Scholarly Conference Research Articles

Young Scholars Conference “Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity”. 21–22 May 2019. Session “Linguistics”

For more than twenty years, the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences celebrates the Day of Slavic Writing and Culture with a traditional scholarly conference.”. Since 2014, it has been held in the young scholars’ format. In 2019, participants from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Togliatti, Tyumen, Yekaterinburg, and Rostov-on-Don, as well as Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Romania continued this tradition. A wide range of problems related to the history of the Slavic peoples from the Middle Ages to the present time in the national, regional and international context were discussed again. Participants talked about the typology of Slavic languages and dialects, linguo-geography, socio- and ethnolinguistics, analyzed formation, development, current state, and prospects of Slavic literatures, etc.

Hungary in the Great War and Total Propaganda. Review of: Bertényi, Ifj. I., Boka, L., & Katona, A. (Eds.). (2016). Propaganda: politika, hétköznapi és magas kultúra, művészet és média a nagy háborúban [Propaganda: Politics, Everyday Life and High Culture, Arts and Media in the Great War]. Budapest: Országos Széchényi Könyvtár. 542 p., ill.

In many countries of Europe, the years between 2014 to 2016 marked the 100 th anniversary of World War I also known as the Great War. Hungary is one of the states which suffered catastrophic losses in this global military conflict. It joined the war as an equal part of a big composite monarchy and eventually, in accordance with the peace treaties signed in 1920 in Versailles, lost two thirds of its territory, turned into a virtually monoethnic state and found itself surrounded by hostile powers. In this regard, it is clear why the Great War is of considerable importance for the contemporary humanities and Hungarian society. Recently, dozens of exhibitions and scholarly conferences have been organised all over the country. This article considers the proceedings of a representative interdisciplinary forum where Hungarian historians, literary historians, and art historians examined the phenomenon of propaganda, formulated the task taxonomising its forms, or mechanisms of influencing the population, control over the written press and media, formation of public opinion, intellectuals’ attitude to the war and studying of the propaganda message of material objects — from monuments in public spaces to utensils and souvenirs. The authors of the work reviewed come to the conclusion that if war and propaganda have been interconnected since the wars of religion of the early modern period, the total war which erased the division line between the front and the rear, and total propaganda, which turned texts, images, visual, and material objects surrounding people in their everyday life into patriotic messages, first appear in their full form in the early twentieth century. It seems that the conclusion most of the authors come to is that the memory of the Great War was replaced by the trauma after the collapse of the multinational empire, and historians in their case studies and comprehensive works have to measure the extent to which propaganda influenced mass and individual consciousness of the Great War generation.

Young Scholars Conference “Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity”. 21–22 May 2019. Session “History”

For more than twenty years, the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences celebrates the Day of Slavic Writing and Culture with a traditional scholarly conference.”. Since 2014, it has been held in the young scholars’ format. In 2019, participants from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Togliatti, Tyumen, Yekaterinburg, and Rostov-on-Don, as well as Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Romania continued this tradition. A wide range of problems related to the history of the Slavic peoples from the Middle Ages to the present time in the national, regional and international context were discussed again. Participants talked about the typology of Slavic languages and dialects, linguo-geography, socio- and ethnolinguistics, analyzed formation, development, current state, and prospects of Slavic literatures, etc.

In These Cities Are Jewels: Lessons from Adventist City Missions—1880–1915

"As Ellen White’s words of 1909 imply, urban-focused mission has a long history in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It goes beyond the work of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg in Chicago, the one exemplar which is reasonably well known but which comes with proverbial baggage, given what happened with Kellogg. I will touch on the Chicago mission, but it was not unique; in fact, our pioneers established many city missions. And while they stressed practical experience they also valued analytical approaches. For example, in 1910, the first two days of the annual council were given over to what was essentially a scholarly conference, with papers read by various proponents and veterans of city missionary activity, crystalizing their experiences and lessons learned for church leaders to take away and apply."

Editorial: Scholarly communications and corporate governance research

The role of scholarly conferences as a method of scholarly communications cannot be overestimated. Thus, Torgler and Piatti (2013) found that in 1974, only 19 per cent of papers published in American Economic Review had been presented at one or more conferences, workshops or seminars, for critical commentary prior to publication. On average, the number of presentations was 0.24 per paper. Twenty-five years later, 73 percent of the papers accepted for publication have been previously presented, and the mean number of pre-publication presentations was 4.73. Personal editorial and reviewing experience give a right to conclude that papers previously presented at the conferences have more serious scholarly content, solid empirical fundamentals and relevance. Scholarly journal reviewers are more favourable about such papers and it takes less time to receive the final approval of the reviewers for further publishing. Discussing the papers in an open manner at the conferences is welcome both by the authors of the papers as well as the commenting scholars adding more enthusiasm for further research. International conference "New Challenges in Corporate Governance: Theory and Practice"1 took place in Naples on October 3-4, 2019.2 About 80 experts from America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania gathered at the conference venue to discuss relevant issues of corporate governance, ownership and control, share their most recent research and come up with the solutions of the existing corporate governance research

Statues in Time: Canadian Days and Holidays

Statues in Time:Canadian Days and Holidays Colin M. Coates (bio) CITIZENS AND GOVERNMENTS USE ANNIVERSARIES AND HOLIDAYS to confirm a connection to a past and to gaze towards a future. These special days embody values that serve as lessons and guides, but they may also serve goals unintended by the promoters and sponsors. In a self-referential twist, Celebrating Canada, Raymond B. Blake's and Matthew Hayday's two-volume collection of essays examining the history of remembering in Canada, represents a project linked to the 150th anniversary of Canadian Confederation: these books about commemoration are themselves a product of the commemoration process.1 Aiming at a publication to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the country's current constitutional framework, the authors presented their papers at an initial workshop at the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau in 2014. Holidays and commemorative events, as these volumes illustrate, have often produced a lot of fodder for analysis, but it is hard to predict how much tangible evidence the sesquicentennial will leave behind. For those of us in Ontario, one of the most newsworthy features connected to the anniversary was the tour of a huge, plastic yellow duck to various towns around the Great Lakes. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's statement on the anniversary was a balanced and limited endorsement of the state of the nation, including his reflections on the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples: "As we mark Canada 150, we also recognize that for many, today is not an occasion for celebration. Indigenous Peoples in this country have faced oppression for centuries."2 In 1967, many Canadians chose to celebrate different avenues into what they termed "modernity," but 2017 was a low-key affair. It is worth noting [End Page 241] that Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson's Dominion Day address on 1 July 1967 also struck a cautionary note: "As the world, to survive the nuclear future, must become a community of peace for all mankind, so must our country be a true homeland for all Canadians as it moves into its second century."3 In 1967 Centennial building projects changed the face of urban Canada, but there will be few lasting legacies of Canada 150. Perhaps a 150th anniversary does not have the same cachet as a centenary or the fairly recent change in the federal government may have made it difficult to plan events (although Robert Cupido notes that the committee to celebrate the 60th anniversary was only incorporated in February of the same year).4 Clearly, the community enthusiasm that sparked so much of the energy of the 1967 Centennial was not as apparent in 2017. Whether this reflects apathy or honesty about the project of "Canada" is a subject worthy of debate. Nonetheless, in scholarly work, a certain number of projects, like this one, will leave their mark. Universities disbursed federal funds that galvanized some collective works, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council targeted scholarly conferences linked to the anniversary.5 It is true that for historians there was nothing on the academic scale of the Canadian Centenary Series, which began with Tryggvi J. Oleson's 1963 study of the early European exploration of what later became Canada and which ultimately came to completion with Morris Zaslow's The Northward Expansion of Canada, 1914-1967 in 1988.6 Perhaps historians today wisely anticipate the long timeframe involved in such projects. Equally likely, historians may shy away from synthesis and globalizing statements about nation even when divided into the regions and discrete time periods reflected in the Canadian Centenary Series. [End Page 242] Blake and Hayday's two-volume collection of essays reinforces the difficulties of seeing a unified approach to the project of "Canada." Moreover, we live in a time when we, appropriately, apply critical analysis to the commemorative process and therefore we academics may hesitate to engage in it ourselves too deeply; in contrast, historians like George Wrong and A.G. Doughty were fully involved in the 1927 Diamond Jubilee planning. Today we may recognize more clearly how contingent and arbitrary the designation of specific dates for the purposes of rekindling and enshrining historical memory may be, and...

Born to be Wise: a population registry data linkage protocol to assess the impact of modifiable early-life environmental exposures on the health and development of children

IntroductionDeficiencies in childhood development is a major global issue and inequalities are large. The influence of environmental exposures on childhood development is currently insufficiently explored. This project will analyse the...

Ochrona praworządności w Unii Europejskiej – węzłowe problemy

Reforms of the judicial system implemented in Poland in recent years and the rule of law proceedings initiated in their aftermath by the European Commission in January 2016 have contributed to the discussion within the framework of the international scholarly conference “Protecting European Union Values: Breaches of Article 2 TEU and its Consequences” organised by the Chair of European Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg. Basing on the speeches presented during the conference, in this article authors define the concept of the rule of law as one of the fundamental EU values, as well as analyse the existing violations of the rule of law in other Member States. An attempt was also made to assess the mechanisms protecting the rule of law, which result from the treaties (including Article 7 TEU and Article 258 TFEU), and propose supplementing them with a decentralised rule of law protection mechanism. Such mechanism should engage the whole EU legal system, including national courts, in protecting EU values, as assumed by the concept of “Rule of Law Argument” and the horizontal Solange test.

Denial: David Irving, and the Complexities of Representing a Holocaust Denier

Mick Jackson’s 2016 film Denial, based on the libel case brought against Deborah Lipstatd’s publisher by David Irving, was discussed as a panel event at the 13th International Association of Genocide Scholars conference, held at the University of Queensland on the evening of July 12, 2017. Dr. Kirril Shields presented on the difficulty of representation, addressing the film’s portrayal of David Irving. Dr. Ted Nannicelli followed with a discussion centered on the film’s use of cinematic rhetoric as positioned in various examples throughout Denial. Dr. Henry Theriault gave the final paper, examining the philosophy of the act of denial, talking on the advent of the concept in relation to genocide, with reference to “denial” as represented in artistic endeavor.

An International Scholarly Conference “The Interaction Between Lexicon аnd Grammar” (The 12th Shmelev Readings)

An International Scholarly Conference “The Interaction Between Lexicon аnd Grammar” (The 12th Shmelev Readings)

Mimesis in the Johannine Literature: A Study in Johannine Ethics

As the author notes in his preface, various earlier versions of portions of this book were presented at scholarly conferences in 2012–15. Two preliminary studies appeared in Novum Testamentum (2014) and in a WUNT volume (2016; (p. 3 n. 12). This volume gathers these various studies united around the theme of mimesis (imitation) in the Johannine writings (by which Bennema means the Gospel and Epistles but not Revelation).As Bennema notes at the outset, perhaps the most popular publication on this topic is Thomas à Kempis’s 15th-century work The Imitation of Christ. Toward the end of the 20th century, the rallying cry “What Would Jesus Do?” (WWJD) became popular in North-American evangelical circles. The author chooses to remain agnostic regarding the authorship of both Gospel and Epistles as well as regarding the order in which they were written (which raises the important but unanswered question “Whose ethic are we talking about?”).Bennema notes that some are skeptical regarding the concept of imitation as they perceive it to detract from the Gospel’s focus on the uniqueness of Christ and the centrality of the redemption he provides (though unfortunately, he summarily dismisses any such concerns at the very outset without ever seriously addressing them). Others, such as Wayne Meeks, have alleged that ethics is altogether absent from John’s Gospel (though admittedly this is a rather extreme position).Bennema credits Ruben Zimmermann and Jan van der Watt, co-authors of Rethinking the Ethics of John (2012) to whom he dedicates this work, with the exploration of Johannine ethics, though he believes they failed to identify correctly the center of John’s moral thought, which he believes to be mimesis. In fact, Bennema notes later that Zimmermann explicitly distances himself from such a notion, contending a “role model Christology should not be confused with a misunderstood imitatio ethics” (Zimmermann, “Ethics in the Gospel of John,” 73, cited on p. 13).While a few others have explored the topic previously, the author claims that his is “the first organized study that elucidates the Johannine concept of mimesis” (p. 4). Since the mimesis word group is virtually absent from John’s Gospel and Letters, Bennema argues for the centrality of the idea on a conceptual level (see appendix 1, somewhat misleadingly titled “Occurrences of Mimesis in the Johannine Literature,” pp. 207–9). He says that the Johannine text, not the Greco-Roman background, informs his study.Chapter 1 is devoted to a survey of previous research. However, the survey is not always to be trusted, as the author paints with an unduly broad brush. A single, ten-line paragraph discusses the 30-year period 1970–2000 (!). My work on the subject is lumped together with sectarian views simply because he focuses on John’s love ethic, even though he does so within a context of the Johannine mission motif, which is anything but sectarian. These kinds of inaccuracies do not inspire confidence in the author’s fairness in representing the views of others (though hopefully this example is the exception rather than norm).The author posits the following “working definition” of mimesis: “Person B represents or emulates person A in activity or state X [in order to become like person A].” He contends that “believer-Jesus” and “believer-God” are the primary forms of mimesis in John’s Gospel and Epistles, with the divine Son-Father mimesis serving as the underlying paradigm (pp. 25–26; on the author’s aim and method, see pp. 26–27).Bennema explains the lack of attention to Johannine mimesis in previous scholarship by the lack of the actual term in the Johannine writings (except for 3 John 11) and the neglect of Johannine ethics until recently. However, he unduly presupposes the validity of his thesis at the outset without sufficiently engaging any objections, which means the entire monograph essentially represents an advocacy piece of his position.What if scholars did not discover the centrality of mimesis in John’s writings because the concept is not in fact as central as Bennema contends? If any real and lasting impact on the broader field of Johannine scholarship were to be made, the author should squarely consider and address this possibility. As it stands, the most viable approach continues to be one that finds John’s ethic centered in Jesus’s “love commandment” (13:34–35) as demonstrated at the footwashing (13:1–20).This is not to say that Bennema’s monograph is entirely without merit. He raises a number of interesting questions and interacts with a broad range of scholarship. If a work is as strong as its main thesis, however, the jury is still out as to whether Bennema has proven his point. At least to my mind, after everything is said and done, the case for mimesis as central in Johannine thought remains rather weak, though I’m sure that there will be some who will be more receptive to this novel proposal.

The First Conferences on the History of Religions

Abstract The present article sketches the emergence of the scholarly conferences on the history of religion at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century. The focus is in particular on the ‘First International Congress on the History of Religions’ (Paris 1900) and the much smaller Leiden conference of 1912. By comparing these with one of the most famous conferences on religion in history – the World’s Parliament of Religions, organized in the context of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exhibition in Chicago – it is shown how the early historians of religion defined themselves as scholars over against those interested in religious dialogue and theology. Special attention is paid to the fact that some of these conferences were part of world exhibitions, which themselves had a distinct religious dimension.

Organización campesina y dominios políticos en la cuenca del Duero altomedieval

El texto recoge la conferencia presentada en las IV Jornadas de Jóvenes Investigadores sobre Sociedades Precapitalistas. El objetivo es ofrecer una imagen panorámica de cómo las diferentes estructuras políticas que se implantaron entre los siglos V al X en la cuenca del Duero influyeron en la organización de las comunidades campesinas. Aunque estas disfrutaron de una considerable agencia social, política y económica, el tributo y el control de los espacios de uso comunal facilitaron la intervención de elites relacionadas con el poder estatal, con la excepción del periodo de colapso que se abrió en los siglos VIII y IX.

“From PI to IP”: Litigation Response to Tort Reform

For helpful comments and input, the authors thank David Abrams, Alma Cohen, Allan Ferrel, Michael Frakes, Mark Lemley, Jonathan Masur, Michael Meurer, Michael Risch, Pam Samuelson, David Schwartz, Ted Sichelman, Charles Silver, Matthew Spitzer, Melissa Wasserman, Heidi Williams, prior anonymous reviewers, and participants in the 2012 Empirical Patent Law Conference sponsored by Cornell Law School and the University of Illinois College of Law, the 2012 Intellectual Property Scholars Conference, the University of Texas School of Law’s Drawing Board workshop, a conference in memory of Ted Eisenberg (Tel Aviv Univ, 2015), and Empirical Legal Studies Workshop (Tel Aviv Univ, 2015). The authors thank Melissa Bernstein, Ross MacDonald, Grace Matthews, and Jane O’Connell for research assistance. The first part of the title is in quotation marks because it was also the first part of the title for a 2005 news story in the journal IP Law & Business (Cohen 2005).

Mimesis in the Johannine Literature: A Study in Johannine Ethics

As the author notes in his preface, various earlier versions of portions of this book were presented at scholarly conferences in 2012–15. Two preliminary studies appeared in Novum Testamentum (2014) and in a WUNT volume (2016; p. 3 n. 12). The present volume gathers these various studies united around the theme of mimesis (imitation) in the Johannine writings (by which Bennema means the Gospel and Epistles but not Revelation).As Bennema notes at the outset, perhaps the most popular publication on this topic is Thomas à Kempis’s 15th-century work The Imitation of Christ. Toward the end of the 20th century, the rallying cry “What Would Jesus Do?” (WWJD) became popular in North-American evangelical circles. The author chooses to remain agnostic regarding the authorship of both the Fourth Gospel and the Johannine Epistles as well as regarding the order in which they were written (which raises the important but unanswered question “Whose ethic are we talking about?”).Bennema notes that some are skeptical regarding the concept of imitation as they perceive it to detract from the Gospel’s focus on the uniqueness of Christ and the centrality of the redemption he provides (though unfortunately, he summarily dismisses any such concerns at the very outset without ever seriously addressing them). Others, such as Wayne Meeks, have alleged that ethics is altogether absent from John’s Gospel (though admittedly this is a rather extreme position). Bennema credits Ruben Zimmermann and Jan van der Watt, co-authors of Rethinking the Ethics of John (2012) to whom he dedicates this work, with the exploration of Johannine ethics, though he believes they failed to identify correctly the center of John’s moral thought, which he believes to be mimesis. In fact, Bennema notes later that Zimmermann explicitly distances himself from such a notion, contending a “role model Christology should not be confused with a misunderstood imitatio ethics” (Zimmermann, “Ethics in the Gospel of John,” p. 73, cited on p. 13).While a few others have explored the topic previously, the author claims that his is “the first organized study that elucidates the Johannine concept of mimesis” (p. 4). Since the mimesis word group is virtually absent from John’s Gospel and letters, Bennema argues for the centrality of the idea on a conceptual level (see appendix 1, somewhat misleadingly titled “Occurrences of Mimesis in the Johannine Literature,” pp. 207–9). He says that the Johannine text, not the Greco-Roman background, informs his study.Chapter 1 is devoted to a survey of previous research. However, the survey is not always to be trusted, as the author paints with an unduly broad brush. A single, ten-line paragraph discusses the 30 year-period 1970–2000 (!). My work on the subject is lumped together with sectarian views simply because he focuses on John’s love ethic, even though he does so within a context of the Johannine mission motif, which is anything but sectarian. These kinds of inaccuracies do not inspire confidence in the author’s fairness in representing the views of others, though hopefully this example is the exception rather than norm.The author posits the following “working definition” of mimesis: “Person B represents or emulates person A in activity or state X [in order to become like person A].” He contends that “believer-Jesus” and “believer-God” are the primary forms of mimesis in John’s Gospel and epistles, with the divine Son-Father mimesis serving as the underlying paradigm (pp. 25–26; on the author’s aim and method, see pp. 26–27).Bennema explains the lack of attention to Johannine mimesis in previous scholarship by the lack of the actual term in the Johannine writings (except for 3 John 11) and the neglect of Johannine ethics until recently. However, he unduly presupposes the validity of his thesis at the outset without sufficiently engaging any objections, which means the entire monograph essentially represents an advocacy piece of his position.What if scholars did not discover the centrality of mimesis in John’s writings because the concept is not in fact as central as Bennema contends? If any real and lasting impact on the broader field of Johannine scholarship were to be made, the author should squarely consider and address this possibility. As it stands, the most viable approach continues to be one that finds John’s ethic centered in Jesus’s “love commandment” (John 13:34–35) as demonstrated at the footwashing (13:1–20).This is not to say that Bennema’s monograph is entirely without merit. He raises a number of interesting questions and interacts with a broad range of scholarship. If a work is as strong as its main thesis, however, the jury is still out as to whether Bennema has proven his point. At least to my mind, after everything is said and done, the case for mimesis as central in Johannine thought remains rather weak, though I am sure that there will be some who will be more receptive to this novel proposal.

Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets

Book Review| January 01 2018 Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets. By Gerald R. Gems. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016. 210 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $85 (cloth). William M. Simons William M. Simons State University of New York at Oneonta William M. Simons is Professor and past Chair of the History Department at State University of New York at Oneonta. Simons is Co-Director of The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture, an annual scholarly conference. He is the editor of ten baseball anthologies and the author of numerous articles, essays, and reviews. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2018) 37 (2): 107–109. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.37.2.0107 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation William M. Simons; Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets. Journal of American Ethnic History 1 January 2018; 37 (2): 107–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.37.2.0107 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressJournal of American Ethnic History Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2018 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2018 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Seventieth Anniversary of the Institute of Literature of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

In May 2018, Bulgaria celebrated the seventieth anniversary of the Institute of Literature of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. A festive meeting and a two-day International Scholarly Conference of Literary Critics accompanied the celebration. The author recalls the history of the creation of this academic institution, the development stages the institute has passed, its numerous academic achievements, high rating in the scholarly world and the respect it enjoys among Bulgarian public and governmental institutions. In conclusion, on behalf of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences the author wishes further success to the Bulgarian colleagues.

International Conference “Categories of ‘will’ and ‘coercion’ in Slavic cultures”

This article is devoted to the international scholarly conference “Categories of ‘will’ and ‘coercion’ in Slavic cultures” held on September 18–19, 2018 in Moscow.

Fandom and Creativity, Including Fan Art, Fan Fiction, and Cosplay

Fandom has grown into a sufficiently important cultural phenomenon that it has engendered a number of scholarly journals, books, and conferences. As with any academic discipline, there are a multitude of theories and schools of thought on the cultural significance and motivating structure of these communities. These studies tend to focus on the complex relationship between the fan community and the producers of the creative works. While the theoretical understanding of this dynamic tension is worthy of study, the focus of this chapter is primarily on the practical implications of these phenomena and the Con organizer’s ability to foster these relationships.

Editorial

This edition is wholly composed of selected and peer-reviewed contributions made in a specialist scholarly conference on Traditional Knowledge in Legal Context held at Potchefstroom on 17-18 March 2009 at Potchefstroom.
 Oratio
 
 Andre van der Merwe a Senior Director of DM Kisch Incorporated and practising Intellectual and Patent attorney, delivered the key-note address (here published as an oratio), posing the question whether traditional knowledge, for which there is no unambiguous definition, can effectively be protected under a single umbrella." After considering the matter from inter alia historical, philosophical and legal perspectives, he suggests a solution based on a multi-disciplinary approach.