutionary function. I argue that while the speech act of referring is always a diagonal speech act, the speech act of calling someone (by the use of a proper name) is not a diagonal speech act but a self-sufficient, autonomous, primary speech act. Hence there is a clear difference between referring through an assertion and referring as part of calling, where referring is incorporated into the main speech act as part of the explicit illocutionary force of the speech act. In an assertion, referring is a prerequisite to providing a referent about which a property is asserted. Predication and reference are intertwined. In a speech act other than an assertion, there need not be a predicate, and referring and calling (or some other speech act) are connected. I propose that the learning of the speech act of calling by the use of a name requires certain syntactic considerations, that prima facie contradict Chomsky’s binding theory. I then put forward the view that learning one’s name requires, at some stage, knowledge of the semantics of de se structures.

Constitutionalization in the context of modern constitutionalism: theoretical and methodological analysis

The article examines constitutionalization as an important category of constitutional law. The author explores various approaches to understanding this concept, its historical development, and modern interpretations. The views of domestic and foreign scholars on the essence, characteristics, and forms of manifestation of constitutionalization are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the relationship between the concepts of “constitutional order”, “constitutionalism”, and “constitutionalization”. The author emphasizes that constitutionalization is a dynamic process that reflects the practical aspect of constitutionalism and has a global character. The article examines various aspects of constitutionalization, including its impact on the legal system, the expansion of constitutional regulation, and the subordination of government activities to constitutional principles. The author analyzes the role of constitutionalization in ensuring the unity of the legal system and guaranteeing constitutional rights and freedoms. Special attention is paid to the process of constitutionalization in the context of developing a democratic state governed by the rule of law. Based on the analysis of scientific sources, the author formulates their own definition of constitutionalization as a multifaceted process that includes the formal establishment of rights in the constitution, subordination of government activities to constitutional principles, expansion of constitutional regulation of various spheres of public life, and the influence of constitutional norms on the development of the legal system. The conclusions emphasize the importance of further research on constitutionalization for improving constitutional and legal regulation and ensuring the effective operation of constitutional norms in modern society.

Kant’s Transcendental-Psychological Approach to Metaphysics

ABSTRACT The paper reinterprets Kant’s Copernican revolution as a transcendental-psychological transformation in the approach to metaphysics. It tackles the prevalent scholarly view that Kant’s theory of the faculty of cognition appears incompatible with his broader metaphysical framework of transcendental idealism, primarily due to difficulties in integrating cognitive faculties such as sensibility and understanding within the dichotomy of appearances and things in themselves. The paper proposes that Kant’s transcendental psychology is neither a metaphysical-rational doctrine of the noumenal mind, nor an empirical-naturalized study of the phenomenal mind. Instead, it presents a theory centered on the transcendental subject as an abstract entity, positing it as the hypothetical bearer of the cognitive functions necessary for all potential finite cognizers, with humans exemplifying a particular empirical realization. While empirical realizations of cognitive functions manifest through temporal-causal mechanisms, their transcendental grounds consist of abstract functional structures defined by unschematized categories. These transcendental functions, which determine the necessary conditions for objective cognition, also inherently define the fundamental structure of all possible objects of cognition. Kant’s metaphysical inquiry into the structure of reality is thus conducted through an examination of the faculty of cognition, showcasing a revolutionary transcendental-psychological approach to metaphysics.

WAYS OF IMPROVING FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION DURING STUDENTS' PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

The article examines the issue of developing foreign language communicative competence of students as the primary goal of language learning in the context of professional training of future specialists. It is argued that the most relevant cognitive-linguistic, operational-linguistic and communicative competences for professionally oriented foreign language learning are the ones which enable the use of language as a means of obtaining professionally significant information through reading and participating in oral and written professional communication. The views of domestic and foreign scholars regarding the definition of foreign language communicative competence and its component structure are analyzed. All components of foreign language communicative competence are interrelated and interdependent, forming a complex, holistic, systematic, and structured entity. The process of foreign language learning should be aimed at the gradual cultivation of foreign language communicative competence components, using the most effective teaching forms, methods and tools. The forms, methods and tools for conducting productive classes are highlighted as those focused on activating cognitive activity, developing foreign language communicative competence, overcoming language, speech and socio-cultural communication difficulties. Attention is drawn to the expediency of using innovative teaching methods such as role-playing games, discussions, project-based methods, quests, as they are person-centered and create conditions for the enhancement of students' creative thinking and provide a good opportunity to acquire and apply foreign language knowledge due to the emergence of internal motivation. The research results in the context of future specialists' motivation to master foreign language communication skills and abilities are presented.

Life after exile: Introducing a new dataset on post-exile fate

Recent research in international relations and comparative politics has highlighted the post-tenure fate of leaders, particularly exile. Scholars view exile either as a punishment or a “golden parachute” offering a safe exit with potential future power. To assess which perspective aligns with reality, we developed a dataset tracking exiled leaders’ fates across three periods: during exile, upon returning home, and beyond. Our findings reveal significant variations, but the majority of exiled leaders eventually return home and resume power. This suggests a need to reconsider research that groups exile with punishments like imprisonment or execution.

Suggestions on Grassroots Fire Safety Management for Smart City Construction

In this context, China has proposed "adhering to the overall concept of national security" and "adhering to the positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security" to ensure the safety of life and property of the people in their pursuit of a better life. In the field of safety in China, fire safety has always been the top priority, and its impact has been widely reflected in the social, scientific and technological and economic fields, but there are still large shortcomings in the grass-roots fire safety management in China, so it is particularly important to find a suitable management approach. Based on this, this paper synthesizes the views of various scholars, summarizes and analyzes the exploration of grass-roots fire safety governance and the existing problems, and finds the appropriate governance approach, in order to provide a certain reference for China's grass-roots fire safety governance

Female Ordination and the Buddha’s Dispensation with a Critical Analysis of <em>Brahmacariya</em> Practice

When the Buddha permitted women to join the monastic community, he predicted that the Buddha’s dispensation (Buddhasāsana) would last only a thousand years due to their ordination. Many scholars dispute this claim. Bhikkhu Anālayo, for example, argues against the Cullavaggapāḷi’s prediction of decline, suggesting it has not materialized, and he explores the impact of the Bhikkhuṇī Order on the dispensation’s longevity. This article investigates how female ordination affects the dispensation and critically analyzes the practice of brahmacariya (celibacy). It utilizes both primary and secondary sources for a thorough critique of existing scholarly views and a detailed examination of brahmacariya within canonical and commentarial texts. The analysis suggests that while female ordination might not cause the complete disappearance of the Buddhasāsana, it could influence the dynamics between monks and nuns, potentially leading to a decline in brahmacariya and spiritual progress within monastic life. Thus, the article supports Bhikkhu Anālayo’s view that the issue lies more with the practice of brahmacariya and spiritual advancement rather than the overall longevity of the dispensation.

Research on the Current Status of Pension Models for Individuals with Mental Disorders in China

Objective: By analyzing the existing literature, this paper aims to explore the current situation of the pension model for patients with mental disorders in China and put forward corresponding suggestions for improvement. How: This study analyzes the current situation of the pension model for patients with mental disorders in China by referring to the views of experts and scholars, relevant cases and statistical data through the literature and review of CNKI. Focusing on the existing elderly care service system, policy support and social cognition, this paper reveals the main characteristics and existing problems of the current Chinese elderly care model for people with mental disabilities. By comparing the advanced pension models at home and abroad, this paper puts forward some suggestions on strengthening policy support and improving service system. Results: The research shows that China's existing pension models mainly include family care, institutional pension and community service. The main problems facing: insufficient service supply, shortage of professional talents, social cognition and discrimination. Home care is still the main way, more than 70% of people with mental disorders rely on home care, but face great pressure and challenges; The construction of institutional elderly care and community service systems is gradually developing, but there are still insufficient resources, low service quality, and uneven distribution between urban and rural areas. Policy suggestions: Strengthen the construction and improvement of community support system; Improve professional training to ensure service quality; Use scientific and technological means to assist the elderly and ease the shortage of human resources. It is suggested that we should strengthen the construction of community support system and improve the level of professional service in the future. Conclusion: In China, the mode of nursing care for patients with mental disorders is in the transition period, and family nursing is still the mainstream, but it also faces great challenges. Institutional care and community services have developed, but they are not yet sufficient to replace the role of the family. The future development direction should be multi-dimensional, forming a diversified and three-dimensional elderly care service network.

Nikāh Sirri and Its Impact: The Perspective of Maqashid Ash-Shari’ah of Imam Asy-Syathiby

Background. The legal status of nikāh sirri (secret or unregistered marriage) is controversial because it is not announced and not officially recorded. The views of scholars on secret marriage and the factors causing it, as well as the legal regulations in force in Indonesia, need to be studied. Aim. Examines nikāh sirri from the perspective of maqāṣid asy-syari’ah, which includes five essential goals of Islamic law: the maintaining religion (hifẓ ad-dīn), soul (hifẓ an-nafs), descendants (hifẓ an-nasl), property (hifẓ al-māl), and reason (hifẓ al-’aql). Method. This research utilizes a literature review with a descriptive-analytical approach to Islamic jurisprudence and relevant regulations. Result. Nikāh sirri causes more harm (mafsadat) than benefit (maslahat), particularly concerning the rights of wives and children in inheritance, financial support, and legal protection. Based on maqāṣid asy-syari’ah, nikāh sirri is considered impermissible (haram) due to its adverse effects on mental well-being, economic instability, and threats to legitimate lineage. The formal registration of marriage is crucial for ensuring the protection of family rights.

Ilmu Al-Jarh Wa At-Ta’dil dalam Hadis

This paper wants to examine the methodology used by Ibn Hatim Ar-Razi and Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani in applying jarh wa ta'dil, with the aim of comparing the two methods used by the two scholars in applying jarh wa ta'dil. The research method in this paper uses qualitative research. The primary sources in this research are books of hadith science, books and scientific articles and some relevant previous research. Data analysis in this paper uses the method of description, comparison, and historical continuity methods. The results of this study are that the method used by Ibn Hatim Ar-Razi and Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani tends to have similarities in men-jarh and men-ta'dil, even though the two of them do not live in the same period. Ibn Hatim Ar-Razi and Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani tend to refer more to pre-existing texts, rely on the views of previous critical scholars, and accept the manuscripts of al-Jarh wa at-Ta'dil as true without much further evaluation.

Zarys modelu zaskarżania orzeczeń sądowych wydanych w pierwszej instancji w postępowaniu cywilnym przed sądami federalnymi w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Analiza prawnoporównawcza i postulaty de lege ferenda

The article aims to formulate a proposal to improve the model of appealing judgments currently operating in Polish civil proceedings on the basis of the solutions in place in federal court proceedings in the United States. With the use of the analysis of relevant statutes and secondary legislation, case law and views of legal scholars, the most important aspects of the topic were presented with comparison to the Polish civil procedure regulations. As a result of the analysis appeals as of right and by permission were distinguished, the latter not being present in Polish civil proceedings, and de lege ferenda suggestions based on American solutions were formulated regarding the Polish civil proceedings.

Social Media and Conflict: A Visual Analysis of War and Peace Frames in Pakistan

Based on traditional peace communication scholarship, this study, embedded in journalism studies and visual politics literature, analyzes photographs of conflict using war and peace frames and explores the role social media can play in digital peacebuilding practices. A content analysis of 674 visuals of the second deadliest terrorist attack in Pakistan posted on Twitter revealed the dominance of war photographs. The majority of the visual tweets were related to the afflicted victims and the visiting elites. Our analysis revealed that the visual narrative predominantly adopted a war approach. Results also showed significant variations in the war and peace narrative over time. Overall, this study challenges the views of peace journalism scholars that social media would lead to a more peace-oriented approach. We argue that peace narratives may be difficult to occur on digital platforms in securitized national conflicts where elites and a dominant public opinion oppose alternative perspectives.

TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT OF MORPHEME IN UZBEK LINGUISTICS

As we explore Uzbek linguists’ views on the morpheme, we encounter two distinct perspectives: the traditional interpretation of morpheme study and the views of those who support a more modern approach. This article compares the views of scholars who advocate the traditional perspective on morpheme analysis. The author criticizes the evaluation of morpheme as a component of the word. Consequently, throughout this research, the author presents his personal views on the opinions of other scholars in the field.

Deconstruction of the Existence of Khidr: A Study of Sheikh Mahfudz al-Tarmasi’s Thought Through Derridean Hermeneutics Approach

Discussions on the existence of Prophet Khidr in Islamic tradition have long been debated. Questions about his status as a prophet or saint, whether he is still alive or has passed away, and other issues remain significant among Muslims. These debates have also drawn the interest of Sheikh Mahfudz al-Tarmasi, a prominent Nusantara scholar. In his work, “Ināyat al-Muftaqir bimā Yata`allaq bi Sayyidinā al-Khidr `Alaihi al-Salām.” al-Tarmasi offers detailed and critical insights into Prophet Khidr’s existence. This research examines al-Tarmasi views using Derridean hermeneutics to deconstruct traditional thoughts on Prophet Khidr and encourage new interpretations. Employing a qualitative descriptive literature method, the study aims to gain a deeper understanding of Prophet Khidr’s existence. By applying Derrida’s deconstructive approach, this paper shows how al-Tarmasi addresses the contradictions among the views of Sufis, hadith scholars, and jurists about Prophet Khidr. The findings suggest that al-Tarmasi supports the idea that Prophet Khidr is still alive, thus reinforcing the Sufi perspective in Islamic tradition. This alignment not only highlights al-Tarmasi’s critical stance but also contributes to the broader discourse on the diverse interpretations of Islamic teachings.

CONCEPTS AND SIGNS OF LEGAL ORDER: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS

The article analyzes the content of the concept and the main features that characterize legal order as a socio-political and legal phenomenon. The main trends and views of scientists and scholars regarding the definition of the essence of the legal order are characterized. It was established that legal order should be considered as a settled state of public social relations that ensure the proper functioning of the state, its structures, public formations and citizens. At the same time, taking into account the pluralism of the opinions of leading scientists, the distinction between the concepts of « legal order», «public order», and «public safety» has an important theoretical and law enforcement significance. At the same time, the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine is currently significantly transforming approaches to determining the essence of legal order, especially in the areas where hostilities are conducted. Based on the analysis of scientific positions of researchers, regulatory and legal background and other empirical elements studied within the scope of the subject and object of research, the author’s position regarding the features characterizing the legal order. At the same time, a prominent place is given to ensuring legal order in the areas where hostilities are conducted. The perspective of further scientific research is the need to conduct thorough research on the maintenance of legal order in the areas of hostilities and in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine.

국제물품매매거래에서 CISG상 지식재산권 침해 물품 인도에 따른 매도인의 책임에 관한 연구: CISG 자문위원회의 Black Letter Rule을 중심으로

Purpose: This study explores the liability of sellers of goods that infringe Article 42 of the United Nations convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) based on the official opinion of the CISG Advisory Council. Research design, data, and methodology: The requirements for seller liability under Article 42(1) of the CISG includes the seller's awareness and geographic limitations. This study also examines the requirements for seller immunity under Article 42(2), including the buyer's expectation of awareness and investigation. Results: M ost o f t he e xisting o pinions a nd t he o fficial o pinions o f t he C ISG A dvisory Council seem to be consistent with the responsibility of the seller who delivers goods infringing on intellectual property rights. However, regarding the timing for determining the suitability of rights to the goods, there are areas where opinions are different from those of scholars who view them as a transfer of risk. Conclusions: The CISG Advisory Council's official opinion appears to be a reasonable interpretation of Article 42 taking into account its purpose, which is to protect the interest of the purchaser in the free use of goods that are not subject to third-party rights or claims, the Secretariat's commentary on the Convention's legislative history, and the existing views of scholars. Therefore, practitioners should prepare for related situations by referring to the official opinion of the CISG Advisory Council on Article 42 of the CISG.

SURVEYING METHODOLOGICAL COMPETENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONAL GROWTH

In the contemporary landscape, characterized by widespread informatization, including in education, there is a growing need for both fundamental and applied training in leveraging information and communication technologies (ICT). This article explores how enhancing the methodological competence of computer science educators impacts the development of students' key competencies. Given the high societal demand for well-educated professionals, educational quality is crucial, necessitating rigorous standards. The article critically analyzes the concepts of "competence" and "competency" from various scholarly perspectives, highlighting the significant role of a teacher's competence in the professional growth of future educators. Practical research focused on developing methodological competence helps students deepen their theoretical understanding, enhance pedagogical skills, and cultivate professional and personal qualities, fostering creativity and independence. It also identifies trends in teacher education within higher education, considering the effects of a two-tier system and professional teaching standards. The article defines "methodological competence" and "professional competence," noting that despite varying scholarly views, it generally includes theoretical knowledge and practical skills. These competencies enable educators to innovate and apply diverse pedagogical methods, thereby fostering student competencies.

『장자』에서의 영성교육 가능성 검토

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to examine whether spirituality can be discussed in the Book of Zhuangzi amidst the need for spirituality education in the post-religious era, and to explore the possibility of spiritual education in Zhuangzi. [Contents] This study examines how Western scholars view spirituality in the Book of Zhuangzi. We then examined what Zhuangzi spirituality is, based on the “Nourishing the Lord of Life” passage, which is often used in discussions of spirituality in Zhuangzi, and how it can be found in practice and what it looks like when it is fully realized. [Conclusions] The conclusions of this study are as follows First, Zhuangzi spirituality can be characterized as the desire to encountering Shen(神). Second, he affirmed that Zhuangzi spirituality is manifested through the acts of mindfulness and forgetfulness, resulting in the attainment of the ideal human beings of the Supreme Man, the Divine Man, and the Holy Man. Third, we believe that Zhuangzi's theory of spiritual education can serve as a theoretical foundation for spiritual education in the post-religious era, as it can teach spirituality in a philosophical and literary context.