Textual Scholarship Research Articles

‘Natural Inclinations’ in Aquinas and his Modern Interpreters

In this paper, I tackle Aquinas’s notion of ‘natural inclinations’, specifically as it occurs in his seminal elaboration of the natural law in Summa Theologiae I-II. Question 94. Article 2. Maintaining that it constitutes a departure from Aristotle’s terminology, and is hence puzzling, I go on to investigate a raft of modern, mainly Anglophone, interpretations of the concept. Beginning with Jacques Maritain, I move through the broadly chronological sequence of John Finnis, Jean Porter, Steven Jensen, Justin Matchulat and Stephen Brock. In each case, I argue that – despite these scholars’ philosophical ingenuity and textual facility – there are crucial problems with their respective approaches and construals. I end the paper by outlining my own construal of ‘natural inclinations’, which, even if not bolstered by heavy textual scholarship, is at least coherent and, moreover, avoids the philosophical pitfalls of the above interpretations.

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Digital Melville and Computational Methods in Literary Studies

Abstract: The use of computational tools for the study of literature can facilitate new perspectives and avenues for critical work. Reflecting on the recent emergence of (and increasing hype around) large languages models such as GPT, this essay argues that the creation of "smart" data sets and corpora as new forms of literary objects requires and enables the development of computational methods and tools that can create "data stories". Smart data sets continue a humanistic tradition of textual scholarship and bibliography while also preparing text data to be "read" by machines. In telling "data stories" about Herman Melville, we bridge the gap from "numbers to meaning" in a variety of examples from Billy Budd . The essay closes with a broader reflection on reading Melville in the age of machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Der Kaiser reist inkognito: Joseph II und das Europa der Aufklärung by Monika Czernin

Reviewed by: Der Kaiser reist inkognito: Joseph II und das Europa der Aufklärung by Monika Czernin Joseph W. Moser Monika Czernin, Der Kaiser reist inkognito: Joseph II und das Europa der Aufklärung. Munich: Penguin Random House Verlagsgruppe, 2021. 383 pp. As the Habsburg monarchy's first Enlightenment-era monarch, Emperor Joseph II is well remembered for his twenty-five-year reign (1765–90), fifteen years of which he ruled alongside his mother Maria Theresia (1765–80). Most of his ambitious reforms were enacted in the ten years of his sole rule (1780–90)—he ultimately laid the foundation for the modern Austrian state administration during his reign. Of course, this raises the question how Joseph II was able to understand the complexities of his multicultural realm and the challenging changes on the European political landscape during his reign. Unlike his mother and previous Habsburg monarchs, Joseph II was an avid traveler attempting to understand his vast empire that had been recently enlarged by conquests gained from the Ottoman Empire. Monika Czernin provides answers to how Joseph II came to understand his empire in Der Kaiser reist inkognito: Joseph II und das Europa der Aufklärung. In this book, we get a picture of a ruler trying to understand the world he lived in, in order to preserve the monarchy he ruled over, rather than complacently letting time pass him by from his palace in Vienna, as had been his mother's practice. He traveled incognito across his empire and Europe, trying to avoid seeing fake displays of servility, which would have impeded him from acquiring an understanding of the various countries he ruled over. Traveling as "Count von Falkenstein," he didn't always succeed in concealing his identity, but he managed to rule Austria from afar on these trips with an efficient network of couriers supplying him with all the necessary correspondence. [End Page 109] Czernin based her book on Joseph II's original writings that are stored in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna. While the book is not a scholarly text based exclusively on historical sources, Czernin does offer her readers an historically accurate picture of Joseph II's travels by citing correct dates as well as direct quotes from Joseph II's writings. Very little attention has hitherto been paid to Joseph II's travels, making this book a welcome contribution to Habsburg history. The book starts with Joseph II's trip to Frankfurt in 1764 for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor. This was an official trip (Hofreise) alongside his father Franz I, who died the following year during another official trip in Innsbruck. Joseph II decided to travel incognito in 1768 to visit the Banat region that had only recently been captured from the Ottoman Empire. Then in 1769 he traveled to Italy, many of whose northern states were still under Habsburg rule, but he went south to Rome and Naples as well. In the same year, he traveled in the opposite direction to meet his mother's nemesis, King Frederick II of Prussia, at the Neisse River. In 1771, he visited Bohemia and Moravia, which was suffering from a famine due to failed harvests and the troubling system of serfdom. Then, in 1773, he visited both Transylvania and Austrian Galicia in the same trip, much to the displeasure of his mother, who could not see any value in these itinerant endeavors. In 1777, he visited his sister Marie Antoinette in Paris, where he presciently observed that unreformed absolutist rule had no future in Europe. He visited the Austrian Netherlands in 1781, which had a complicated relationship with the Austrian mainland and in fact would not remain under Habsburg rule much beyond Joseph II's life. The final trip that Czernin chronicles is Joseph II's trip to Russia in 1787 to visit with Empress Catherine the Great, during which she showed off Russia's newest acquisitions in the South, including Crimea. Ultimately, the book is more than just a travel chronicle, because Czernin skillfully demonstrates the logistics of long-distance travel across the European continent in the second half of the eighteenth century but also the dire need for the emperor...

Collating Piers Plowman in Archbishop Parker’s Household

Abstract This essay brings to light the most substantial episodes of textual scholarship on Piers Plowman to have occurred over the space of 300-odd years, of which one certainly, the other likely, took place in the household of Archbishop Matthew Parker. The former consists of a series of red numbers inscribed next to lines in two passus of the C-version copy Cambridge, Corpus Christi MS 293, which are shown to refer to the pages on which the equivalent lines appear in a sixteenth-century printed edition of Piers B, reflecting careful comparison of their respective texts. The latter is manifested in the ‘correction’ of a portion of the C-text manuscript London, British Library, MS Royal 18 B xvii so as to bring it into line with its equivalent in a printed edition of B. The placement of the lines is suggestive of access by the corrector to unbound printed matter. This episode, so it is argued, is most intelligible in the context of such episodes of correction as that in which John Joscelyn, Parker’s secretary, engaged. A sub-theme of the essay is that Stephan Batman’s putative centrality to the topic of the Parkerian Piers is not supported by any evidence.

Sources at the end of the cuneiform era

The aim of this article is to discuss several groups of sources which are of special interest regarding the question of Mesopotamian identities after 539 bce, towards the end of the use of cuneiform writing. In this late period, several languages and scripts were in use in Mesopotamia; therefore, groups of Akkadian, Aramaic, Greek, and Sumerian texts are discussed. The scripts used are Aramaic letters, cuneiform, and the Greek alphabet. A scholar who is interested in late Mesopotamian identities needs to take all these documents into account. This article aims at giving a brief overview on available textual material and where to find it. The topics of these texts vary from administrative documents to highly literary texts. The authors discuss Aramaic inscriptions, legal and administrative cuneiform texts, the astronomical diaries, the Seleucid Uruk scholarly texts, the late Babylonian priestly literature, Emesal cult-songs from the Hellenistic period, the Graeco-Babyloniaca (clay tablets containing cuneiform and Greek), and finally Greek inscriptions from Mesopotamia.

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., Olimpismo

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., <i>Olimpismo</i>

Musical lives: Portraits of composers in biographical novels

The biographical novel, currently so popular among readers and authors alike, only recently acquired its status as an emerging literary genre: the process of its separation from the historical novel as more broadly conceived can be dated to the second half of the twentieth century. It is also worth remembering that the biography itself, as one of the types of scholarly text belonging to the field of history, only became the subject of more serious theoretical considerations during the first decades of the twentieth century. The biographical novel, combining – in various ways – historical reality with the author’s creativity, affords a unique opportunity to get inside the lives of its protagonists. Relatively few of the most outstanding works in the genre are devoted to composers, but a number of them open up fascinating vistas for study. In my reading of Thomas Mann’s Doctor Faustus, Julian Barnes’s The Noise of Time, Josef Škvorecký’s Scherzo capriccioso. Veselý sen o Dvořákovi and Jean Echenoz’s Ravel, I endeavour to show how the authors build a credible image of their characters. The present study forms an anacrusis to further reflection.

George Kiraz and Sabine Schmidtke, eds. Scribal Habits in Near Eastern Manuscript Traditions

George Kiraz and Sabine Schmidtke, eds. <i>Scribal Habits in Near Eastern Manuscript Traditions</i>

Liv Ingeborg Lied. Invisible Manuscripts: Textual Scholarship and the Survival of 2 Baruch. Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity 128, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021

Liv Ingeborg Lied. Invisible Manuscripts: Textual Scholarship and the Survival of 2 Baruch. Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity 128, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021

A Book Series Recording Cultural Exchange between China and the West

“Chinese Studies in the West: The Chinese Record” is a book series consisting of works written by Westerners who went to China from the 18th to the early 20th century, each of which contains a Chinese introduction and translations of the book’s core information followed by the reprint of the original text for scholars to study and research. From 2009 to 2021, 13 volumes have been published, with a total of 130 titles. This article will discuss the different types of Westerners in the Series, the activities they engaged in while they were in China or related to China, the books they wrote and their opinions towards China and its people. It will also explore the Series’ social impact and its value to the study of Sino- Western culture exchanges.

Review: Playing with Things: Engaging the Moche Sex Pots, by Mary Weismantel

Book Review| April 01 2023 Review: Playing with Things: Engaging the Moche Sex Pots, by Mary Weismantel Playing with Things: Engaging the Moche Sex Pots, by Mary Weismantel. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2021. 288 pages. Hardcover $90.00, paperback $29.95. Annabeth Headrick Annabeth Headrick University of Denver Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture (2023) 5 (2): 145–146. https://doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2023.5.2.145 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Annabeth Headrick; Review: Playing with Things: Engaging the Moche Sex Pots, by Mary Weismantel. Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 1 April 2023; 5 (2): 145–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2023.5.2.145 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentLatin American and Latinx Visual Culture Search The title, Playing with Things: Engaging the Moche Sex Pots, conveys how Mary Weismantel approaches her topic and writes about it. “Play” signals Weismantel’s emphasis on direct experience and letting a vessel’s materiality lead her, while the title’s wording foretells a delicious informality in the book’s prose. The experience of reading this text is reminiscent of a current television advertisement where shackles falling from actors’ bodies indicate their release from pain, but in Playing with Things, the release comes from the fact that Weismantel’s inquiry, unlike many scholarly texts, is not driven by a singular theoretical approach. Sure, she deeply engages with theory, but it is the eclectic nature of the theory she turns to, including Freud, queer and gender theory, phenomenology, ethnography, feminist theory, and even the ideas of sexologist Alfred Kinsey, that is so productive. Never restrained by one approach, and vigilant about the drawbacks of... You do not currently have access to this content.

Review: Symbiotic Autoethnography: Moving beyond the Boundaries of Qualitative Methodologies, by Liana Beattie

Book Review| April 01 2023 Review: Symbiotic Autoethnography: Moving beyond the Boundaries of Qualitative Methodologies, by Liana Beattie Liana Beattie, Symbiotic Autoethnography: Moving beyond the Boundaries of Qualitative Methodologies, London & New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022. 214 pages. $91.00, £81.00. ISBN HB: 978-1-3502-0138-5; ePDF: 978-1-3502-0160-6; eBook: 978-1-3502-0161-3. Jon Nixon Jon Nixon Visiting Professor, Middlesex University, London, UK nixonjon@live.co.uk Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar nixonjon@live.co.uk Journal of Autoethnography (2023) 4 (2): 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1525/joae.2023.4.2.305 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Jon Nixon; Review: Symbiotic Autoethnography: Moving beyond the Boundaries of Qualitative Methodologies, by Liana Beattie. Journal of Autoethnography 1 April 2023; 4 (2): 305–308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/joae.2023.4.2.305 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of Autoethnography Search Symbiotic Autoethnography: Moving Beyond the Boundaries of Qualitative Research is a highly accessible as well as scholarly text that will be of interest to newcomers to the field of autoethnography as well as more seasoned readers of the various fields and subfields couched within that catch-all category “qualitative research.” It draws the various literatures relating to that category—and its subcategories—into a persuasive argument for an approach to ethnography that includes the experience of the writer/researcher as an element in any ethnographic inquiry, and, crucially, relates that experience symbiotically to the wider cultural, social, and—sometimes—political context. It is that last point, regarding the symbiotic nature of autoethnography, that gives to this book its theoretical edge and originality. The book is in large part a methodological reflection on the author’s earlier autoethnographic research focusing on how academics with Soviet backgrounds construct for themselves a notion of academic leadership within a Western and... You do not currently have access to this content.

Shakespeare Disintegrated: Authoriality, Textuality, Co-Authorship, Biography

The article explores one of the most assiduously researched topics in Shakespeare criticism: that of the ways in which Shakespeare’s responsibility as author of the plays that traditionally bear his name has been established. Rehearsing the major contributions to this debate (from the mid-nineteenth-century idea that Shakespeare’s plays were the work of a group of intellectuals, to recent tendencies in attribution studies which dismember the canon on the basis of theories of co-authorship and collaboration), it maintains that one of the most persistent tendencies in the debate has been that of disintegration; and that both the dismembering of the canon as a whole and the amputating of parts of it as collaboratively written have had the paradoxical effect of de-authorialising what are conventionally known as ‘Shakespeare’s plays’.Not simply meant as a historical survey, the article also highlights the fact that, as well as determining effects on the Shakespeare canon, disintegrative tendencies have inspired theories of the text relevant to the construction of authorial identity, and have also generated a fallout on the idea, expressed by bibliographers and textual scholars, that the composition and configuration of texts are inescapably collaborative. Finally, the article maintains that biography too has been affected by a notion of disintegration which insists on a de-personalised subject and the idea that a life, no less than a text, is a socially-composed construct.&#x0D; John Faed, 'Shakespeare and the King's Men' (1851). Public Domain

Reclaiming Yoga as a Practice of Female Empowerment

Abstract: Womb yoga is a women’s yoga practice developed in the UK from the observation that male bodies and experiences are privileged in mainstream yoga. Based on modern postural yoga, womb yoga integrates the philosophy and mythology of śakta tantra in reference to scholarly texts and reinterprets tantric traditions in line with Anglo-American Goddess spirituality. Through body practice, chanting, visualization, and ritual, female cyclic experiences and the different stages of women’s lives are approached as gateways to the divine and as opportunities for spiritual empowerment. In addition, by offering a seasonal understanding of the menstrual cycle and establishing energetic resonances between natural elements and the body, womb yoga fosters experiences of cosmic connection and communion. The study is based on ethnographic research, combining participant observation and in-depth interviews. It details the practice of womb yoga and the experiences it engenders among participants, and discusses its feminist potential.

Elements of Intertextuality in “Was This Face That Launched a Thousand Ships” By Christopher Marlowe

Intertextuality is the connection between various texts, explicitly abstract ones. It is the way that texts allude to and impact different texts. Julia Kristeva initially utilized the term in her 1966 work Word, Dialog and Novel. Intertextuality (articulated in-terr-text-yoo-a-lih-tee) is certainly not an abstract or expository gadget, but instead a reality about scholarly texts – the way that they are on the whole personally interconnected. This applies to all texts: books, works of reasoning, paper articles, films, melodies, artistic creations, and so forth to get Intertextuality, it's urgent to comprehend this wide meaning of "text." Every text is influenced by every one of the texts that preceded it, since those texts impacted the creator's reasoning and stylish decisions, so in this way Intertextuality is Renaissance. Marlowe, at first raised the topic of his plays to a more significant level by giving gallant subjects that promptly spoke to the creative mind of the crowd. For example, we find in Marlowe's plays that Tamburlaine is incredible victor, that Faustus is an extraordinary searcher of information and influence, that Barabbas has the most grounded desire for limitless abundance and that Edward II has incredible honourability blended with uselessness and was the face that dispatched thousand boats depends on the set of experiences.&#x0D; Thus, Intertextuality is a powerful literary technique that enables writers to establish connections and references to other works, enhancing the depth and meaning of their own creations. This research article aims to explore the intertextual elements present in Christopher Marlowe's poem, "Was This the Face that Launched a Thousand Ships." Through a comprehensive analysis, we delve into the various references to Greek mythology, Shakespearean works, and historical events, shedding light on the intertextual nature of Marlowe's poem. By examining the significance of these intertextual references, we gain a deeper understanding of the poem's themes, character development, and overall literary merit.

Textual Scholarship in the Situation

This essay, a version of which was presented as the 2022 Society for Textual Scholarship Presidential Address, considers the state of textual scholarship in light of converging disasters of our moment — human-induced climate change, resurgent xenophobia, religious fundamentalism, territorial warfare, violent racism, and a humanistic academy under attack from both without and within. After surveying important recent textual scholarly work in queer studies, African American literature, Native American studies, and archival studies, the essay gestures to emerging domains of theoretical and practical work on which textual scholars might draw to encourage the development of survival-oriented philology in the present.

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Hermeneutical postphenomenology: Computational tools and the lure of objectivity

Abstract This paper examines some of the issues surrounding this ‘computational turn’ and proposes a ‘human focused’ approach. It begins by addressing questions concerning whether there is a need empirical evidence in literary studies, and the roles played by human and technical agents in interpretative practices. It adopts Don Ihde Postphenomenological ideas (especially ‘embodiment’ and ‘hermeneutics’ human-technology relations) to expatiate on the nature of relationship that exists between a literary scholar and a computational tool during interpretative practices. On one hand, it uses postphenomenomelogy as a theoretical framework to provides rich conceptual terminologies by which we could interrogate humanists-computer relationship within the practice of computational textual analysis. And on the other hand, uses postphenomenology method to highlight the notion of subjectivity in contrast to the promise of observer-independent objectivity. The research appraise the impact of quantification and visualizations in literary studies using the research output of Franco Moretti and his colleagues at the Stanford Lit Lab, as well as performs textual experimentation on some corpora using Stefan Sinclair and Geoffrey Rockwell’s Voyant tools and Python NLP packages. But refutes the idea that quantification and visualization of textual data with the use of computational tools and methods could guarantee objectivity of textual interpretation in literary studies. The argument in this paper is divided across its three sections: The first section discusses the goal of reading; it concerns ‘Close reading’ and ‘Distant reading’. The second section questions the possibility of objectivity in textual interpretation using quantifiable and visual evidence provided as the output of the computational analysis of humanistic texts. Then, in the third section defends the following claims: a) the human person is the principal actor in the interpretation process, and all other forms of representation or visualisation of the text are meant to aid humans; b. data in the humanities are not limited to printed texts, but include digitised, born-digital and electronic text in various digital forms (images, sounds, videos, etc.); c. the humanities aim more at interpretive practices than a quest for verifiable knowledge; d. interpretative practices in the humanities focus on humans and their experiences; e. attention must be drawn to human developers' subjectivity whenever we are using computational interpretative tools – on the ground that this will help in bracketing of our biases, prejudices, preconceptions, and theoretical frameworks. The paper concludes with the argument that computational tools used for textual analysis in the humanities need interpretation as they are not neutral in hermeneutic practices. It argues that the humans involved in the creation of those tools are prone to errors, have preferences, and incorporate their subjective ideas into developmental processes. Then proposes ‘Hermeneutical Postphenomenology’ as an ideal lens through which the claim to objectivity could be debunked. Then recommends that our productivity in textual scholarship can be enriched when we understand the true nature of the relationship between the human inquirer and technical agents within the cognitive assemblage.

Recent Studies on Early Rus´ Chronicles

Recent Studies on Early Rus´ Chronicles Donald Ostrowski (bio) Marianna Andreicheva, Obrazy inovertsev v Povesti vremennykh let (Images of Those of Other Faiths in the Tale of Bygone Years). 182 pp. St. Petersburg: Nestor-istoriia, 2019. ISBN-13 978-5446913930. Irina K. Chuhaeva, Chernihivs´ke litopysannia XI–XIII st.: Istoriohrafichnyj mif chy istyrychne dzherelo? (The Chernihiv Chronicles of the 11th–13th Centuries: Historiographical Myth or Historical Source?). 336 pp. Chernihiv: Desna, 2018. ISBN-13 978-9665026037. Sean Griffin, The Liturgical Past in Byzantium and Early Rus. ix + 275 pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. ISBN-13 978-1108814843. $29.99. Adrian Jusupović, Kronika halicko-wołyńska (Kronika Romanowiczów) w latopisarskiej kolekcji historycznej (The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle [Chronicle of the Romanovichi] as an Annalistic Historical Collection). 208 pp. Cracow: Avalon, 2019. ISBN-13 978-8365880482. Textual scholarship … has … consequences for the status of the received text as evidence.1 —Simon Franklin When the 18th-century Russian historian Vasilii N. Tatishchev (1686–1750) began to write his historical narrative of Russia, he found that Rus´ sources, especially chronicles, had been insufficiently studied for him to accomplish that task. He began gathering letters and documents from Russian and European [End Page 151] archives and personal libraries, as well as chronicles from monasteries and the Old Believers. Among the extant chronicles he used were the Povest´ vremennykh let (PVL), the Novgorod I and IV chronicles, the Kievan Chronicle, and the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle. Boris M. Kloss and Vadim I. Koretskii remarked that Tatishchev was the first to classify Russian chronicles, dividing them into "general" (general´nye) and "local" (topografii).2 Despite almost three centuries of study of Rus´ sources and chronicles, and many advances in that study by giants in the field such as Aleksei A. Shakhmatov (1864–1920), Mikhail D. Priselkov (1881–1941), and Iakov S. Lur´e (1921–96), we find that we still do not have a sufficient understanding of Rus´ chronicles and sources. The works under review continue the attempt to get a grip on the study that Tatishchev began, but the results here are mixed. ________ Marianna Iur´evna Andreicheva is a doctoral candidate at the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN). Obrazy inovertsev v Povesti vremennykh let was her candidate's thesis from 2017. The PVL is the foundation Rus´ chronicle text, whose narration covers events from the Flood to 1117.3 The PVL is a combination of earlier Rus´ annal accounts and eyewitness reports that also incorporated material from other sources. In terms of its composition, the question is whether it can be considered a homogenous text written from beginning to end by one author who incorporated and at times modified other sources or the edited compilation of an existing work or works, such as the "Beginning Compilation" (Nachal´nyi svod), Redaction of the Monk Nestor, or Redaction of Hegumen Sil´vestr? In short, who wrote the words that appear in the text at any particular point? It is presumed that the author or authors of the PVL did not write the text of the treaties, but to what extent did the author modify the sources that were incorporated, and were such modifications done by the final author/redactor or by the compiler of the "Compilation of 1037," the "Compilation of 1073," or the "Beginning Compilation" (if there were such compilations). These are necessary questions to ask if one is trying to determine attitudes within the PVL. Whose attitudes are they? [End Page 152] Andreicheva divides her book into two parts or "chapters." The first chapter discusses how Slavic and Turkic pagans are represented in the PVL. The second chapter discusses how Muslims, Catholics, and Jews are represented there. She invokes ethnographic theories of the "other" to discuss how these "other believers" are represented. Andreicheva also uses text-critical comparisons. The early part of the PVL draws on the Greek Chronicle of Georgios Hamartolos, so she compares the passages in the PVL borrowed from Hamartolos to other similar passages in the PVL according to the Laurentian copy to show the influence of Hamartolos on the chronicler. She concludes that both the PVL and Hamartolos treat ethnographic groups first in a positive way...