Scholarly Bibliography Research Articles

The End of Scholarly Bibliography: Reconceptualizing Law Librarianship

The dawning of the age of digital information shifts the paradigm of the traditional scholar librarian. As three dimensional representations of information wither away, he scholarly legal bibliographer, a fixture in legal academia is devolving into an antiquarian. This brings into question the future of academic law librarianship and how it can be saved.

Why on Earth does God Have to Paint? Centripetal Art

WHY ON EARTH DOES GOD HAVE TO PAINT?, CENTRIPETAL ART, Rafael Chodos, Malibu, CA: Giotto Multimedia, 2009, pp xi + 340, Cloth, $35. 00. Reviewed by J. Harold Ellens. Rafael Chodos is a noted independent humanist scholar, an eminent attorney, and a prolific author in the field of fiduciary law, Torah and biblical studies, and the aesthetics of fine art. Thus he has the good taste to have married an amazingly profound artist, Junko Chodos, who specializes in paintings of deep philosophical expression and exploration. Her extensive repertoire of brilliant works manifests the metamorphosis of her spirit and her sense of the meaning of life, developed from her childhood in the Japanese travail of WWII, to her immigration to the USA as a young adult art student, marriage, and maturation as a leading American contributor to the world of art museums and national personal art shows. This present volume is a remarkably lovely publication. It is a palpable aesthetic inspiration to view it, hold it, savor the delicate beauty evident in the quality of the jacket, the cover, every delightful page of its content, and the sophisticated scholarly end papers. The physical experience of this volume is that of an objet d'art in itself, apart from its even more magnificent color plates and profound philosophical text. No one who cares about meaning and beauty can afford to be without this book. Moreover, it is the sort of book one would expect to cost $125.00, and is available for a very modest fraction of that price. Dr. Chodos has crafted this volume in a Foreword, seven chapters in three parts, and an Afterword. Part One is entitled The Surface Layers and contains three chapters: Objects as Visitants, Biography and Cultural Influences, and Techniques and Styles. The chapter titles in Part Two, The Deeper Layers, are equally suggestive and articulate but more deeply philosophical: Narrative - Resolution and Transcendence, A Vital Spirituality, A Complex Spirituality, and The Role and Mission of the Artist. The Afterword, placed at the end of Part Two is entitled The Furnace. Part Three describes The Physiology of the Book, including the life history of the artist, Junko Chodos, and her art shows, the story of the author and his development as an aesthete, and 45 pages of end notes, scholarly bibliography, list of citations from the writings of the artist, a glossary of Japanese terms used in the volume, and an illustrated catalogue of the artists work with a chronological list of the numerous series of her prolific productivity. This volume is a precious work of art in itself, and is finished neatly with a useful index and graphic four page display of the progression of the development of the nearly twenty series of paintings. Each series containing from ten to fifty large wallsized works. Why on Earth Does God have to Paint? is, on the one hand, a presentation of the literal and symbolic significance of Junko Chodos' personal journey; and on the other hand, a philosophical reflection on the meaning of the human pilgrimage from the primal to the transcendent. It is an articulation of the travail of what John Kennedy described as the tragic adventure of human existence. Junko's story is a moving experience of common human terror and our common hope, as Barbara Mertz once put it when describing the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics on life and death. Reading this book and viewing the 160 articulate full color plates that illustrate it moves one deeply and is a spiritual inspiration. The author's aesthetic philosophy fills the reader with a sense of having grappled with the fundamenta of the material, moral, and spiritual universes. The artists Odyssey alone is emotionally gripping. She was a young child in Tokyo during the Allied bombings in WWII and was psychologically traumatized by encountering her uncle, a physician, killing a chicken for the extended family's sparse dinner. She was overcome with a sense of horror that made her phobic of all birds until her mid-life. …

Léon le Grand (review)

Reviewed by: Léon le Grand Kevin Uhalde Léon le Grand. By Philippe Henne. [Petits Cerf Histoire.](Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf. 2008. Pp. 206. €18,00 paperback. ISBN 978-2-204-08530-4.) Much like Trevor Jalland, who published his biography of Pope Leo I in 1941, Philippe Henne sees Leo as a singular as much as a saintly figure. In a Western context, Leo was "un phare étincelant au milieu de la sombre nuit de l'apathie culturelle ambiante" (pp. 18–19); in the thick of Eastern church conflicts, "seul Léon aura le souci du bien commun" (p. 114). Henne here and there suggests that intellectual and spiritual isolation caused Leo to draw forth a simpler faith—couched in a famously simpler prose—than his Latin predecessors and Greek contemporaries. This is offered not as a thesis but as one of several themes in a biography aimed at orientating the general reader within the many, complex, and momentous events in which Leo was engaged. Only a few years ago, it would have made a greater contribution to a field that then was small relative to its subject's proverbial magnitude. While it remains a handy narrative of Leo's eventful life and introduction to his writings, other books—some more probing, others yet more accessible or useful—also have appeared. Henne has written two anthologies with introductions, for Origen and for Hilarius of Poitiers; such a format might [End Page 786]better have suited Leo as well, especially given the use Henne makes of long quotations from primary sources throughout the text. Indeed, Bronwen Neil now offers just such an anthology in Routledge's Early Christian Fathers series (New York, 2009), with a substantial introduction and a scholarly bibliography far more current than in the book under review. A Dominican and professor of patrology at Université Catholique de Lille, Henne's major scholarly work has been on Christology in the Apostolic Age, and his treatment of Leo's involvement with Eastern theological debates is the strongest part of this study (the least satisfactory is that on Roman primacy, which reflects the work of Philip McShane but not Walter Ullman; see also Susan Wessel's Leo the Great and the Spiritual Rebuilding of a Universal Rome[Boston, 2008]). But balancing theological explication with political context means that Henne cannot probe deeply, and so readers will want to turn to Mark Armitage's A Twofold Solidarity: Leo the Great's Theology of Redemption(Strathfield, Australia, 2005) and especially to Bernard Green's Soteriology of Leo the Great(New York, 2008). Green works out changes and nuances in Leo's theology over the course of his episcopate by paying close attention to the chronology of his letters and sermons and their place in the liturgical year. Henne, too, duly draws attention to the circumstances of Leo's sermons and how his writings were edited and preserved; he also has insightful comments on Leo's famous Latin prose style and what its studied simplicity implied for doctrinal debate (for more systematic analyses there are recent studies by Wilhelm Blümer, Marco Ronconi, and essays in Mario Naldini (ed.), I sermoni di Leone Magno: fra storia e teologia[Florence, 1997]). But Leo does not make a biographer's task easy, especially because the bishop lifted his pen to write on such a diverse range of ecclesiastical, theological, pastoral, and administrative issues, and because the perspective he allows us on these issues varies greatly according to genre. Henne's book, written with clarity and admiration for its subject, makes a fine introduction to Leo. It reminds us that Leo's life is a story that begs to be retold but defies easy comprehension. We can hope that what appears to be a burgeoning interest in this important pope continues to flourish. Kevin Uhalde Ohio University Copyright © 2009 The Catholic University of America Press

<i>Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth Century Britain</i> (review)

Reviewed by: Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth Century Britain John K. Walton Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth Century Britain. By James Gregory. (London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007, xii plus 313 pp., £57.50). James Gregory has written a thoroughly professional, wide-ranging analysis of a numerically small but politically and culturally significant group of campaigning Victorian exponents of what might now be called 'lifestyle politics'. He maps the growth, decline and recovery of Victorian vegetarianism in Britain from the 1830s (the Vegetarian Society was founded in 1847) to the early twentieth century, charting geographical spread (with enduring rivalries between Manchester and district and the metropolis, and intriguing intermittent outposts like Padstow in Cornwall), social structure (predominantly middle to lower middle class and black-coated worker), gender composition (predominantly masculine, as befitted contemporary expectations about the private and public sphere, but with a strong leavening of female activists and a separate but not disconnected female society), and modes of representation (mainly in contemporary periodicals). Full use is made of the extensive vegetarian press, and the research is apparently exhaustive, with a great deal of revealing detail on display and 119 of the 313 pages of text taken up with footnotes, a full scholarly bibliography and an index. Among the details divulged along the way is the information that Sir Charles Isham, who combined his interest in vegetarianism with support for homeopathy, spiritualism and mesmerism, was responsible for introducing garden gnomes into Britain. Many similar nuggets are vouchsafed to the diligent reader. Isham's multiple interests were characteristic of many vegetarians, and Gregory draws out the links and connections very effectively without making too much of them. He examines relationships, whether mutually supportive, antagonistic or indifferent, between vegetarianism and strands within radical politics, socialism, the Co-operative movement, various brands of religious nonconformity, secularism, and a panoply of alternative and esoteric belief systems and communitarian ventures, on a spectrum from 'respectable radicals' to bohemians. Problems arising from literal interpretations of biblical texts on proper dietaries provide an interesting sub-text. Gregory's book links up with the literature on (for example) secularism, spiritualism, dress reform, birth control, the 'simple life', sexuality and theosophy (he has also written on Victorian 'eccentricity'), as well as connecting with more prosaic debates on diet and living standards in Victorian England, and prompting speculation on the psychology of 'faddists' and health reformers as personality types, and their relationship with broader reforming political cultures. Few stones are left unturned: Matthew Hilton on smoking and Owen Davies on astrologers and the survival of 'magic' are rare omissions from the wider frame of reference. The material is spread thinly sometimes, largely because there were so few vegetarians and so many sub-divisions among them, but Gregory makes the most of what there is. Occasionally he loses control of grammar and sentence structure, and footnotes sometimes drop off the end of paragraphs, while it is unfortunate that one of the rare spelling errors affects a citation of a work by the present reviewer. Tuxford is [End Page 813] in Nottinghamshire, not Northamptonshire (p. 56), and Gregory's grip on local circumstances might at times be tighter. Local case-studies of vegetarianism as part of broader radical cultures in places like Bolton and Sheffield might have enriched the argument. These errors and (perhaps) missed opportunities are, at worst, minor blemishes. A peculiarity of the book is Gregory's use of 'zoophilia' as an academic synonym for the expression of principled concern about animal welfare, with a chapter heading 'Beasts and Saints: Zoophilia and Religion in the Movement', and sub-sections headed 'Vegetarian Zoophilia' and 'The Relationship with Mainstream Zoophile Organizations'. This runs counter, with potentially embarrassing consequences, to what seems to be the dominant current usage, which equates the term with sexual as well as emotional relationships between people and animals in ways that overlap with 'bestiality'. However much Victorian vegetarians might have gloried in being distinctive and different, such an identification would certainly have taken them several bridges too far, as the actual discussion of the relationships between organized vegetarianism and the movement against cruelty to animals makes abundantly clear. It is surprisingly...

The Study of Agricultural Geography: A Scholarly Guide and Bibliography

The Study of Agricultural Geography: A Scholarly Guide and Bibliography

Richard Mercer Dorson: Institutionalization and Internationalization of the American Folklore Science

Richard Mercer Dorson made great strides in fieldwork theory and technique, influ­encing especially his own students' work. He pioneered the analysis of oral style in folk narratives and of the role of folklore in American literature, here too stirring up considerable controversy. He was an architect of intellectual bridges between folklor­ists of the United States and their counterparts in Europe, Africa, and Asia, both through his own writings and through the published works and conferences he stimu­lated others to bring about. And, more than anyone else, he agitated for the establish­ment of academic programs in folklore in the United States, with the respected pro­fessional instructors, systematic curricula, and scholarly bibliography needed to sus­tain them. The legacy of Dorson's writings to future American, and folklorists world­wide, is rich and complex, requir­ing the long term for its full significance to be appre­ciated.

A Bibliography of Eliza Haywood (review)

Reviewed by: A Bibliography of Eliza Haywood Juliette Merritt (bio) Patrick Spedding. A Bibliography of Eliza Haywood. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2004. 848pp. £120; US$195. ISBN 1-85196-739-7. As a descriptive bibliography, Patrick Spedding's A Bibliography of Eliza Haywood performs an essential task of literary scholarship by trying to establish, as securely as possible, Eliza Haywood's canon. The bibliography enumerates "every issue of every work and every variant of every issue" of those texts published in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and all forms (print, microform, or electronic) of texts published in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Following the rules for attribution set out by P.N. Furbank and W.R. Owens (The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe), Spedding insists on clear empirical evidence before an attribution is advanced; this evidence appears in a head note preceding each entry and testifies to his extensive research. Spedding resists tentative attributions, and all such are discarded. (One I had wished to be confirmed, A Present for Women Addicted to Drinking, [End Page 545] was not.) Although he admits that, once made, attributions are difficult to "undo," he has evaluated painstakingly all previous attributions, researched the origin and history of all the attributions that have been made, traced "all attributions to their source and consider[ed] all of the arguments offered" (18)—if any arguments were offered at all. Haywood scholars will not be surprised that such an exhaustive research project confirms what we already know: inaccurate statements of all sorts have dogged Haywood criticism. Of particular importance for Spedding is the correction of common misconceptions regarding the popularity of specific Haywood texts. Previously "there had been no way of distinguishing a work that was printed many times from one that was printed only once but issued many times. The result is that almost all discussion of the popularity of Haywood's works has been wildly inaccurate" (19). Spedding corrects a virtually universally accepted fact: Love in Excess was wildly popular, a runaway best-seller. Apparently, it was not, "nor was it close to being Haywood's most popular work" (19). More "enduringly popular" was The Distress'd Orphan (1726), which "was reprinted more often, in larger editions, and remained in print for a longer period, than ... Love in Excess" (21). Spedding's correction reveals his commitment to thorough primary research: "By locating many previously unrecorded editions and issues of works and by distinguishing from each other the many editions and issues of works conflated by Whicher, it is possible to offer a far more reliable record of Haywood's popularity" (21). The necessary additions and deletions that we expect to find in a corrective bibliography are here. Specific changes to the bibliographic record are the seven "new" attributions made since Whicher's bibliography (1915), including Spedding's earlier attribution of The Sopha, made in 1999. The only attribution made here for the first time is Memoirs of an Unfortunate Young Nobleman (1743). Spedding describes the story of James Annesley, who "claimed to have been sold into slavery by, and lost his inheritance to, his uncle. Haywood's vivid and romantic account of Annesley's life and trial, the great cause célèbre of 1743–44, was one of her most popular works" (21). Creating a more reliable picture of Haywood's presence and influence within eighteenth-century literary culture is only part of a more ambitious venture. Spedding admits to a goal not usually within the purview of a scholarly bibliography: this project has a "biographical focus" because he intends to produce a detailed and definitive biography of Haywood: "it was hoped that a detailed bibliographical analysis would reveal details of Haywood's life" (15). These details have eluded scholars—Spedding hopes to overcome the dearth of information on Haywood's personal life by a scrupulous and thorough examination not only of her output, but also of her relationships within the publishing and literary milieu. Spedding focuses on two items of particular interest, Haywood's activities as a publisher and her relationship with William Hatchett. Driving this dependence on her output as a [End Page 546] writer and publisher is the notorious obscurity of Haywood herself...

Wunscherfüllungen. Erzählstrategien im Prosawerk Alexander Lernet-Holenias by Franziska Mayer

37? Reviews The wartime fate of Schloss Leopoldskron certainly lacked the glamour of theReinhardt days. Concerts were held and various artistswere quartered there, including the Festival director, Clemens Krauss, but little happened to excite the imagination. Towards the end of the war there was some bomb damage but not enough to prevent theAmerican army from requisitioning it in 1945. In 1947 the 'Salzburg Seminar inAmerican Civilization' (later 'inAmerican Studies') was established there, founded by Clemens Heller, son of Freud's publisher. Helene Thimig (Reinhardt's wife) returned from the United States to claim her half-share of the property (the other half having been left to his two sons), and the situation was a complicated one with prolonged legal battles. This book iswell illustrated and well researched but will be of limited interest unless one's curiosity has been awakened by the sight of this beautiful house, reflected in its lake and looking across to themountains, and by what one has read about its heyday when archbishops, filmmagnates, authors, and world famous conductors and performers were entertained there. What happened after Reinhardt leftwas, until its rebirth, as sad a comedown as the fate of the Festival itselfduring those NS years. Oxford Brookes University John Warren Wunscherf?llungen. Erz?hlstrategien im Prosawerk Alexander Lernet-Holenias. By Franziska Mayer. B?hlau: Cologne, Weimar and Vienna. 2005. 322 pp. 39,90. isbn 3-412-16004-0. The centenary of Lernet-Holenia's birth in 1997 was followed by a series of publications devoted to this currently rather unfashionable Austrian romancier and dramatist, including a full-length biography, a collected volume of critical essays and the first substantial study in English. Franziska Mayer's Wunscherf?llungen builds upon thiswork by offering the first extensive academic analysis of Lernet-Holenia's prose. In itself, this is no mean feat, as Lernet Holenia published some thirteen novels and a number of other long prose works variously classified as Erz?hlungen and Novellen. Of these, around a half dozen are currently in print. For this reason alone, Mayer's scrupulous bibliographical listingwill prove a valuable reference point for future scholars, though, as she admits, the author's prolific output is in need of a full scholarly bibliography, despite the publication of a bibliography of secondary literature by Barri?re, Eicher and M?ller in 2001. Unusually for a work that began life as a German doctoral dissertation, Mayer's approach to her subject is uncluttered and admirably concise. She draws upon the Freudian paradigm of 'wish fulfilment', developing this in a special sense to refer to the notion that narrative, like dream or fantasy,may offer compensation for 'deficits' experienced in waking life. In a general introduction, Mayer discusses the instability of identity in Lernet-Holenia's principal fictional characters ? who typicallyhave multiple names, pseudonyms or concealed identities and exploit this instability as a survival strategy in an uncertain world. That world is in almost all of Lernet-Holenia's fiction the AUSTRIAN STUDIES, I4, 20 6 371 Austrian rump state emerging from the dissolution of theHabsburg Empire in November 1918. While clearly rooted in their author's experiences as a cavalry officer on the Eastern Front, Lernet-Holenia's heroes are not bound by simple biographical horizons. Their sense of 'deficit', the disappearance of the values and ideas that once structured their lives, ispart of a complex exploration of the failures of the inter-warAustrian Republic by a conservative writer whose utopia was all too clearly backward-looking. As Mayer puts it, the caesura of 1918 enjoys a privileged status in the author's uvre. The later ruptures inAustria's history appear a mere repetition of the same. And always the experience of individuals at the level of a regiment or military unit stands pars pro totofor the fate of nations, like the Ukrainian conscripts in Lernet-Holenia's best-known novel Die Standarte (1934), whose sullen refusal to cross the Danube results in a massacre that signals both the end of the war and the end of the Austrian German 'mission' within Central Europe. Readers familiar with Joseph Roth's Radetzkymarsch (1932) or Die Kapuzinergruft (1938) will recognize affinities, and it is perhaps a disappointment...

To Think Like God: Pythagoras and Parmenides: The Origins of Philosophy (review)

Reviewed by: To Think Like God: Pythagoras and Parmenides: The Origins of Philosophy Scott Austin Arnold Hermann . To Think Like God: Pythagoras and Parmenides: The Origins of Philosophy. Las Vegas: Parmenides Publishing, 2004. Pp. xxx + 374. Cloth, $32.00. Mr. Arnold Hermann could presumably have used his connection with Parmenides Press to publish anything he wanted. Instead, he has put out a sober, bibliographically well aware, thesis about the origin, nature, and motivations of Parmenides' thought, one evolved in dialogue with scholars such as Cordero, McKirahan, and Curd. The resulting monograph, to be the first of three on subjects connected with Parmenides and Plato's Parmenides, is a legitimate contribution to the field, to be taken very seriously as part of any scholarly bibliography. Best of all, in this reviewer's opinion, is the exploration of Parmenides' legal language and metaphors as they might affect the type of abstract object which can count as subject for the esti, the differences between or among routes and rules of inquiry, the necessity for a Doxa-section, the relationships with Xenophanes and Plato. Less successful, I think, is the attempt to put together a coherent picture out of the hazy evidence on Pythagoras and to distinguish levels of probability within that evidence. Nor, in spite of his praise for Mourelatos's book (" . . . truly one of the most indispensable works on the Eleatic," 214), does Hermann seem aware (see 189) that the possibility of a pluralistic Eleatic ontology was also present in that book, before it was followed by Curd's book. Hermann's thesis is that Parmenidean philosophy was an answer both to Xenophanes' challenge, to his indication of the limits of our human inquiry—our difference from the gods—and the problem of irrationals in Pythagoreanism. By setting out the rational limits which any purely theoretical inquiry must have, Parmenides intended to show that, in pursuing theory, we can, indeed, think like the gods. (Here excellent use is made of work by Mourelatos and Long.) But by distinguishing theoretical inquiry from empirical inquiry, Parmenides showed the limits of Pythagoreanism, which had been unable to make that distinction. (Units are theoretical entities, but points are empirical, so there are in reality no Pythagorean unit-points; rational numbers are theoretical while irrationals are empirical, and so on.) (Here there are affinities with the recent Popper book.) That is, the Doxa-section, according to Hermann, shows tragically that we do not always think like the gods, especially when we think empirically. Our contemporary science is continuing the inquiry that Parmenides began, but the original Parmenidean philosophy was a methodology about how to inquire into abstract objects, not necessarily a metaphysics, a theory about what those abstract objects are. Here Hermann differs from the standard portrait of Parmenides as theorist of an intelligible world; he thinks that it is Plato who is more responsible than Parmenides for theorizing about which objects correspond to the methodology. (Here he follows Mourelatos and Curd in viewing fragment 2 as setting up types of inquiry rather than types of entity.) One has no quarrel with the claim that Parmenides' originality is at least partly methodological. Yet a methodology whose strictures are this strong was thought, by Plato at least, to require absolute monism; is it an accident that I cannot have a pluralistic ontology without having non-identities between members of pairs of objects, non-identity being an example of saying what is not (fragment 8, lines 36–38)? Does not this particular methodology necessitate a very particular metaphysics? [End Page 481] And, if we do think like the gods, at least at times, are we not then thinking about what is ultimately real, i.e., about a certain type of object? If rules can be given which secure a kind of thought which is exempt from Xenophanean scepticism, do not these rules determine sorts of entities? And, if Pythagoreanism errs in confusing theoretical with empirical entities, must not we ourselves possess the perspective of a god or goddess in order to avoid the confusion? These are some of the questions provoked by this fresh book, which, untrammelled by much scholarly narrowness, is yet capable of contributing much to scholarly...

The AustLit Gateway and Scholarly Bibliography: A Specialist Implementation of the FRBR

SUMMARY This paper discusses how the AustLit: Australian Literature Gateway's interpretation, enhancement, and implementation of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR Final Report 1998) model is meeting the needs of Australian literature scholars for accurate bibliographic representation of the histories of literary texts. It also explores how the AustLit Gateway's underpinning research principles, which are based on the tradition of scholarly enumerative and descriptive bibliography, with enhancements from analytical bibliography and literary biography, have impacted upon our implementation of the FRBR model. The major enhancement or alteration to the model is the use of enhanced manifestations, which allow the full representation of all agents' contributions to be shown in a highly granular format by enabling creation events to be incorporated at all levels of the Work, Expression, and Manifestation nexus.

NCTE/CCCC’s Recent War on Scholarship

This article documents aspects of the history of support for scholarship by two professional organizations involved with teaching composition at the postsecondary level: the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) and the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC). Evidence is found that for the past two decades, the two organizations have substantially withdrawn their sponsorship of one kind of scholarship. That scholarship is defined as RAD: replicable, aggregable, and data supported. The history of RAD scholarship as published in NCTE and CCCC books and journals, compared to that published elsewhere, is traced from 1940 to 1999 in three areas: teaching of the research paper, gain in writing skills during a writing course, and methods of peer critique. The history of NCTE and CCCC attempts at scholarly bibliography is also traced. Implications are considered for the future of the study of college composition as an academic discipline.

Hypertext Theory and Criticism: An Annotated Bibliography

Hypertext theory and criticism is an emerging and exciting area of research. To facilitate research in hypertext studies, however, there are not many scholarly bibliographies available, especially annotated bibliographies. The present annotated bibliography fills that need with books, book chapters, journal articles, and scholarly reports on hypertext projects covering a wide range of issues significant to literary theory and criticism and their relationship to hypertext theory. Providing critical introductions to the ideas and insights of leading hypertext theorists and practitioners, the annotations in this bibliography will be helpful to scholars and researchers in the field.

Feminism and Mainstream Narratives in American History, 1780-2000

Our co-directed Web site, Women and Social Movements in U.S. History, 1600-2000, forges new connections between womeris history and general contours of U.S. history. Visitors to site (who numbered over 40,000 a month in 2004) can explore many such connections. Since 1997, hundreds of college and high school teachers have drawn on Web site for documents and interpretations that enliven students' excursions into U.S. history. The site is currently available through institutional subscription, priced on a sliding scale so that secondary schools can afford it. Schools and libraries may sign up for a 30-day trial subscription to evaluate resource by accessing . We are in process of transferring document projects from our Binghamton editorial site to subscription site, but presently some two dozen projects remain freely available at . Document projects, created by scholars as offshoots of research, comprise site's central content. In creating such projects, schol ars enjoy sharing their favorite documents in their areas of expertise and can display selected topics in greater detail than articles or books permit. The site now offers 57 projects, including some 20,000 pag es of documents, more than 600 images, and an extensive section of Teaching Tools with lesson plans and document-based questions. The format for each project is same. Each focuses on a question and offers between 20 and 50 documents that address question. Each document has a complete citation as well as a headnote that places it in context. An introduction provides a historical framework for project as a whole. Each project has a scholarly bibliography, footnotes, and annotations (1). This array of documents permits readers to explore questions from a variety of perspectives and experience history as it unfolds on a daily basis. Documents encourage readers to draw their own conclusions and develop skills of historical analysis. For example, one project is organized around question, How did Ladies Association of Philadelphia shape new forms of womeris activism during Ameri can Revolution? Another asks, How did abolitionist women and their slaveholding relatives negotiate their conflict over issue of slavery? Another inquires, How did white women aid former slaves during and after Civil War? Such projects reconfigure mainstream nar ratives of U.S. history to make women's presence palpable. While projects are designed to carry students, teachers, and scholars into new questions that pull women's history and U.S. history together, readers can draw on materials to construct their own historical analysis. This essay models that possibility by selecting a few representative doc uments from four projects that illuminate changing relationship between feminism and mainstream aspects of U.S. history. Defining feminism as the belief that gender inequalities are so cially constructed and can be changed, we browsed through Web site's document projects to locate examples of documents that illumi nate intersection of feminism and mainstream narratives of U.S. history (2). Because site focuses on women's collective action in social movements, hundreds of documents fit this description, but we limited our selections to documents from four projects. First, a pre-feminist group in 1780s that supported Conti nental army during American Revolution exemplified limited resources that women's activism could command before feminism be came a force in American life (3). Second, women's rights move ment of 185 os changed American history by adopting chief rhetorical strategy of American political culture?the political conven tion (4). Third, woman suffrage movement illuminates 1910s debate between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois over best means for advancing African Americans in American society (5). Finally, Violence Against Women Act of 1994 and Supreme Court's review of its civil rights component in 2000 clarifies current debates about power of federal government versus power ofthe states (6). Members of Philadelphia Ladies Association collected money to reward soldiers for staying in field in 1780. During previous disastrous winters at Valley Forge and Morristown inadequate supplies led to great suffering and whole companies were abandoning their posts and heading home. Led by Esther Reed, wife ofthe Governor of Pennsylvania, and Sarah Bache, daughter of Benjamin Franklin, Ladies Association collected more than $200,000. The question then arose?in what form should money be given to soldiers? In a

Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy With Older Adults

Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy With Older Adults

Confederate Pathway to the Pacific: Major Sherod Hunter and Arizona Territory, C.S.A. (review)

8oCIVIL WAR HISTORY On a happier note, anyone who has compiled a scholarly bibliography will sympathize with Eicher's dilemma. He has engaged an enormous literature and, much like an archivist, has arranged, described, and appraised the items he considered . In doing so, Eicher provides generally insightful, accurate, and critical annotations, much more so than Wiley, Robertson, and Nevins supplied in their volumes published almost three decades ago. Eicher also notes, when available, reprint editions, with full bibliographical information. His coverage, then, of mainstream topics and the works of leading historians will prove more than adequate for buffs, generalists, and college students. Unfortunately, however, specialists will judge Eicher's bibliography a promising foray but an unsuccessful campaign. John David Smith North Carolina State University Confederate Pathway to the Pacific: Major Sherod Hunter and Arizona Territory , C.S.A. By L. Boyd Finch. (Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1996. Pp. xv + 318. $39.95.) In March 1 862, following the repulse at Glorieta Pass of the Confederate thrust up the Rio Grande, one despondent Texan wrote, "our operations out here will all be lost in history, when such great struggles are going on nearer home" ( 1 63). Indeed, both contemporary and subsequent historical accounts of the war in the darkest corner of the Confederacy have been eclipsed by events in Virginia , Tennessee, and the Confederate heartland. However, to the growing list of books shining a light into the trans-Mississippi and, in fact, pushing the western border of Civil War historiography to the Rio Grande and beyond, add L. Boyd Finch's treatment of the Civil War in Arizona Territory. Finch's book is both a history ofthe war inArizona and a biography ofone of the key figures in that struggle, Maj. Sherod Hunter. Hunter, little known before or after the war, was born in 1 834, migrated at an early age to Tennessee, and from there followed the frontier toTexas. A strong Jacksonian Democrat, Hunter was drawn to the Kansas frontier in 1 857 after the death of his wife and infant son, and he then was attracted to the Tucson area by the mining boom of 1 859. There he lived in isolation and obscurity in the Mimbres Valley until Apaches and Civil War brought him out. Pathway to the Pacific is rich in context, not only placing Hunter in antebellum Tennessee, bleeding Kansas, and Arizona Territory, but offering extensive background on those places and events importantto an understanding ofHunter's life. Especially detailed are the Apache Wars of the period between 1 848 and 1 86 1 and the secession crisis in Arizona Territory. The great contribution of Finch's book, however, is its account of the Civil War in Arizona Territory, where Hunter and his command ofArizona Rangers achieved the deepest Rebel BOOK REVIEWS8l drive into Union territory of the war and mounted the most distant campaign from home soil. The high-water mark of the South's attempt to make the Confederacy a two-ocean republic and tap California's gold came at Picacho Peak, beloved of Southwesterners as the westernmost "battle" of the Civil War and "the Gettysburg ofArizona."There, onApril 1 6, 1 862, the vanguard of Hunter's forces, probing westward from Tucson, encountered and were repulsed by the leading elements of Col. James Henry Carlton's "California Column." The tiny affair at Picacho "ended any real possibility of Arizona Territory becoming a state stretching from Texas to California" (145), and soon thereafter Hunter's column abandoned Tucson, which Carlton occupied on May 20, ending forever the Rebel dream of a Pacific empire. After the Confederate failure to reach California, Hunter and his veterans took part in Maj. Gen. RichardTaylor's Louisiana campaign in 1 863, playing a major role at the Battle ofBrashear City, a locally important Confederate victory, overshadowed by events one week later at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. He then returned to the southwest, spending the remainder of the war in a hopeless attempt to recover the losses of 1 862. Hunter was one of the estimated ten thousand former Confederates to go into a self-imposed exile at the end of the war, settling, at least for a time, in the...

Religion in Postwar China: A Critical Analysis and Annotated Bibliography (review)

Reviews 285 David C. Yu. Religion in Postwar China: A CriticalAnalysis andAnnotated Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1994. xviii, 365 pp. Hardcover $79.95. Carefully compiled and annotated bibliographies are wonderful Sinological tools, and scholars in all areas of Chinese studies are indebted to die tireless efforts of bibliographers on their behalf. This is precisely the kind of scholarly bibliography that David Yu has produced. Yet, like Abelard's ironic response to the ultimate theological questions ofhis day, one almost always ends widi sic et non in evaluating such books. The positive aspect is that, if the bibliography is carefully done, as is the case widi Yu's volume, it is always welcomed as an aid for further scholarly research. Another positive point for Yu's work is the review and presentation of some two hundred articles in Chinese representing the best ofpostwar scholarship from the People's Republic of China (hereafter PRC) as well as the rest of cultural China, namely, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and die further Chinese diaspora. The negative side is diat unless the work is an unabridged bibliography of the entire field it seeks to cover—whatever that could possibly mean these days, when new articles, monographs, and studies appear daily—then there will always be gaps caused by die metìiod ofpresentation and limitations ofsize and time. Methodological questions oforganization are especially crucial for relatively short works such as Yu's compendium, a work that runs to 365 pages. Yu does not pretend to present an unabridged account of the postwar study of Chinese religion. Rather, he has carefully organized and annotated 1,005 entries in a balancing act between Chinese- and Western-language sources and two different sets of organizational principles. To narrow the field beyond die review of Chinese materials, Yu has concentrated almost entirely on English-language scholarship except for a very few studies in French and German plus English translations from Japanese scholars. Yu has also included autiior, title, and subject indexes, useful tools for anyone seeking to use the bibliography for research purposes. Even though any annotated bibliography will offend some scholars because ofthe choice ofentries, Yu's obvious grasp ofthe field demonstrates that the bibliographer 's true art is to make sure that nothing essential is omitted and tiiat the entries themselves point the researcher to other research tools. Like a computer's main directory, the bibliography also needs to have multiple subdirectories embedded in its root directory in order to produce a tree that will bear even more© 1995 by University fruit if cultivated diligently. ofHawai'i PressThere is another limitation that I need to note. Yu observes in his introduction that he has not included postwar Western publications from his earlier bibliography , Guide to Chinese Religion (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985). This means that to 286 China Review International: Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 1995 avoid die gaps in Yu's presentation ofimportant studies, for instance, major translations , the new bibliography must be used in conjunction with his earlier bibliography . For example, the 1985 guide is historically organized widi a review of various individual thinkers such as Confucius, Mencius, Lao Tzu, Ko Hung, various Neo-Taoist and Chinese Buddhist schools, and a section on the Neo-Confucians . There is also a section on "authoritative texts" that lists translations and studies ofkey texts in the history of Chinese religious thought. Yu's 1985 guide includes a great deal ofmaterial on what is considered philosophy as well. Furthermore , the 1985 guide includes works written at any time if they are still significant for the scholarly study of Chinese diought, religion, practice, and culture. Most scholarly works are defined by tiieir beginnings, and bibliographies are no exception to this rule. However the author defines the nature of the project, however she or he begins to assemble, compile, and organize the material, the initial guiding principles shape the nature of the completed bibliography. In the introduction , Yu outlines the organizing principles that govern the material for all three sections ofthe text. For instance, in order to incorporate the best of modern PRC scholarship on religion, Yu follows an outline in the second section of the bibliography that conforms to many...

Welcome to the inaugural issue of the ELECTRONIC GREEN JOURNAL

Welcome to the inaugural issue of the ELECTRONIC GREEN JOURNAL. For some readers the name of the journal may sound familiar. Following is a brief journal history and its transformation into an electronic publication. Four issues of the Green Library Journal: Environmental Topics in the Information World, were sponsored by the Green Library Inc. (GLI) in Berkeley, California. GLI was a non-profit organization funded with monies appropriated through grants and donations. They handled subscriptions and mailing procedures; however, the journal was produced at the University of Idaho Library. The library published volume II, no.1 in May of 1993, even though GLI funds were not available. The next issue was also produced, but could not be printed and sent to subscribers as GLI refused to release the subscription list. Over the ensuing seven months Green Library Inc. has failed to respond to phone and letter inquiries. Several publishers were approached hoping to arrange new sponsorship, but everybody, unfortunately, is struggling financially. In this era of shrinking budgets and rising costs for traditional media, the University of Idaho Library would like to explore the possibilities of electronic information dissemination, which our editors believe is a variation of the access rather than ownership philosophy. We, the new journal, want to address the information concerns of libraries and help our society adjust to cultural pluralism and the globalization of institutions. The Internet, with its estimated 30 to 35 million users, is the unique opportunity for information dissemination. The University of Idaho Library supports this philosophy and is proud to sponsor the ELECTRONIC GREEN JOURNAL (EGJ). ELECTRONIC GREEN JOURNAL is a professional, refereed publication devoted to disseminating information concerning sources on environmental protection, conservation, management of natural resources, and ecologically-balanced regional development. Environmental issues frequently cross national borders; therefore, our journal encourages the international sharing of environmental expertise. The journal serves communities as an educational environmental resource, and includes both practical and scholarly articles, bibliographies, reviews, editorial comments, and announcements. EGJ is written for librarians, information consultants, environmentalists, ecologists, regional planers, publishers, booksellers, researchers, educators, students, and internet users interested in worldwide environmental topics. ELECTRONIC GREEN JOURNAL is published irregularly by the University of Idaho Library. It is available free from the University of Idaho via: gopher.uidaho.edu We hope the electronic format will provide practical access to environmental information sources, and we encourage the sharing of data internationally. Maria A. Jankowska, University of Idaho Library Francis S. Griego, University of Idaho Library

Advertising Fictions: Literature, Advertisement, and Social Reading (review)

Reviewed by: Advertising Fictions: Literature, Advertisement, and Social Reading Ewart Skinner Jennifer A. Wicke . Advertising Fictions: Literature, Advertisement, and Social Reading. New York: Columbia UP, 1988. 224 pp. $27.50. Wicke's critique complements the already formidable scholarly bibliography on advertising. It provides a field long dominated by social science types with a valid literary analysis of advertising's decussation with "high culture." Using Charles Dickens, Henry James, and James Joyce, she traces the symbiotic, diachronic unfolding of advertising and literature as mutually interacting discourses. Proposing to demystify the practice, she foregrounds advertising as "a language in its own right" not "divorced from other cultural productions." Methodologically, Wicke's analytical device is a high art/low art matrix across which she meshes literature and advertisement, asserting in effect that neither can be fully read without reference to the other. Her hypothesis is broached through a very specific passage, "the great novelistic tradition," but claims a much broader [End Page 315] theoretical plane, that is, "the changing place of literature per se in contemporary culture." The relationship between literature and advertising so regarded, Dickens is relatively easy pickings for proof. As the "first capitalist of literature," he matures synchronously with the "aestheticizing of capitalism," a fact which allows Wicke to demonstrate the centrality of advertisement to Dickens novels and to show that Dickens' novels were directly related, as products, to advertising. She argues that advertising "emerges as a subtext or organizational principle" of Dickens' works, including Sketches by Boz, Pickwick, The Old Curiosity Shop, Martin Chuzzlewit, Bleak House, and Our Mutual Friend. There is an interlocutionary shift of purpose with James. The Bostonians deploys advertising metaphors, and its world is already beginning to be the world laid out by advertisers. The Ambassadors addresses the problematic of the "assault on the eye" and "battles" with advertising instead of parodically absorbing it. The American Scene is a "structural analysis" of the social conditions that fluctuated American advertising. Joyces Ulysses expresses yet another turn. In text, tone, and philosophy it represents a "new literature with no discernable author and no particular reader—advertising." For Joyce, advertising and "mass cultural forms become a matrix of textual practices, set within a parody frame of scholastic and classical reference." Ulysses marks the third phase of Wicke's dialectic of advertising and literature. In the first stage, which ends with Dickens, advertisement shares in the parturition of the realist novel and subsequently is imprinted by the literature it helped create. In the second stage, James "brings literature and advertisement into open rivalry, with literature on the defensive." In the final development, marked by Ulysses, advertising is "firmly esconced" as concomitant to any act of production, and "literature begins to be colonized by advertising. . . . Ulysses records but does not succumb passively to this takeover." All through Wicke's text, advertising is set up as a "powerful mode of social reading," crucial to the novel's emergence as a powerful social institution. Whether or not one would wish to extend Wicke's hypothesis to "Balzac, Hardy, Baudelaire, Gissing, T. S. Eliot, Twain, Melville, Valery, the Futurists, Flaubert, Pynchon, etc.," as Wicke suggests, one cannot deny that the author has brought a freshness of approach, a new perspective for understanding contemporary literature—and for that matter, social science critiques of advertising. [End Page 316] Ewart Skinner Purdue University Copyright © 1990 Purdue Research Foundation

Finding Two of My Old Poems Included in a Scholarly Bibliography

Finding Two of My Old Poems Included in a Scholarly Bibliography

Other Publications

The College Art Association has received grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, and the Robert Sterling Clark Foundation for the publication of a trial issue of a new quarterly journal containing abstracts of significant current art historical literature. The project, which is called RILA (Répertoire international de la littérature de Part), is being carried out at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute in Williamstown, Massachusetts, under the direction of the Institute's librarian, Michael Rinehart. Publication is scheduled for the summer of 1973.The trial issue will explore the possibility of international cooperation in the publication of a regular non-profit scholarly bibliography. Several European institutions are participating in the experiment: The Courtauld Institute of Art (London), the Kunstbibliothek of the Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin), the Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie (The Hague), Institute Diego Velázquez (Madrid), and the Instituto per la storia dell'arte lombarda (Milan). All these institutions and numerous individual authors, editors and publishers are contributing bibliographical citations and abstracts to the RILA center in Williamstown for editing, translation, classification and indexing.