Attitude Of Scholars Research Articles

Woo-san Hanyoo's poetic world and scholarly attitude

Woo-san Hanyoo's poetic world and scholarly attitude

Aesthetics of Renewal: Martin Buber's Early Representation of Hasidism as Kulturkritik (review)

Aesthetics of Renewal: Martin Buber's Early Representation of Hasidism as Kulturkritik, by Martina Urban. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008. 238 pp. $32.00. Ever since Gershom Scholem's blunt and devastating criticism of the 1960s, Martin Buber's writings on Hasidism have been subject to a lively debate on historical accuracy, use or abuse of sources, and scholarly integrity. In fact, in Scholem's own recollection, Buber was simply unable to maintain a scholarly attitude toward this topic, something that left the great scholar of Jewish mysticism puzzled and shattered at once. In the decades to follow, Buber's interpretation of Hasidism was generally seen as deeply flawed and compromised by an arbitrary method of popular anthologization, which filled the needs of both highly assimilated Jewish and very romantically inclined German audiences at the turn of the century, but had little to do with serious scholarship. His readers and followers, as Scholem later remarked, were under the spell of an ecstasy, as was the young Buber himself. Buber, however, as is well known, never intended to present an historically faithful, philological account of Hasidic life. From the very inception of his work, he insisted on creative'Vetelling and spiritual faithfulness rather than critical editing. Indeed, among his most faithful disciples, Buber's Hasidic exercises were quickly construed, and hence justified, as precursors of some sort to his later dialogical thought, when the interest in dialogical thought was still strong in the academy. More recently, Buber's Hasidism has experienced even greater sympathetic revaluation for its intuitive, unconventional approach, recognizing the fact that Buber s engagement with Hasidic sources did not represent bad scholarship but something qualitatively different. But what was is this qualitative difference? Martina Urban's recent study Aesthetics of Renewal takes on this question in the kind of depth and theoretical astuteness no author, it is safe to say, has done before. It is not the controversy itself that interests Urban - for there is much written about and little to argue with - but the peculiar technique of that guided Buber's understanding of Hasidism: his distinctive (p. 17). Written in a clear and tight language, her book not only inserts Buber's Hasidism into the intellectual-historical context that produced it, but also asserts its place in contemporary theories of text and transmission. It was precisely the consciously ahistorical representation of the Hasidic movement which squarely placed, as Urban argues, Buber's project at the nexus of modernism and its aesthetic self-perception. Just as appearing (Erscheinen) is an aesthetic category that requires and postulates immediate presence and is thus qualitatively different from appearance (Erscheinung), so it is Buber's own aesthetic imagination that renders his Hasidic writings an'affirmation of both uniqueness and presence, intimately tied, as is the artwork itself, to the temporal prism of the moment, yet also, if we think of Gadamer, endowed with the permanence of a time of its own. This turn to aesthetics, as Urban rightly reminds us, meant also a turning away from the text-cenreredness of traditional Judaism, displacing text by and subverting the hermeneutic community. Rather than reading and commenting, which had been the practice of Buber's so despised Talmudism, text-centeredness was to give way to a new'Vhythm-centeredness, resonating with the dynamic, inner life forces of culture (p. 12). Here, the author is careful to show that the role of text in the early Buber need not be retroactively unraveled through his dialogical principle but can, to much greater effect, be reconstructed from the fin-de-siecle crisis of and the profound distrust in the written word it produced. Buber's choice, then, not to work philologically was motivated by a struggle with the meaning of language that was never fully resolved, as one can see from his ambiguity towards Hebrew, whose superiority in the national rebirth he questioned and affirmed at the same time (p. …

ON P.CONNER'S VIEWS ABOUT “INDIAN REVIVAL”

P. Conner pays attention some Indian architectures designed in England from the 1780's to the 1810's, and regards those works as the architectures in “Indian Revival”. In four Indian architectures designed in England from the 1780's to the 1810's, there are the trend which the British of those days went back to the prototype of architectures in the archaeological attitude. And, four works are the revival of the architectural style designed in the distant past, to the British of those days. His concept of “Indian Revival”, however, is based on a matter which the British of those days flung into Indian Architecture in the scholarly attitude.

The Gastroenterology Core Curriculum, Third Edition

The Gastroenterology Core Curriculum, Third Edition

Knowledge, Perceptions and Attitudes of Islamic Scholars Towards Reproductive Health Programs in Borno State, Nigeria

Some reproductive health policies and activities of international development organizations continued to be criticized by some religious groups. Such criticisms can be serious obstacles in the provision of reproductive health and rights information and services in many communities. This study was conducted to find the knowledge, perception and attitude of Islamic scholars on reproductive health programs and to get some suggestions on the scholars' role in the planning and implementation of reproductive health advocacy and programming. The data were collected by in-depth interview with representative sample of selected Muslim scholars in and around Maiduguri town in Bomo State, Nigeria. All the scholars had vague or no idea of what reproductive health is all about. When they were explaining reproductive health, most of the scholars mentioned some of the rights of women especially the need for maintaining the good health of women and their children as reproductive health. Even though they have poor knowledge, all the Muslim scholars interviewed believed that reproductive health is an essential component of healthy living and the programs of the international development organizations are mostly good, but they have reservations and concern to certain campaigns and programs. Scholars that promised their contributions in enhancing reproductive health have a common condition for their continuous support to any international development organization or reproductive health program. Conformity to Islamic norms and principles are prerequisites to their loyalties. The scholars also advised the international development organizations on the need to identify themselves clearly, so that people know from where they are coming, what are their background, and the program that they want to do and the reasons for doing the program in the community.

Bach and the Pedal Clavichord: An Organist's Guide (review)

Bach and the Pedal Clavichord: An Organist's Guide. By Joel Speerstra. Foreword by Hans Davidsson. (Eastman Studies in Music.) Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2004. [xiii, 205 p. ISBN 1-58046-135-2. $70.00.] Music examples, bibliography, illustrations, photographs, index. Despite a long and prominent history, the pedal clavichord is little known today. Its existence was first documented in the fifteenth century and its development can be traced through the ensuing centuries. Like the harpsichord, it began to fall out of favor during the nineteenth century despite significant changes to its mechanism that reflected musical tastes of the period. By the beginning of the twentieth century it had all but disappeared. Common belief holds that the instrument served mainly as an economical practice device for organists, and this reputation has contributed to the dismissive attitude of scholars regarding its place in music history. The organ music of the North German baroque composers forms the bedrock of repertoire for the instrument. It stands to reason, therefore, that this music has been dissected by performers and musicologists in search of a Rosetta Stone for baroque performance practices. A great deal of study has centered around the organs that survive from this time as well as clues contained in manuscripts and other period sources. Many organists have attempted authentic performances by employing fingerings and pedalings documented in the sources on instruments modeled on those of the period. While we will never know exactly how this music was performed in the eighteenth century, there may be a potentially rich source of insight into the physiological aspects of performing the music in an enlightened fashion today. Joel Speerstra's work presents a fascinating paradigm for the study of J. S. Bach's organ music that leads performance practice research in a new direction. In Bach and the Pedal Clavichord: An Organist's Guide, Speerstra links the technique of playing the historical pedal clavichord to that of the organ. He creatively details the intellectual and physical components of a performance practice by providing insight into the repertoire of one keyboard instrument in light of its conception and rendition on another. His work is one of a number of case studies undertaken at the Goteborg Organ Art Center (GOArt) at Goteborg University, Sweden. The purpose of GOArt is to study the art of the North and Central European organ from 1600 to 1970. The project is an interdisciplinary living workshop and involves scientists, instruments builders, musicologists, performers, documentation experts, and students. The pedal clavichord used for the present study is a reproduction of a 1766 Johann David Gerstenberg instrument now at Leipzig University. This particular instrument was chosen as a model because it represents one of the few intact, though unplayable, examples of the pedal clavichord from Bach's lifetime. Instruments built later were designed differently and they are much less musically subtle and expressive. Speerstra's intense desire to understand the instrument led him to the English builder John Barnes, curator emeritus of historical keyboard instruments at the University of Edinburgh. Under the tutelage of Barnes, Speerstra built the reproduction of the Gerstenberg instrument while gaining an intense knowledge of the nuances of its structure and the implications of this for performance. The study is divided into two parts. Part 1, Source Studies, is a review of performance theory and organology in historical documents and scholarly writings. The history of the pedal clavichord is taken up in chapter 1. Structurally, the pedal clavichord is a combination of at least three separate instruments: two (or, perhaps, three) manual keyboard instruments, and a pedal instrument. An overview of surviving early instruments is given followed by a review of the clavichord from early sources. …

Perspektiv på forskningsanknytning i högre utbildning

The article handles different ways of understanding link to research in higher education. Practical experiences are contrasted with research concerning link to research. The point of depart ure is that link to research leads to a scholarly attitude among the students and an ability to communicate with stakeholders outside the science community. This relationship could be considered natural and easy, but it is not. Examples from concrete experiences are used and consequences from theoretical perspectives are discussed. The article shows in a clear way that the knowledge of link to research, how it should be managed, and what effects have been verified is proportionately small and above all uncertain. Therefore, there are reasons to suppose that objectives as knowledge development and scientific evaluations are dealt with in different ways in higher education. Another conclusion is that link to research as a part of higher education teaching and an instrument to develop a scientific attitude demand a an ongoing discussion about link to research in everyday practice.

AHISTORICITY REVISITED

In our reply to Margaret Thomas's article “Programmatic ahistoricity in second language acquisition theory,” we first review pertinent literature, concluding that historical awareness is evident in SLA, though it is not as far-reaching as Thomas would like it to be. We then argue that the attitude of most scholars in SLA toward the past is reasonable given that no significant work in SLA from antiquity has been discovered—by Thomas or anyone else—and that if such work exists Thomas has the burden to bring it to light before declaring the field guilty of ahistoricity. We consider various ways to define the field of SLA, arguing that it should be defined theoretically first, and historically second. We claim that the point at which SLA separated itself from language teaching is a logical point from which to date the beginnings of SLA as a true discipline. We consider and reject Thomas's comparison of SLA and its history to various other scientific disciplines and their histories, arguing that these disciplines have true milestones to point to in the distant past, whereas SLA does not. Although we agree with Thomas that a general awareness of the history of philosophy and science is beneficial for scholars in all fields, we make a sharp division between that history and the history of SLA proper. We conclude by arguing that respect for the field of SLA can come only through sound scientific progress, not by appeals to history.

“LEST ONE GOOD CUSTOM SHOULD CORRUPT THE WORLD:” AFRICAN THEATRE AND THE “HOLY” CANON

ABSTRACT Taking a look at Western and African theatres through the ages, the paper examines the beginnings of theatrical canons and the attitude of conservative scholars to new theatrical forms. It draws particular attention to Plato, Hegel, Brockett, and early colonial theatre in Africa, on the one hand, and the innovative theatrical form of the Zambuko-Izibuko of Zimbabwe in which gender, race, production methods and general non-conformity militate against the holy grounds of the canon, on the other hand. Rejecting the narrow definition of canonical theatre as “common culture,” the paper argues for theatrical experimentations and for canonical flexibility and inclusiveness to make the theatre more relevant to the different cultures of the world. There is no hesitation in using the canon to argue against the canon, as the paper shows in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's “Morte D'Arthur.”

DIRTY DATA AND INVESTIGATIVE METHODS

Qualitative researchers have overlooked the potential scholarly utility private detectives' investigative methods possess for coping with informant deceptions and accessing dirty data. Using interview and observational data, I present private detectives' investigative techniques and a generalizable model they offer for dirty data inquiries consisting of deception cues, leakages, enactment, reconstruction, and surfacing. I then identify accessible secret repositories that private detectives use, consider the performance vulnerabilities in dirty data behaviors they expose, and determine the questions they raise about how secrets are socially embedded. Finally, I illustrate three ethnographic applications for investigative methods: checking informant veracity, secondary analysis of dirty data behaviors, and unexplored secret repositories. I conclude by addressing ethical concerns in implementing these methods and by calling for a bolder scholarly attitude about garnering dirty data.

The Attitude of Muslim Scholars to New Approaches in Religious Studies

Muslim scholars in Islamic studies have often been characterized bywestern scholars of religion as a "conservative group" (Martin 1985). Thischarge is brought against them because of their reluctance to adopt thetheories and methodologies of the science of religion in their approach tothe study of Islam and Muslim societies. I would like to outline threemajor factors responsible for the "conservatism" of contemporary Muslimscholars in an attempt to contribute to an understanding of their pition.The fitst is concerned with objectives, the second with history, while thethird deals with approaches.Objectives: For Muslim scholars, the acquisition and imparting of knowledgehas to be purposeful and meaningful. They do not subscribe to thephilosophy of pursuing knowledge for its own sake. Any study of Islamor of Muslim society must of necessity be goal oriented. The essentialdistinction between the approaches of contemporary western scholars ofIslam and those of Muslim scholars can be attributed to their respectivegoals. For western scholars, the purpose of Islamic studies is primarily toincrease the understanding of Islam, its people, culture, society, and civilization.For Muslim scholars, the purpose is not only to produce graduateswell-versed in various aspects of Muslim history, cultwe, and civilization,but also to equip them to tackle or solve contemporary problems facingMuslim societies (Sardar 1983). It must be expected, therefore, that Muslimscholars will remain reluctant to adopt new approaches as long asthey are convinced that they serve no practical purpose.The Historical Factor: This has to do primarily with the historical roleof the orientalists. Muslim scholars acknowledge that the early generationof orientalists rendered useful services to Arabic and Islamic scholarship,especially through their critical edition and publication of manuscripttexts (Tibawi 1979; Jameelah 1971). However, the scholarly output oforientalism on the whole leaves much to be desired. In the precolonialera, it was characterized by abusive polemics and false representation(Said 1978; Jameelah 197 l), which the subsequent European occupationof Muslim lands aggravated even further. The reason for this misrepresentationwas that those who wrote on Islam were scholars of Biblical, theological,or linguistic studies and not of Islam. It was not uncommon fortheir only contact with Islam to be the result of military or missionaryactivity or residence in a Muslim region. Most of their writings could beViews and Comments 28 1described as "speculative," their characteristic features being that Biblicaltradition provided the norm for Islam and that western civilization providedthe norm for Islamic civilization (Manzoor 1986).This theologically reductionist approach, in which Islam was understoodwithin a western Christian paradigm, lasted until the middle of theeighteenth century (A1 Fiiriiqi 1989). In recent years, not only the authoritybut even the very institution of orientalism has been challenged bymany prominent scholars of Islam, such as A. L. Tibawi, S. H. Alatas, A.Abdel Malek, Tala1 Asad, Abdallah Laroui, and Edward Said (Said 1985).However, while the orientalist approach has by and large been discredited,Muslim scholats remain suspicious about the intentions of contemporarywestern scholars of Islam. Naturally, this suspicion makes themreluctant to consider new approaches suggested by these scholars.Approaches: Muslim scholars can identify with the religionist approachwhich developed in the nineteenth century. This approach accepts theexistence of the "other" realm, concedes the possibility of interaction withspiritual beings, and describes humanity as religious by nature.However, they have serious problems with the naturalistic approachthat developed in the nineteenth century. This view holds that religiousphenomena can be studied via nomothetic methods, because the subjectmatter of religion is the of same type as that of natural science.' Muslimscholars reject this approach, for its focus is on empirical elements inreligion, such as buildings, rituals, and texts, and cannot "do justice to theexperience of transcendental realities" (Mostert 1980). Science also doesnot pay attention to personal awareness and intuition (Wiebe 1980).Furthermore, the basic assumptions of science are that every event innatm is determined by prior natural events and that the character of thisdeterminism can be discerned through scientific investigation (Glock andStark 1966). Science accepts only those "truths" which are logically orempirically determinable. For Islam, intuition, personal awareness, and thetranscendent reality are vital.2 Moreover, Islam teaches that human beingsare responsible for their own actions3 and that the human personality doesnot consist only of "natural" or physical elements observable by thesenses, but also of a "spiritual" element without which a proper understandingof religious phenomena is not possible ...

Unionist Politics and Protestant Society in Edwardian Ireland

Like the ‘Tory in clogs’ of Edwardian Britain, the Unionist working man has generally eluded the historian of modern Ireland. Indeed, to some extent, the image of Irish Unionism, whether popular or scholarly, has been supplied by the apologetic biographers of the ‘great men’ of loyalism, and by the rhetoric of political opponents like Michael Farrell: at any rate the historiography of the movement is peopled with irredentist squires and Anglo-Irish peers, bowler-hatted Orange artisans – Engel's ‘Protestant brag-garts’ – and cynical industrial barons. The existence of a more popular Unionism is acknowledged, though only in a context (the militancy of 1912, the bravura of 12 July marches) when it may not be ignored: even so, as with an older scholarly attitude towards popular British toryism, there has been a tendency among historians to treat mass Unionism as a freak of progress, demanding apologetic explanation rather than sustained illumination. With the institutions of popular Conservatism now, after thirty years of historical research, a firm feature of the British historical landscape, the need to reveal something of the electoral base of Ulster Unionism is all the more apparent. This is particularly true of the rural hinterland of the loyalist movement which, even more than Belfast, has been the victim of neglect.

The Annotated Wizard of Oz (review)

Reviewed by: The Annotated Wizard of Oz David L. Greene (bio) The Annotated Wizard of Oz Michael Patrick Hearn . Many photographs and line illustrations; 24 illustrations in three colors, eight illustrations in four colors. 400 pp. (Clarkson N. Potter, $12. 50). L(yman) Frank Baum (1856-1919) is probably America's most important author of juvenile fantasies, but his work has been generally neglected;1 only recently has his Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) begun to attain scholarly and critical recognition. There has been some significant material published about Baum: Edward Wagenknecht's Utopia Americana (1929), Fred Erisman's "L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma" (American Quarterly, 20[1968]), Marius Bewley's "Oz Country" (in his recent Masks and Mirrors), Roger Sale's "L. Frank Baum, and Oz" (The Hudson Review, 25 [1972-1973]) come to mind and there are others. Two book-length studies of general interest have appeared: Martin Gardner and Russel B. Nye, The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was (East Lansing, 1957) and Frank Joslyn Baum and Russell P. MacFall, To Please a Child, a Biography of L. Frank Baum . . . (Chicago, 1961). In 1957, The International Wizard of Oz Club was formed and in that year began its journal The Baum Bugle, which has published much material of critical and historical interest.2 But the attitude of many scholars toward Baum remains negative. By far the most ambitious attempt to present Baum to both the general and the scholarly public is the forthcoming Annotated Wizard of Oz, scheduled for publication in August, 1973. Clarkson Potter's annotated editions are well-known, but this volume is somewhat different from the others in the series. It is probably the most lavishly produced of them all, with the possible exception of the large quarto two-volume Annotated Sherlock Holmes (which, however, has no color illustrations). The illustrative matter in Annotated Wizard is the most striking portion of the volume. All W. W. Denslow's color plates for the book are reproduced in their original colors; all his text illustrations from the first [End Page 231] edition are used, plus many other Denslow Oz illustrations. These other illustrations include those he drew especially for the second edition of 1903, several from his own Oz projects (his 1904 Scarecrow and the Tin-Man pamphlet and newspaper comic page), and a number which were discovered by Mr. Hearn and which seem never to have been printed before. Also included are photographs of Baum, photographs from several of his theatrical and silent movie ventures, and much more. The many drawings and photographs in The Annotated Wizard of Oz make it a treasurehouse for Oz enthusiasts and for anyone interested in popular culture of the 1895-1915 period. I have seen various drafts of Mr. Hearn's manuscript during its composition, and I am not an unprejudiced reviewer of the work. I believe, however, that a less biased observer would agree that all future scholars will have to consult Annotated Wizard for its vast collection of factual material about Baum. Mr. Hearn has assiduously searched out contemporary sources and added much to our knowledge of Baum's life and the circumstances in which he wrote. In addition to the textual notes (which will be discussed below), Mr. Hearn's own contributions to the volume consist of an introduction, a bibliography, and an appendix on W. W. Denslow. I do not know how many pages his introduction fills (this review is based on galley proofs), but I believe that it is longer than any other in the Potter series. It tries quite successfully to see the Wizard within Baum's total output. The bibliography is fifteen pages long and consists of a complete listing of all Baum's published works that have been discovered and all his known unpublished writings, a list of published material about Baum and Denslow, and a full summary of foreign editions of the Wizard and of notable English language editions. The Denslow appendix (eight pages) discusses the relationship between Baum and Denslow, the disagreement between the two over which was more responsible for the success of their books, and Denslow's own publications which used characters from the...

Climatology's Eclecticism

Climatology's Eclecticism A Preface by Aknold Court* Climatology today is a broad and diverse field, compounded of parts of three other modern disciplines: meteorology, statistics, and geography. Each is in large measure a child of climatology, older as a science than either meteorology or statistics, and originally the core, with geodesy, of geography. In their divergent growth, these disciplines have ignored the common tie of climatology, so that it now must select from each of them the principles, observations, methods, and outlook that it needs. By this eclecticism, climatology can apply the most suitable statistical techniques to the most meaningful meteorological laws and observations to obtain the most cogent geographical synthesis. Such was the procedure of David I. Blumenstock, and to honor his memory, a dozen of his colleagues have contributed to this volume samples of their own works on many aspects of climatology. Almost the full eclectic range of climatology is spanned, from detailed studies of temperature variability to the development of climatic concepts and the training of climatologists. Blumenstock's interests and imagination far outran his actual publications. So the general criterion for papers to be included in this volume was not that they necessarily concern topics on which he published. "Rather," the letter of invitation said, "each article should be one which would have interested him and drawn his comment. Dave's broad interests and scholarly attitude offer a wide field." How well the resulting response fills this criterion must be judged by his many colleagues, those who were able to contribute here as well as the many others who, for diverse reasons, could not. * Dr. Court has been Professor of Climatology at San Fernando Valley State College , Northridge, CaI., 91324, since 1962. 8 ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC COAST GEOGRAPHERS This volume was almost two years in the assembling and two more in the publishing, to the frustration of those first to respond and the irritation of those goaded to meet a frequently extended deadline. Carl Sauer suggested the volume, in the spring of 1964, half a year after Dave's untimely death. Nancy Blumenstock pursued it vigorously , entreating contributors and editor alike. To her goes full credit for the title, equally appropriate to subject, to contributors, and to Dave. No central theme runs through the various eclectic contributions , yet all have aspects in common. Starting with papers on measurements of climate variations, the volume meanders eclectically through moisture—in monsoons, in oceanography, in agriculture, and in dendrochronology—to the heat budget, in historical development and botano-micrometeorological detail, and two cogent essays on the status and teaching of climatology. It closes with three hitherto unpublished excerpts from Blumenstock himself. AU are stimulating reading, because the authors gave their best to honor their colleague and graciously acceded to such changes as seemed desirable to avoid wide disparity between contributions. All are primarily climatological, because all the authors, whether trained and classified by college or bureau as geographers, geophysicists, or meteorologists, are also climatologists. As did Blumenstock, they select meteorological material, add statistical seasoning, and attain geographical generalization. Together, they have provided a suitably eclectic climatology. ...

Structure and Intention in the First Fragment of the Canterbury Tales

Not the least attraction of Professor Wilson's recent interpretation of Chaucer's Knight's Tale appearing in these pages is his opening statement: “The Knight's Tale is a masterpiece.” Very few students of Chaucer would take exception to it, and furthermore it expresses admirably the attitude of scholars who have recently published studies of that tale. There has long been agreement that The Canterbury Tales is a masterpiece, and the General Prologue is likewise so regarded. But following it and the Knight's Tale without a break-in fact with the closest kind of linkage Chaucer used-are the Miller's Prologue and Tale, the Reeve's Prologue and Tale, the Cook's Prologue, and fifty-seven lines of the Cook's unfinished tale. This 4422-line group of tales and links (designated Fragment I by Professor Robinson whose text I am using) is more than a repository for one or two masterpieces: it is a masterpiece itself. As there is no need to press the claims of the General Prologue or the Knight's Tale, much of what follows will be a discussion of the other parts of Fragment I, though not with the purpose of declaring them individually masterpieces. The aim is to discover the artistic integrity of the group as a whole. Professor William Frost in another recent interpretation of the Knight's Tale' stops just short of a similar purpose. To support his interpretation he cites briefly several features of the Miller's Tale. The procedure here, however, will not be to argue for one or another interpretation of the Knight's Tale by reference to other tales but to discover how carefully Chaucer has interconnected all the parts of the group and to demonstrate if possible how in this group as in any work with a unified theme the whole transcends the sum of the parts.

A Classified Guide to the Thirteen Classes of Chinese Prose

“All polite literature”, said the scholar Yen Chih-t′ui, “is derived from the five classical writings ”,. This statement, true in a general sense, illustrates the traditional attitude of Chinese scholars who, whenever possible, referred to the classical age as the source of anything new which they desired to introduce.

The Pragmatic Revolt in Politics: Twenty Years in Retrospect

THE editors of the Review of Politics have asked me to do something that is indicated by the title of this informal essay. It is something that I have long had in mind. Substantially I am asked to assess after the passage of almost twenty years the thesis laid down in The Pragmatic Revolt in Politics. Ordinarily the biography of a book or of a writer's ideas had better, in good taste, be left to others. But I hope that I may be forgiven some notes on the nature of that work, because of their relevance not only to this return to the subject, but because of their relevance as well to what seems to me to be a general change in scholarly attitude toward a central problem: the place of ethics and the place of science in that study which Aristotle named by one word, Politics. It is peculiarly a pleasure to contribute this revision of a position to a journal devoted to the high cultivation of that Aristotelian conception. The distinction already achieved by the Review of Politics is in itself a witness of the changed temper of contemporary thought to a deep concern with political values.