Ulama Research Articles

Financial position of Islamic spiritual leaders in the Tobolsk Governorate in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century

In this paper, we analyse the material well-being of Muslim clerics who served in the Tobolsk Governorate. In 1912, there were 326 of them. Most of Islamic spiritual leaders were rural. They were rewarded in-kind and in cash. The in-kind form — grain, hay, food, etc. — prevailed. The factors affecting the material maintenance of Muslim clerics included the number of believers in the religious community, the level of the believers' income, and the presence of other occupations among the clergy. These factors resulted in different levels of material well-being of mullahs in the Tobolsk Governorate in the post-reform period. In times of natural disasters and crop failures, not all members of the religious community could reward imams and muezzins. Under these conditions, it was of great importance that the clergy had other occupations apart from religious activities. The degree of religiosity of the Tatar and Bukhara population also played an important role. The sources of subsistence of Islamic spiritual leaders in the Tobolsk Governorate included the deduction of zakat or public ploughing of land, payment for the performance of ritual rites, donations (Sadaqah, awqaf), tuition fees in denominational schools (maktaba and ma-drasah), funds from agricultural and other activities. Overall, Muslim clergy in the Tobolsk Governorate had a higher level of material support compared to the majority of believers.

Occlusion therapy for amblyopia, a historical report from 9th century Persian scholar, Ali ibn Sahl ibn Rabban al-Tabari (838–870 CE)

ABSTRACT Introduction This study reevaluates the historical origins of occlusion therapy for amblyopia, focusing on the contributions of the 9th-century Islamic scholar, Ali ibn Sahl ibn Rabban al-Tabari (838–870 CE). Methods The investigation delved into al-Tabari’s writings, particularly ”Firdous al-Hikma,” to extract insights into his approach to addressing reduced vision in one eye.Additionally, the study examined subsequent advancements in occlusion therapy by scholars such as Thabit ibn Qurrah and Rhazes, building upon al-Tabari’sfoundational work. Results Al-Tabari’s reports contain significant insights into occlusion therapy for amblyopia, predating commonly attributed origins of the treatment. Within ”Firdous al-Hikma,” he outlines methods for addressing reduced vision, advocating for the covering of the healthier eye to promote the function of the weaker eye. These findings highlight the pioneering efforts of al-Tabari and his contemporaries in the Islamic civilization and challenge the conventional narrative surrounding the history of occlusion therapy. Subsequent advancements by scholars such as Thabit ibn Qurrah and Rhazes expanded upon al-Tabari’s work, advocating for similar therapeutic approaches within the Islamic civilization. Their contributions further solidified the practice of occlusion therapy, laying the groundwork for its continued evolution and refinement in subsequent centuries. Discussion Al-Tabari’s contributions to occlusion therapy underscore the rich heritage of scientific inquiry in theIslamic civilization during the medieval period. This historical perspective sheds light on the diverse contributions to medical knowledge and practice outside of Western contexts and emphasizes the importance of recognizing and honoring these contributions in the broader history of medicine.

Eminence and Contributions of the Companions in the Development and Teaching of the Qur’ān in the First Hijri Century

The process of Qur’ānic teaching in the Islamic world began during the Era of Revelation. Islamic history proves that the Qur’ān was inherited through talaqqī bi al-Mushāfahah (direct oral transmission) from teacher (murshid) to student, passing through a chain of teachers until it reaches the source of its revelation that is Prophet Muḥammad. The companions of the Prophet played a significant role in spreading the message of Islam across the world during their time by teaching the Qur’ān to the Ummah (Muslim community). A significant number of modern Muslims don't have much knowledge about Islamic history, including the vital roles played by the companions in shaping and disseminating the teachings of the Qur’an. This research aims to provide a brief overview of the early history of the development and teaching of the Qur’ān in the first century of the Hijri and explored the scholarship of the companions involved. The study utilised a literary method and a historiographical approach. Each historical fact recorded was analysed through the process based on inductive (taḥlīli), deductive (istinbāṭ), and comparative (muqāranah) methods, while relying on the historical references as primary sources authored by the Islamic scholars. The findings revealed that a significant number of companions, not only Muslim men but also women, played an essential role in disseminating the Qur’ān during the first century of the Hijri calendar.

Reflections on co-producing an obesity-prevention toolkit for Islamic Religious Settings: a qualitative process evaluation

BackgroundIslamic leaders, staff, and Muslim parents in the UK are supportive of healthy lifestyle intervention delivery through Islamic Religious Settings. Such interventions are necessary given high obesity rates in British South Asian (40%) compared to White British (32%) children of equivalent age. Co-production can facilitate the development of culturally appropriate health interventions, however it can be theoretically and practically challenging, and evaluation of co-production within an Islamic Religious Setting context is lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of taking a co-production approach to develop an obesity-prevention toolkit for Islamic Religious Settings.MethodsAn obesity-prevention toolkit for use in Islamic Religious Settings, incorporating physical activity, healthy diet, and organisational change, has been co-produced to be evidence-informed and contextually relevant. A qualitative process evaluation was employed to examine experiences of co-production. Semi-structured interviews (n = 15) and a focus group (n = 5) were conducted with toolkit co-production stakeholders, e.g., subject experts, an Islamic scholar, and Islamic Religious Setting staff. Transcripts were analysed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsThe analysis revealed four major themes regarding stakeholders' experiences of co-producing a childhood obesity-prevention toolkit for Islamic Religious Settings. These themes are: (1) attitudes towards obesity-prevention through Islamic Religious Settings, (2) benefits of co-production including capacity building and ownership (3) negotiating involvement, power, and perspectives within the co-production process, and (4) the complexities of effective communication in co-production.ConclusionThis study adds to the evidence-base in support of delivering health promotion through faith settings. Taking a co-production approach to develop an obesity-prevention toolkit for Islamic Religious Settings provided benefit to the toolkit product and local stakeholders. The toolkit is currently being implemented across Bradford, UK and there is potential to adapt the toolkit to other geographical contexts, and for evaluating effectiveness for preventing obesity in British Muslim families.

The philosophy of thomas kuhn: paradigms and scientific revolutions in islamic scholarship

The philosophy of thomas kuhn: paradigms and scientific revolutions in islamic scholarship

International Political Dynamics and Islamic Jurisprudence: Understanding the Roots of Terrorism

This paper critically examines the intricate challenges involved in defining terrorism, emphasizing the political instrumentalization of Islam as a perceived threat. It delves into the multifaceted nature of terrorism by exploring various definitions and the underlying political motivations. The study then transitions to an in-depth analysis of Islamic jurisprudence's unequivocal stance against violence and terrorism, highlighting the consistent and unanimous condemnation by Islamic scholars. By scrutinizing the ethical principles that govern warfare in Islam, including the protection of non-combatants and the conditions under which violence is permissible, the paper offers a nuanced and comprehensive perspective on how Islamic teachings fundamentally oppose terrorism. This analysis is supported by references to primary Islamic texts (Quran and Hadith) and classical jurisprudential sources, ensuring a thorough understanding of Islamic legal principles. Furthermore, the paper addresses the broader socio-political implications of framing Islam as synonymous with terrorism. It examines the impact of this narrative on public perceptions, policy-making, and the rise of Islamophobia. The study also considers the strategic motivations behind this framing, particularly in the context of post-9/11 geopolitical dynamics and the subsequent "War on Terror." This paper aims to explore Islamic teachings that prohibit violence and terrorism, the debates among Islamic scholars regarding the punishment for such acts, and the geopolitical motivations behind portraying Islam as a threat. By doing so, it seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of this framing on international relations, public perceptions, and counter-terrorism strategies. The paper concludes with a set of strategic recommendations aimed at promoting accurate representations of Islam. These recommendations emphasize the importance of nuanced and informed public discourse, the role of educational initiatives in dispelling myths and stereotypes, and the need for collaborative international efforts to enhance global counter-terrorism strategies. Additionally, the paper calls for fostering international cooperation to address the root causes of terrorism, such as political repression, socio-economic inequalities, and foreign interventions, thereby promoting a more just and peaceful global order.

The Islamic Influence on Saadia Gaon’s Method in Defending Rabbinic Judaism

Saadia Al-Fayyumi was one of the medieval scholars of Jewish law who lived in Muslim societies. He was the first in Iraq to defend Rabbinic Judaism against the opponents and skeptics of its religious heritage and he was influenced in his defense by Islamic thought. Previous studies discussed Saadia’s defense of the Written and Oral law and illustrated Saadia’s polemical writings against the Karaites. The current paper discusses the influence of Islam on Saadia’s method in defending Rabbinic Judaism. Also, this essay illustrates the influence of Islamic thought on Saadia’s arguments to pave the way for the Rabbis to use reason like the Mu’tazilah to defend their beliefs and provided them with arguments and proofs. Clearly, Islamic thought was a principle for Saadia to establish the foundations of faith. He laid down the principles of faith just as the Mu’tazilah and was influenced by Mu’tazilah’s thoughts, Muslim jurists, Islamic theological doctrines, and their various ideas related to religious matters. Also, Saadia agreed with the Islamic theological sects in using logical evidences and religious texts as defensive tools to defend his beliefs. This Islamic influence on Jewish thought was a factor in its development, especially in light of the Arab-Islamic civilization in the medieval ages between 10th and the 15th centuries CE.

Sayyid Qutb's Interpretations: A Focus on Political Concepts

Sayyid Qutb's thinking influenced many Islamic scholars. His book, Fi Zilal al-Qur'an, is the greatest work and influential among the world's Muslim community. This study aims to identify Sayyid Qutb's interpretation, especially political verses in Fi Zilal al-Qur'an, and describe the meaning of politics from his perspective. Establishing an Islamic state is crucial for the implementation of sharia, as political power is necessary for its implementation. Furthermore, it is crucial to understand the correct methods of interpreting Qur'anic verses from modern exegetes. We employ a qualitative approach in our writing, concentrating on library research and gathering information from diverse sources of literature. The approach used is multidisciplinary, encompassing interpretive, historical, and sociological perspectives. The study utilizes primary data, specifically the book Fi Zilal al-Qur'an, as well as secondary data, which includes materials related to Fi Zilal al-Qur'an and sources that can support this writing. The research reveals that Sayyid Qutb employed the tahlili method to interpret the Islamic political verses. Subsequently, Sayyid Qutb's interpretation of politics posits that the government bears the political responsibility of managing and overseeing the affairs of Muslims. Next, the first principle of reign Islam emphasizes who is worthy to be called ulul amri, followed by upholding Allah’s law and, finally, being fair to all human groups.

العرف كمصدر تشريعي وأثره في إطار الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الوضعي

This research aims to shed light on customs as a legislative source in both Islamic and statutory law. Customs are considered one of the legislative sources under the provisions of Islamic Sharia and statutory law, and they have an impact on both, in addition to the authority they hold as evidence. The research examines the advantages, pillars, and effects of customs. Islamic scholars have paid significant attention to customs, setting regulations for them, and considering them a legitimate source as long as they do not contradict a definitive text or legitimate evidence. Customs have also influenced secular laws and have been an important source for them. Unlike statutory law, customs in Islamic jurisprudence are subject to strict conditions, whereby the beneficial custom is approved, and the harmful one is annulled. However, secular law, which makes custom binding on individuals, may adopt both beneficial and harmful customs due to the lack of distinction between them, provided they are consistent with the law and do not contravene public order. Islamic jurisprudence requires the presence of the moral element in customs, without addressing the material element, unlike secular law which requires the presence of both material and moral elements. As a result of the variations in customs within a single country according to regions, the legal unity of customs is negated, contrary to the law. Additionally, some sections of the law do not align with customs, as is the case with penal law where there is no punishment except by text, whereas custom is considered in private, international, civil, administrative, and constitutional law. The study recommends examining examples and applications based on customary practices, since customs are not documented. It suggests that authorities responsible for issuing fatwas and judicial decisions document the prevailing and practiced customs among individuals to rely on them during judgments, fatwas, and dispute resolution.

How Sufism Influences Human Behaviour Ethical Decision Making and ‎Attitude Toward Technology Dilemmas

The deterioration of human behaviour in this modern era is very concerning and emanates ‎as the repercussion of the fast-paced, competitive borderless world. The occurrences of ‎fraudulent data collection, copyright infringements, health detrimental, and morally ‎reprehensible are gaining traction pervasively in technology signifying the loss of self-‎consciousness and emotional composure apart from having the mentality of egocentric, ‎avarice and self-absorbed. Studies have highlighted this misdemeanour stems from the foil ‎of ethical decision-making. It has been discovered that the development of moral values has ‎outweighed these human behaviours ethical decision-making issues in technology however ‎are still scarce in the inculcation of moral values through the contextual factors of culture. ‎Assimilating the corroboration of descriptive and analytical methods of analysis from the books, and journals of the ‎Islamic philosophers and scholars in applying the qualitative method, this study is designed ‎to scrutinise the capacity of Sufism as a mode of leveraging human behaviour ethical ‎decision-making, and attitude toward dilemmas through instilling moral values based on ‎cultural and religious-based ethic. It connotates the major influence of Sufism on ‎constructing human behaviour per Islamic principles. These pertain to the action of being ‎mindful in facing the predicament in life which allows the lucidness in making moral ‎judgements in comprehending the clout of challenges as a human being. The results of this ‎study indicate that the flourishment of moral values in technology ethical decision-making ‎is inseparable from the endeavour of cultural and religious-based ethics of Sufism.

Manhaj Dan Sumbangan Syaykh Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah Dalam Pengajian Hadith: Kajian Terhadap Karya Qimah Al-Zaman ‘Inda Al-Ulama’

Syaykh Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah (1917-1997) is famous as a contemporary hadith scholar who has contributed so much in the field of hadith expertise and knowledge. However, the researcher was inspired by his work entitled Qimah al-Zaman 'Inda al-Ulama by analyzing his methodology and contribution in gathering the inspirational and unique stories of the scholars of the past throughout their life journey in developing expertise in the field of Islamic knowledge. Therefore, in this article the researcher analyzes the methodology of Qimah al-Zaman 'Inda al-Ulama's work and his contribution to Islamic scholarship in the field of hadith. This qualitative study uses the method of collecting bibliographic data from written sources such as journal articles and written materials related to the topic of the study. The findings of the study found that the value of time is so valuable and the earnestness of the figures of the past scholars throughout their lives in ensuring that the expertise in the field of Islamic knowledge can be utilized by the current generation.

أثرُ التفسير الجُغْرافيّ للقرآن الكريم في التَّرجِيحِ بَيْن أَقوالِ المفسِّرِين في تَفْسير آياتِ غَزْوَتَي أُحُدٍ والأَحْزَابِ

This study examines the impact of geographical interpretation on the differing opinions among Quranic commentators, specifically in the context of the Battles of Uhud and Al-Ahzab. The Holy Quran, rich in multi-faceted meanings, often leads to varying interpretations among scholars, especially concerning verses with geographical implications. This research focuses on how geographical context influences the understanding and preference for specific interpretations over others in these two significant battles. By analyzing the geographical elements mentioned in the Quranic verses, the study aims to provide a more precise understanding of the locations and events described, thereby resolving discrepancies in interpretations. The research is unique in its approach to incorporating modern geographical tools and digital mapping technologies to enhance the study of Quranic exegesis. Through detailed examination of the relevant verses, the study identifies the role of geographical context in shaping the historical and theological narratives of the Battles of Uhud and Al-Ahzab. The findings suggest that a deeper geographical awareness can significantly contribute to resolving interpretative conflicts and advancing the scholarly understanding of these events. This work not only underscores the importance of geographical considerations in Quranic exegesis but also opens new avenues for research that integrates traditional Islamic scholarship with contemporary geographical analysis. The study concludes with recommendations for further research in the integration of geographical data into the interpretation of other Quranic verses with similar implications.

Sharia Law and Impact on Women, Human Rights, and Economy

Sharia Law is a religious law. It is a part of Islamic traditions and is based on two Islamic texts, the Quran and Hadith. It often consists of different interpretations by Islamic scholars. From the Westerner’s point of view, Sharia is very controversial because it doesn’t exhibit the same values, especially when related to women’s rights, such as the right to education, and human rights, such as freedom of speech. This paper covers what kind of impact allowing religion to intersect with law has. It will cover two countries, Afghanistan and Iran, and what kind of effects allowing Islam to dictate laws has on both countries. It will also explore why certain laws are put in place by analyzing excerpts from the Quran. Overall, the impact of Sharia in these countries is profound on a country’s success, whether socially or economically These findings serve as a basis for why allowing religious doctrines or beliefs cannot interfere with politics for the rest of the world.

Critical Investigation of the Worldview in Islam: Inspiration from the Thought of Syech Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas

The purpose of this article is to delve into the depth and relevance of the thought of Sheikh Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas in facing the challenges of the dominant modern worldview. Through comprehensive analysis, this article aims to highlight how his thinking influences the conceptualization of the Islamic worldview, both by offering new frameworks and strengthening traditional concepts. The research method used is literature study with a qualitative approach, gathering and analyzing various relevant literature sources, including the direct works of Sheikh Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas and writings discussing his thoughts. The research findings indicate that Al-Attas's thinking highlights the challenges faced by the Muslim community in confronting the Western secular worldview embedded in modern science. Al-Attas emphasizes the importance of referring to the heritage of Islamic scholars' thinking in kalam, philosophy, and Sufism in Islamic history, as well as reformulating it according to the current context. The concept of Islamization of knowledge and Islamic education oriented towards shaping complete individuals becomes a crucial foundation in building resilient and characterful generations. However, the challenge of integrating modern science and Islamic values, as well as the risk of losing the integrity of traditional values, needs to be wisely addressed in efforts to acculturate Al-Attas's thought into the discourse of the global worldview.

ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC LAW REGARDING THE ISSUANCE OF MARRIAGE DISPENSATION IN INDONESIA

Marriage dispensation is a legal solution for those who mostly do not yet have formal legal authority to marry. By taking the step of marriage dispensation, they are trying to ensure that their marriage can be legally recognized. This study analyzes differences of opinion among fiqh experts in determining age limits (baligh, ihtilam, rushd) which have implications for the right to consent in marriage. Marriage is prescribed in the Qur'an to realize the process of human regeneration. The desired generation is a generation of quality so that the task of living life is carried out based on the goals set by the Koran. This research aims to find out how the age limit for marriage in Islam is then analyzed by Islamic school scholars. Islam itself does not limit the ideal age for marriage. The jurists have different opinions regarding the age limit for marriage. The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools believe that the ideal age for marriage is 15 years, while Abu Hanifa believes that the age of maturity comes at 19 years for women and 17 years for men. Meanwhile, Imam Malik believes that the ideal age of maturity is 18 years for both men and women.

Islamic Law and Ethics: The Role and Obligations of Marriage for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

This article examines Islamic law and ethics used to analyze the position and ethics of persons with intellectual disabilities in marriage. They have the same right to marry without discrimination or stigma. Literary and descriptive methods were used in this study, as well as document comparison. The study found that Islamic scholars of various schools expressed their opinions about the marriages of people with intellectual disabilities and their legal responsibilities. Although the majority of madhhabs recognize that their marriages are valid, there are questions about their responsibilities after the marriage. This issue is addressed in several edicts of scholars; Some of them allow marriage if there is sexual attraction. However, the question of how they can take responsibility and consent in the context of sexuality is still the subject of discussion. To determine whether people with intellectual disabilities can fulfill their marital obligations, the concept of responsibility, both etymological and terminological, is discussed. Studies show that a person's ability to take responsibility is affected by their level of disability. This perspective discusses the impact of Islamic law and the daily lives of people with intellectual disabilities, such as the possibility of guardianship or representation in decisions about marriage and sexuality. According to this study, the personal responsibilities and rights of people with intellectual disabilities should be carefully considered.

Belajar Asyik Dengan Kaligrafi: Mengasah Minat Keterampilan Menulis Bahasa Arab

Discussing calligraphy as an Islamic artwork is very interesting because it displays the beauty and meaning of each stroke of the letters, especially in the Qur'an. Calligraphy is a visual and correspondence skill. It also helps to learn and understand the Arabic language. Arabic is essential to the teaching of Islam as it serves as a way to convey strictly and paves the way for Islamic history and scholarly works. The subjective differentiation strategy was used in this study to examine the relationship between the excellence of students in Arabic language education at Imam Bonjol State Islamic University Padang West Sumatra and their ability to compose Arabic and calligraphy as an improvement in learning, which allows them to concentrate on culture and expression related to Arabic. The consequences of this study indicate that interest in calligraphy as a whole has an impact on students' Arabic composing ability and aptitude. Students who have both interests and abilities will generally get greater help from others, but students who are basically interested need greater help. This study shows how important calligraphy is to further develop Arabic composing ability and demonstrates the work of the contrasting supporting elements of interest and ability.

Quantifying Intellectual Terrain: Islamic Jurisprudence, Ethical Discourse, and Scholarly Impact

This research aims to reveal the trend and development of scientific literature about Islamic law, ethics, and its worldwide significance, spanning the years 1954 to 2023. The utilization of quantitative and network analysis enables the mapping of alterations in publication patterns, the identification of affiliations and highly productive authors, and the highlighting of journals with substantial influence. The findings indicate a significant increase in the number of published works since 1995, particularly in the early 21st century. Notably, the International Islamic University Malaysia and writers El-Seoudi, A.W.M.M. and Jadalhaq, I.M. have made considerable contributions to this surge. The examination of journals emphasizes the significant influence of "Islamic Law and Society" in the relevant literature. Furthermore, specific works like Ashraf D's publication in the "Journal of Business Ethics" in 2016 demonstrate a considerable impact in the scientific literature. Through a comprehensive examination of publication trends and influential works, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of Islamic law and ethics within academic circles. It underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and engagement with diverse perspectives to grasp the complexities of Islamic jurisprudence and ethical frameworks. In conclusion, this research provides a valuable resource for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to navigate the intricate terrain of Islamic law and ethics. By delineating trends, identifying key contributors, and highlighting influential publications, the study offers a nuanced perspective on the evolving discourse surrounding these critical subjects.

The Legality of Earning Money from Online Games from an Islamic Perspective

Online gaming has become increasingly popular in Indonesia, especially among young people, with 63.9 million users. While online gaming can be a source of income, there are concerns about its permissibility in Islam. Islamic scholars state that earning money from online games is permissible as long as it is done ethically and the games do not involve prohibited elements such as gambling, violence, or pornography. To address this topic, a discussion was held at SMK Al Ihsan in West Jakarta. The results of the workshop indicate that online gaming can be a positive and permissible activity if it adheres to Islamic principles.

Роль имперских органов власти в процессе выборов мусульманского духовенства в общинах Енисейской губернии во второй половине XIX – начале XX в.

Introduction. The article discusses some actual conditions experienced by Muslim clerics of Yenisei Governorate (Eastern Siberia) in the context of Imperial Russia’s religious policies throughout the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. Attention is drawn to that the mid-to-late nineteenth century witnessed a Muslim population increase across the region, which implied that increased spiritual needs be duly satisfied. Goals. The article aims at specifying the role of official authorities in electing Muslim clerics within Yenisei Governorate. Materials and methods. The study focuses on corresponding imperially approved regulations for Muslim clergy and archival materials housed at the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Central State Historical Archive of Bashkortostan, and Russian State Historical Archive. It is noteworthy that quite a number of the archival materials are being newly introduced into scientific circulation. The work rests on the methodological principles of objectivity and historicism that prove instrumental in assessing the government’s role in shaping the institution of Muslim clergy in Yenisei Governorate. To accomplish this, the chronological and historic-genetic methods are used. Results. The region’s sociohistorical agenda made any elections of required clerics somewhat problematic. The imperial statutes banned exiled (relocated) believers from participating in such processes, but sometimes legally capable members of a community were even fewer that the former. The obtained status of a mediator between the mahalla and government agencies would, inter alia, give rise to internal controversies. However, believers tended to perceive their mullah as a defender of their interests even at the government level. Our insights into archival materials attest to governorate-level executives had no clear understanding of how to arrange elections of Muslim clerics. Virtually being a government-sanctioned body, Orenburg Mohammedan Assembly would take pains to guarantee trustworthiness of to be appointed candidates. In the early twentieth century, such applicants would face even more restrictions enshrined by regulations and procedures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.