Views Of Scholars Research Articles

A Comprehensive Analysis for Global Food Security and Environmental Sustainability Using Edible Insects

This comprehensive analysis examines insects' potential as sustainable food and feed sources, focusing on various scholarly views and empirical studies. Edible insects offer a viable answer to global food security issues because of their high nutritional content, efficient feed conversion rates, and lesser environmental effects when compared to traditional cattle. Nutrient composition investigations show that insects are high in proteins, vitamins, and minerals, making them acceptable for human and animal diets. Consumer acceptability surveys show that western countries are becoming more open to entomophagy, yet cultural hurdles still exist. Life cycle assessments show that insect farming benefits the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and water footprints. Safety assessments confirm the possibility of introducing insects into food systems if strict requirements are followed to reduce microbial hazards. Economic analyses indicate that the sale of insects can improve livelihoods and contribute to sustainable agriculture. Despite the potential benefits, more study is required to solve regulatory, ethical, and consumer perception issues before completely integrating insects into global food systems. Research is needed to establish optimal farming methods, strengthen food safety, understand the health impacts of consumption, explore consumer acceptance, tackle ethical considerations, and investigate economic viability. This review emphasized the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches to promote entomophagy and harness its potential for a sustainable future.

Islamic Banking Muḍārabah Review from Depositors’ Funds Security Perspective

Islamic banks use Muḍārabah to collect money into their saving and term deposit investment accounts. While doing so these banks stipulate in their terms and conditions that the customers as money providers will solely bear the loss. The banks who manage these funds will neither bear the loss, nor guarantee these funds. Additionally, the customers have no course to the profit distribution or investment decisions. The banks quote that these terms and conditions are in line with Muḍārabah Sharῑ῾ah principles. On the contrary, they use the same terms and conditions as an excuse for not providing financing to the customers based on the Muḍārabah. This double standard draws attention of the researchers to analyze the situation with the aim to protect the depositors in Islamic banks. This is a qualitative study that used unrestricted interview methods to collect data. It was found from research that the current banking Muḍārabah has been altered completely and that the banks don’t qualify to continue using same loss terms and conditions. It is inevitable for the financial and social safety of society to update the Muḍārabah terms and conditions to make them comply with Maqāṣid al Sharῑ῾ah. The study recorded the view of few scholars; however, it opened the doors for Islamic banks, regulators and Fiqh councils to further discuss the legitimacy of the banking Muḍārabah terms and conditions to protect relationship with the customers who deposit money in trust of being Islamic and to avoid the usury offered by the interest based conventional banking.

HAKIKAT MENYENTUH MUSHAF AL-QUR’AN(Analisis Komparasi Tafsir Ahkam Al-Quran Karya Al-Kiya Al-Harrasi dan Tafsir Al-Misbah Karya Muhammad Qurais Shihab)

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the views of Qurais Shihab in his tafsir Al-Misbah and al-Kiya al-Harrasi in his tafsir work, Ahkam Al-Quran, on the important issue of the essence of touching the mushaf of the Qur'an. The main focus of this research is the interpretation of Surah Al-Waqiah: 79, which is frequently cited in discussions regarding the conditions of cleanliness and purity when interacting with the Qur'an. To explore this topic, the research employs a muqarran (comparative) approach, focusing on the views of both scholars regarding the verse, along with an analysis of their interpretations and the background of each mufassir. The findings of this study show that, although both Qurais Shihab and al-Kiya al-Harrasi belong to the Shafi'i school of thought, there are differences in their perspectives on the interpretation of this verse. Qurais Shihab, in line with the views of the majority of scholars and the predominant Shafi'i followers in Indonesia, emphasizes the importance of purity when touching the mushaf but allows exceptions in cases of necessity. On the other hand, al-Kiya al-Harrasi, although also a follower of the Shafi'i school, adopts a stricter and more conservative approach, influenced by his adherence to his madhhab, insisting that one may not touch the mushaf except in a state of purity. In his tafsir, al-Harrasi tends to reject other views, highlighting the rigidity of his interpretation on this issue. This research provides deeper insight into the diversity of views within the Islamic tafsir tradition, especially concerning the issue of cleanliness and purity when interacting with the Qur'an. Additionally, this study serves as an important reference for the Muslim community, as it demonstrates how social, cultural, and religious factors can influence the interpretation of the Qur'an.

O Contraste entre o Regime de Separação Legal de Bens e a Súmula 377 do Supremo Tribunal Federal: o contraste que tem por consequência a comunicabilidade de bens e a vulnerabilidade dos maiores de 70 anos

This study aims to demonstrate the contradiction existing in our legal system regarding the legal provision found in the 2002 Civil Code, specifically in relation to the mandatory separation of property regime, particularly section II of this article, and Supreme Court Precedent 377. Such a contradiction creates vulnerability for individuals over 70 years old and, consequently, insecurity for society as a whole. Throughout the article, topics related to the elderly were addressed, discussing what aging is and how it unfolds, as well as the legal implications of this process. Additionally, various legal frameworks concerning the property separation regime were presented. Furthermore, this article examined in detail both the property regime and the aforementioned Precedent, drawing on the views of various legal scholars and case law on the subject. Finally, the specific contrast between the legal text and the Precedent was discussed, highlighting the apparent legal antinomy within the legal system, with the objective of demonstrating the vulnerability and the harm this contradiction brings to the legal environment.

المسؤوليَّة الجزائيَّة الناجمة عن استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في النظام السعودي: دراسة تحليلية مقارنة

Currently, artificial intelligence has become a benchmark for the development and progress of nations, with its applications expanding into various aspects of life. Countries around the world are striving with all their resources to maximize the benefits of AI technologies in order to achieve sustainable development, as progress in this field has become a central focus in future development plans. This research aims to shed light on the role of the Saudi legislator in addressing these risks. Through a comparative approach, we will examine how foreign legislators handle such risks and whether there are strict regulations ensuring oversight of these technologies and their use, with the aim of offering a general framework for Saudi lawmakers to benefit from these experiences. We also highlight the views of scholars and legal experts regarding the granting of legal personality to robots and the potential risks associated with this issue. Our findings suggest that the intelligence possessed by robots, which rely on advanced AI, does not qualify them for legal personality or criminal accountability, given the difference between AI and human intelligence. We recommend that there is an urgent need for the enactment of specific AI legislation that clearly defines robot-related crimes and the corresponding penalties, with criminal liability falling on the programmer, manufacturer, owner, or any other natural person. Crimes committed by robots themselves should be considered as negligent offenses.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KORBAN KEKERASAN BERBASIS GENDER

Abstract Sexual violence is one of the most serious and far-reaching forms of gender-based sexual violence. Sexual violence can occur in various contexts, including during disasters. Disasters can create vulnerable conditions for women and girls to become victims of sexual violence. PPPA Ministerial Regulation No. 13 of 2020 provides comprehensive protection for victims of sexual violence in disasters. This protection includes prevention, treatment and recovery. This research aims to find out what forms of gender-based violence exist and how legal protection works in efforts to restore the condition of children who have experienced trauma due to sexual abuse. The method used in the research is Normative Juridical, namely by examining statutory regulations and researchers also use a conceptual approach so that in this writing it refers to the views of scholars and legal doctrines. The results of the research in preparing this thesis, the first form of gender-based violence, namely rape/attempted rape, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, sexual violence, physical violence, psychological violence, economic neglect, sexual slavery, forced abortion, forced marriage, and trafficking of women for other purposes. sexual. Second, according to article 1 number 2, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, it is stated that: Child protection is all activities to guarantee and protect children and their rights so that they can live, grow, develop and participate, optimally in accordance with their dignity. and human dignity and receive protection from violence and discrimination. Such as protection in the fields of religion, health, education, social and special protection. Keywords : legal protection, victim, gender based violence

Politeness in Acculturation: How Power Dynamics Shape Intercommunication Between Chinese and Western Culture

This research focuses on the attempts of individuals at different social levels within Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds to communicate and collaborate harmoniously. Based on the politeness principle proposed by American professor Grace, the research will explore the specific application in both China and Western cultures from three dimensions: hierarchical relations on honorifics and conditional sentences, implicatures and indirectness in a turn-taking. In detail, the research applies Jenny Thomas’s theoretical framework on Leech’s conversational maxims and the four factors influencing directness and aspires to examine and investigate the differentiated applications of the politeness principle in specific cultural dynamics. The researcher will examine dialogues in four classical texts such as King Lear, Pride and Prejudice, Dream of the Red Chamber and A New Accounts of Tales, alongside with the views of different scholars across the globe from different disciplinary angles. Ultimately, the research aims to provide theoretical insights for enhancing communication among multilingual talents in the post-pandemic era. These insights could facilitate more effective interactions and collaborations in an increasingly interconnected and acculturated world. Through this analysis, the researcher aims to bridge cultural divides and promote effective dialogue across diverse international business and social settings.

The principles of civil proceedings in Ancient Rome: a historical and legal review

In the article, the authors analyze the genesis of the principles of national civil procedure based on the analysis of Roman law. It is noted that the principles of civil procedure of Ancient Rome laid the foundation for most modern legal systems around the world. The Roman legal tradition, with its complex structures and convincing philosophy, is an important source of knowledge not only for scholars and higher education students, but also for practicing lawyers. The principles of civil procedure in ancient Rome stem from a comprehensive understanding of how the legal system functioned. At the heart of these principles is a complex system designed to uphold justice, promote fairness, and ensure access to the courts for all citizens. In ancient Rome, judicial proceedings were governed by a set of principles that were known primarily from customary practice and later codified in sources of law such as the Corpus Juris Civilis. These principles were intended to balance the scales of justice among the competing interests of various stakeholders, including individual litigants, the state, and society as a whole. Each principle functioned not only as a rule, but also as a reflection of broader societal values encompassing the concepts of fairness, accountability and integrity of the judicial process. In this article, the authors analyze the rule of law, the principle of dispositivity, the principle of competition, the principle of publicity, the principle of transparency, and the principle of justice. Based on a critical analysis of the views of scholars presented in legal science, the authors conclude that it was the Roman civil procedure that became the foundation for the formation of the principles of civil procedure of many modern legal systems, which provide invaluable insights into the nature of justice, formalism and the role of law interpretation. Roman law remains an important topic in legal research, providing fundamental knowledge about the evolution of legal institutions and procedures. It allows modern lawyers to understand the reasons for many modern legal innovations. As legal systems continue to evolve, the principles of civil justice originating in ancient Rome will undoubtedly influence current discussions about justice, equality, and the rule of law.

Understanding Indigenous Land Rights and Dispossession

The paper titled "Understanding Indigenous Land Rights and Dispossession: The Legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery" explores the historical and contemporary impacts of the Doctrine of Discovery on Indigenous land rights. Rooted in medieval European thought and later adopted by the United States, the Doctrine of Discovery provided legal justification for the acquisition of Indigenous lands and the displacement of Indigenous peoples. The paper discusses the legal frameworks, such as Johnson v. McIntosh, that institutionalized the doctrine, diminishing Indigenous sovereignty and property rights. It highlights the ongoing ramifications of the doctrine, with Indigenous communities facing continued legal and social challenges. The analysis of scholarly interpretations reveals a consistent theme of Indigenous dispossession and marginalization due to the doctrine, despite some historians arguing its effects are overstated. The essay traces the evolution of these scholarly views and examines the enduring influence of the Doctrine of Discovery on Indigenous land rights and sovereignty.

Study on the Regulatory Model of Cross-border Flows of Personal Data: Chinas Perspective

Personal data has become a crucial component of today's digital economy and trade. In recent years, nations have been proactively investigating the problem of cross-border data flows from a global viewpoint. China has gradually introduced relevant laws and regulations, including the Network Security Law of the PRC and the Personal Information Security Law of the PRC to protect personal information, among which are avenues for resolution that deal with the safeguarding of private information. Despite the internal circumstances in China, it is important to further explore the top-level design system and practical research in this area. This paper uses the literature research method and comparative research method as its main research methods, in accordance with the current views of relevant scholars both domestically and abroad, presents the US and Europe's effective implementation of legislative regulations to control data flow in China, and researches the specific practical issues of the Chinese legal framework governing the transfer of personal data across borders, to help guide how to regulate transnational personal data issues in China.

Analisis Munafik dalam Tafsir Al-Jami'li Ahkamil Quran: Studi Thematic Surat Al-Baqarah Verses 8-20

Hypocrites are one of the groups that have the potential to damage the unity and integrity of Muslims in the world. The Qur'an discusses this issue of hypocrisy extensively. Therefore, the authors conclude that an understanding of this hypocrisy is very important for the general public. Thus, the author aims to review the concept of hypocrisy in the view of Imam Abu Abdillah Al-Qurthuby based on this explanation. In this study, the author also used a library approach. His research methods involved a thematic approach to figures, focusing on the views of Al-Qurthuby and other scholars. Practically, the author will investigate the concept of hypocrisy taking into account the views of Al-Qurthuby. In addition, the author will present information about the background, education, and influence of Al-Qurthuby teachers in this study. This study also formulated research questions, namely how Al-Qurthuby interprets the verses of Al-Baqarah 8-20, and how Al-Qurthuby interprets the concept of hypocrisy in the tafsir of Al-Jami' li Ahkamil Qur'an. The conclusion of the study states that in the view of Imam Al-Qurthuby, hypocrites are individuals who only show faith verbally. They express their beliefs in words, but in fact their hearts and beliefs reject the Sharia that has been revealed by Allah. They have qualities that are very displeased by Allah, and as a result, they will receive torment in the afterlife.

Religiosity and Scientificity: The Transformation of Missionary Anthropology in the West China Border Research Society (1922–1950)

Religiosity and scientificity have long been intertwined in missionary anthropology. Since the 20th century, there has been a shift from religious missionary anthropology to scientific anthropology worldwide. Reviewing published materials and archives, this paper provides a case study of this transformation. It focuses on how the foreign missionary-founded West China Border Research Society transformed from a relatively closed and fixed local Christian academic research institution into a more open, international, and purely scientific research institution disciplined by Christian rationality. It sheds some new light into the Society’s roles and its transformation process. Contrary to the views of many scholars who assert that the Society “died” in 1937 and subsequently engaged in China’s state service and nation-building efforts, we contend that after 1937, the Society sought greater independence and a more scientific approach. Christianity dominated the Society in the early stages after its inception in 1922 in Chengdu, China, and its research results could not be objective or scientific. Although the Society later became more open and globalized, missionary anthropologists still mainly controlled it. After 1937, missionary anthropologists returned to religious rationality under the pressure of being connected to global academia. The Society eventually adopted “salvage anthropology” and tried to develop into a scientific research institution aimed at objective recording, while this somewhat rigid research approach also disciplined and suppressed the nationalist research orientation of Chinese colleagues and scholars. In response, Chinese researchers established other institutions and journals with stronger nationalism and undertook the “border construction work” that the Society could not accomplish.

PRAGMATIC STRATEGIES OF VIRTUAL DISCOURSE

Online discourse is considered to be relatively a new field for researching although it is attracting views of scholars all over the world. It is evident that online discourse merits special attention. Consequently, this paper is devoted to the importance of virtual discourse. Our interest to online discourse was stimulated by pragmatic strategies of adolescent virtual discourse. Thus,this study aims to ascertain pragmatic strategies of virtual discourse. To accomplish this goal the attempts of reviewing discourse, its kinds and pragmatic intentions of communicants of virtual discourse, revealing the phenomenon of virtual language personality in some degree were undertaken. To define the pragmatic strategies of virtual discourse the authors applied to extracts of online Russian speaking adolescent virtual language personality texts. The research methodology is based on traditional linguistic methods, such as observation method, that allowed us to observe online texts from pragmalinguistic point of view, descriptive method, that was helpful in describing the pragmatic intentions of inter-communicants, contextual method, due to which we could see the sphere of communication, componential analysis, that facilitated analyzing the chosen linguistic means,interpretative analysis, which granted to highlight pragmatic strategies, etc. Current paper results in highlighting pragmatic strategies of adolescent virtual discourse analyzing the extracts from Facebook as one genre of virtual communication during winter vocation period. Scientific results of demonstrating pragmatic strategies of adolescent virtual discourse make it practically significant as an auxiliary tool for students, young researchers who are interested in discourse studies.

The Consolation of Untamed Nature in Job 38–41 according to John Chrysostom

Abstract This article discusses John Chrysostom’s interpretation of Job 38–41 as consolatory, which stands in stark contrast with an influential modern interpretation of the whirlwind speeches. As an investigation into patristic exegesis, it argues that John’s approach is motivated by a desire to guide the reader to the contemplation of untamed nature for the purpose of consolation amid suffering. According to an influential scholarly view, the whirlwind speeches do not so much address Job’s concerns as they seem simply to intimidate and belittle him. God puts Job, and humanity, in their place. By contrast, John Chrysostom reads the whirlwind speeches not as a demotion of Job’s humanity and a dismissal of his persistent inquiries into divine providence. Rather, the speeches comprise an a fortiori argument for God’s special care for human beings, offering consolation to Job in the midst of suffering. This article proceeds in four stages. First, it unpacks John’s approach to contemplation of nature as a source for knowledge of providence. Second, it discusses his idea of providence as rooted in philanthrōpia, divine love for humanity. Third, it shows how the contemplation of untamed nature in Job 38–41 can function as a path to discovery of philanthrōpia. Finally, it shows how John constructs Job as an exemplary teacher who leads the reader to their own discovery of consolation. Throughout, it demonstrates how John’s arguments are grounded in his reading of the Greek version of Job, notably in places where it differs significantly from the Hebrew.

The fate of philosophy in Russia as reflected in the works of Kazan University philosophers

In this article, Kazan University philosophy, its characteristics and development trends, are analyzed from the perspective of the history of philosophy in Russia. The equivalence of the concepts “history of philosophy in Russia” and “history of Russian philosophy” is questioned and explored using the examples from the “stories” and “essays” written by prominent Russian philosophers such as A.I. Vvedensky, M.N. Ershov, B.V. Yakovenko, N.O. Lossky, and V.V. Zenkovsky. It is shown that they are likely to be equivalent and interchangeable, with the concept “history of Russian philosophy” approached in a broader sense. However, some important distinctions are still observed. When considered in a narrow sense, “Russian philosophy” appears to have certain fundamental, specific characteristics that define it as a specific type throughout its history and determine its unity. The results obtained reveal that some scholars view certain philosophical trends that developed in Russia as foreign or alien to the “spirit of Russian philosophy.” The peculiarities of Russian philosophy are singled out and summarized, and the validity of attempts to obstruct some of its manifestations is discussed. The critical role of university philosophy in the overall history of Russian philosophy is emphasized: it fostered philosophical interest and paved the way for purely philosophical work. Within this framework, Kazan University philosophy is examined.

Raphael Lemkin’s conception of genocide and background of its emergence

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of genocide proposed by Raphael Lemkin and its evolution in international law. R. Lemkin – the author of the term «genocide» – developed a broad concept of this crime, which included not only the physical elimination of the national, ethnic or social groups but also the destruction of their language, culture, social structure and economic base. However, after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948, the legal definition of genocide was significantly narrowed. The article analyses R. Lemkin’s views on defining the scope of what can be considered genocidal acts, in particular, in the context of the Holocaust and other crimes committed by the Nazis, as well as in the context of the Holodomor. The article also examines the historical background of the emergence of the concept of genocide and the evolution of international legal instruments that protected the rights of national, ethnic and cultural groups before the emergence of this concept. In particular, the role of the Hague Conventions, many peace treaties, decisions of international judicial bodies and reports of international administrative bodies in the formation of legal prerequisites for the protection of the rights of the specified groups before the introduction of the concept of genocide and the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 is analysed. In addition, the article analyses in detail the differences between the original concept of R. Lemkin and the narrower concept that was enshrined in the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Also, the views of modern scholars regarding the concept of genocide proposed by R. Lemkin are discussed. The results of this research may be useful for further analysis of the intellectual heritage of R. Lemkin, the influence of his concept of genocide on the development of modern international law, as well as for the further search for ways to improve international standards for the protection of minority rights and international legal instruments for the prevention of genocide, punishment for its commission and protection of its victims.

Critical Approaches to Postcolonialism

This paper examines distinctive measurements of post colonialism and analyzes the point of view of postcolonial scholars in a way that the concepts on post colonialism and colonialism within the modern scholarly dialog can be comprehended. The speculations and approaches to scholarly examination have made the discourse on post colonialism hot and far from being obviously true as the nations and journalists of the colonized countries have entered into a preface that's expected to be free for basic and imaginative dialogs. The perspective the paper has attempted is exploratory because it includes the basic viewpoints of the researchers such as Che Guevara, Rumina Sethi, Robert Youthful, Arif Dirlik, Amar Acheraiou, Aijaz Ahmad, and Homi Bhabha extending from Europe to Asia. Postcolonial scholars look for the reasons of what happens when two societies collide with each other. Their concern is repercussions of social struggle. Decolonization may be a preparation of vanishing colonizers from the lands they had colonized at a time and ruled on the local individuals. In spite of the fact that decolonization has wrapped up its course, the scholars lock in the perusers within the clash of civilization as experienced by the colonized and caused by the colonizers within the colonized countries within the post-colonial period. The article lays the streams on the issue i.e. post colonialism and its unmistakable flow as seen and conceived by the postcolonial scholars. The paper has utilized a topical approach to discuss post colonialism.

Proper names as speech acts

Abstract In this paper, I question the idea that proper names are merely used to refer to things or individuals. However, I am not going to use predicativism to prove this point. I will somehow look at things from the point of view of scholars like Frege or Kripke. I consider that this idea (that proper names are merely used to refer, at least when they are in argument positions) stems from a view of language that does not throw proper light on contextuality as discussed by Mey, Jacob. 2001. Pragmatics. Oxford: Wiley. From the very beginning, I argue that the issue can be seen in a better light through a theory of language use that considers language games as embedded in a society and a culture. I accept the idea that there are norms for introducing names in society and for using them in an appropriate way. Even if, for most philosophers, referring is the basic function of proper names, I propose that in a number of cases proper names are not essentially used to refer (although it is possible that the name allows a combination of referring and other functions). The referring function of names broadly correlates with the assertive function of the utterance in which the name occurs or with speech acts whose aim is to modify reality and, therefore, persuade, modify, create, promote, destroy, etc. objects or individuals (often referred to with proper names). However, there are other types of speech acts where proper names are not only used to refer, but, instead, to call someone (another case is scolding someone or a dog). Intentions clearly emerge in context. The same utterance may have more than one function, from the illocutionary point of view, but a proper name, as situated in different contexts, may have more than one perlocutionary function. I argue that while the speech act of referring is always a diagonal speech act, the speech act of calling someone (by the use of a proper name) is not a diagonal speech act but a self-sufficient, autonomous, primary speech act. Hence there is a clear difference between referring through an assertion and referring as part of calling, where referring is incorporated into the main speech act as part of the explicit illocutionary force of the speech act. In an assertion, referring is a prerequisite to providing a referent about which a property is asserted. Predication and reference are intertwined. In a speech act other than an assertion, there need not be a predicate, and referring and calling (or some other speech act) are connected. I propose that the learning of the speech act of calling by the use of a name requires certain syntactic considerations, that prima facie contradict Chomsky’s binding theory. I then put forward the view that learning one’s name requires, at some stage, knowledge of the semantics of de se structures.

Constitutionalization in the context of modern constitutionalism: theoretical and methodological analysis

The article examines constitutionalization as an important category of constitutional law. The author explores various approaches to understanding this concept, its historical development, and modern interpretations. The views of domestic and foreign scholars on the essence, characteristics, and forms of manifestation of constitutionalization are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the relationship between the concepts of “constitutional order”, “constitutionalism”, and “constitutionalization”. The author emphasizes that constitutionalization is a dynamic process that reflects the practical aspect of constitutionalism and has a global character. The article examines various aspects of constitutionalization, including its impact on the legal system, the expansion of constitutional regulation, and the subordination of government activities to constitutional principles. The author analyzes the role of constitutionalization in ensuring the unity of the legal system and guaranteeing constitutional rights and freedoms. Special attention is paid to the process of constitutionalization in the context of developing a democratic state governed by the rule of law. Based on the analysis of scientific sources, the author formulates their own definition of constitutionalization as a multifaceted process that includes the formal establishment of rights in the constitution, subordination of government activities to constitutional principles, expansion of constitutional regulation of various spheres of public life, and the influence of constitutional norms on the development of the legal system. The conclusions emphasize the importance of further research on constitutionalization for improving constitutional and legal regulation and ensuring the effective operation of constitutional norms in modern society.

Kant’s Transcendental-Psychological Approach to Metaphysics

ABSTRACT The paper reinterprets Kant’s Copernican revolution as a transcendental-psychological transformation in the approach to metaphysics. It tackles the prevalent scholarly view that Kant’s theory of the faculty of cognition appears incompatible with his broader metaphysical framework of transcendental idealism, primarily due to difficulties in integrating cognitive faculties such as sensibility and understanding within the dichotomy of appearances and things in themselves. The paper proposes that Kant’s transcendental psychology is neither a metaphysical-rational doctrine of the noumenal mind, nor an empirical-naturalized study of the phenomenal mind. Instead, it presents a theory centered on the transcendental subject as an abstract entity, positing it as the hypothetical bearer of the cognitive functions necessary for all potential finite cognizers, with humans exemplifying a particular empirical realization. While empirical realizations of cognitive functions manifest through temporal-causal mechanisms, their transcendental grounds consist of abstract functional structures defined by unschematized categories. These transcendental functions, which determine the necessary conditions for objective cognition, also inherently define the fundamental structure of all possible objects of cognition. Kant’s metaphysical inquiry into the structure of reality is thus conducted through an examination of the faculty of cognition, showcasing a revolutionary transcendental-psychological approach to metaphysics.