Schizandra Chinensis Baillon Research Articles

국내 시판 오미자청 제품의 이화학적 품질 및 관능 특성

Fermentation of the red colored Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) fruit and white sugar at a ratio of 1:1(w/w), results in the production of a concentrated extract called Omija-cheong. The current study undertook a market-basket evaluation for the color value, total acidity, total anthocyanins, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of commercial Omija-cheong products. Based on the market shares and ingredient formula, 9 commercial products were selected for evaluation. Soluble solid contents and total acidity were determined to be 59.15∼70.15 °Brix and 0.94∼2.09%, respectively. The levels of total anthocyanins and total phenols were obtained at 6.06∼16.69 ㎎/L and 1,261.06∼2,285.40 ㎎/L, respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was significantly different among the products, with values ranging from 3.32∼10.14 mM trolox/L. Moreover, the activity was more highly correlated with total phenol contents than total anthocyanins. Significant differences were obtained between the products in the sensory evaluations for color, sourness, and astringency, whereas differences in sweetness and overall acceptability were not significant.

Optimisation of extraction conditions for terpenoids in Schizandra chinensis Baillon using the response surface method

AbstractTerpenoids, which are the major volatile compounds of Schizandra chinensis Baillon (Omija), are the main component of phytoncide. The purpose of the present study was to provide more ways to utilise Omija by optimising terpenoid extraction. The response surface method (RSM) was used to maximise the levels of monoterpene, which has substantial physiological activity and sesquiterpene, which has strong impacts on flavour. Central composite design was used to optimise the extraction pressure (X1: 0.01‐0.1 Mpa), ethanol concentration (X2: 0%‐50%), and sample concentration (X3: 0.01‐0.2 g/mL). Analysis of variance showed that X1, X2 and X3 affected total terpenoid levels (Y1) and monoterpene levels (Y2), whereas only X1 and X3 significantly affected sesquiterpene content (Y3) (P < .05). The optimal conditions based on the individual responses were as follows: Y1 and Y2, X1 = 0.07 Mpa, X2 = 36% and X3 = 0.17 g/mL; Y3, X1 = 0.10 Mpa, X2 = 50% and X3 = 0.20 g/mL.

오미자 열매, 씨, 착즙 후 박의 항산화, 항균 및 항혈전 활성 평가

본 연구에서는 오미자 가공산업의 부산물 이용을 위해, 오미자 열매, 씨 및 착즙 후의 박의 에탄올 추출물을 각각 조제하고, 이들의 유용생리활성을 평가하였다. 오미자 열매, 씨 및 박의 추출 수율은 각각 28.3, 22.1 및 7.2%로 나타났으며, 추출물들의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 8.81, 37.22 및 9.20 mg/g로 나타났다. 총 플라보노이드 함량 분석 결과 박(4.31 mg/g)>씨(1.25 mg/g)>열매(0.76 mg/g) 추출물 순으로 나타났다. 항산화 활성 평가 결과, 다양한 radical (DPPH 음이온, ABTS 양이온 및 nitrite) 소거능 및 환원력 평가에서 박>씨>열매 추출물 순으로 항산화능이 나타났으며, 오미자 박 추출물의 DPPH 양이온, ABTS 음이온 및 nitrite 소거능에 대한 <TEX>$RC_{50}$</TEX>는 각각 226.2, 192.5 및 <TEX>$92.5{\mu}g/ml$</TEX>로 계산되었다. 항균 활성 평가 결과, 오미자 열매, 씨 및 박 추출물(0.5 mg/disc)은 B subtilis 및 P. vulgaris 균에 대한 강한 항균 활성을 나타내었다. 혈액응고저해 활성의 경우, 오미자 열매 및 박 추출물은 5 mg/ml 농도에서 TT, PT 및 aPTT를 모두 무첨가구에 비해 15배 이상 연장시켰으며, 박 추출물(2.5 mg/ml)은 aspirin (1.5 mg/ml)과 유사한 혈액응고 저해를 나타내었다. 혈소판응집 저해 활성 평가 결과, 열매 추출물과 씨 추출물(0.25 mg/ml)은 동일농도의 aspirin 보다 우수한 혈소판 응집저해 활성을 나타내었다. 상기의 오미자 시료들은 0.5 mg/ml 농도까지 유의적인 용혈활성이 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 오미자 가공산업에서 발생하는 오미자 씨와 착즙 후의 박을 이용한 항산화, 항균, 항혈전 기능성 소재 개발이 가능함을 제시하고 있다. In this study, for the efficient use of the byproduct of the omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon: SC) processing industry, the ethanol extracts of the fruit (F), seed (S), and pomace (P) of SC were prepared, and their useful bioactivities were evaluated. For F-SC, S-SC, and P-SC, the extraction yields were 28.3%, 22.1%, and 7.2%, respectively, and the polyphenol contents were 8.81, 37.22, and 9.20 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content in P-SC (4.31 mg/g) was 3.5-fold higher than that in F-SC (0.76 mg/g). In an antioxidation activity assay, P-SC showed stronger radical scavenging activities against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite and stronger reducing power activities than the other extracts. The calculated concentration required for 50% radical scavenging activity, <TEX>$RC_{50}s$</TEX>, of P-SC for DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite was 226.2, 192.5, and <TEX>$92.5{\mu}g/ml$</TEX>, respectively. In an antimicrobial activity assay, F-SC, S-SC, and P-SC showed similarly strong growth inhibitions against Bacillus subtilis and P. vulgaris at a concentration of 0.5 mg/disc. F-SC and P-SC showed 15-fold extended time in thrombin, prothrombin, and activated partial thromboplastin time assays at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. The anticoagulation activity of P-SC (2.5 mg/ml) was comparable to that of aspirin (1.5 mg/ml). Furthermore, F-SC and S-SC showed very good platelet aggregation inhibitory activities. F-SC, S-SC, and P-SC did not show significant hemolysis against human red blood cell up to a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. These results suggest that S-SC and P-SC, both of which are byproducts of the omija processing industry, show strong potential as novel antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antithrombosis agents.

가공방법을 달리한 오미자 분말차의 품질 특성 분석

Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National UniversityAbstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics in different types of Omija (Schizandrachinensis Baillon) powder tea. Raw Omija was prepared in three ways: 1) freeze-dried powder of whole Omija (FD), 2)freeze-dried powder of pressed Omija juice (PF), and 3) granules of pressed Omija juice (PG). Dried Omija was extractedand prepared in three ways: 4) freeze-dried powder (EF), 5) granules (EG), and 6) spray-dried powder (ES). The totalsoluble solid contents and turbidity were higher in PG, EG, and ES than those in other samples. L* value, pH, andreducing sugar contents were higher in PG and EG than those in other samples. Finally, a* value, b* value, total phenoliccompounds contents, antioxidant activities, total anthocyanin contents, and schizandrin contents were lower in PG and EGthan those in other samples. These results show that FD, PF, EF, and ES are more effective in outstanding redness andantioxidant activities compared to other Omija powder products.Keywords: Omija (Schizandrin chinensis Baillon), powder tea, quality characteristics, anthocyanin, schizandrin

오미자 추출액을 응고제로 이용한 백태 및 서리태 두부의 품질특성

In order to investigate the utilization of the Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) extract as a natural coagulant for manufacturing soybean curd, the quality characteristics of white (Baktae) and black (Seoritae) soybean curds, coagulated by the Omija extract or MgCl2, were evaluated. Crude protein (6.14±0.30 and 6.25±0.18%, respectively) and crude lipid (10.86±1.74 and 11.29±1.69%, respectively) contents of white and black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract were higher than those coagulated using MgCl2. Black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract showed higher L, a, and b values than those using MgCl2. The most abundant amino acid in white and black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract was arginine (3.74 and 3.71 mg/100 g, dry basis, respectively). The amounts of Ca, K, Mg, and Na were the highest in both soybean curds prepared with the Omija extract. The sensory evaluation (color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall preference) showed that white and black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract were more preferred than those produced using MgCl2. The results suggested that using the Omija extract as a natural coagulant agent could improve the quality and sensory characteristics of soybean curds.

오미자를 첨가한 막걸리의 품질특성 및 항산화 활성

새로운 고부가가가치 기능성 막걸리를 개발하기 위해 오미자를 첨가한 막걸리를 제조하여 그 품질특성 및 항산화능을 살펴보았다. 오미자를 2단 담금 익일에 첨가하여 발효시킨 막걸리는 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 pH와 높은 총산 함량을 보였으나, 가용성 고형분 및 잔당 함량은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 에탄올 함량은 2단 담금 동안 꾸준히 증가하였고, 최종적으로 오미자 처리구에서 17.2% 수준을 보였으나 대조구의 18.6%와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮았다. 생리활성 분석 결과, 오미자를 첨가한 막걸리 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 3.08-5.96 mg GAE/mL와 <TEX>$237.2-506.8{\mu}g\;CE/mL$</TEX> 수준으로 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다. 또한 4가지의 다른 항산화능 평가에서도 대체로 모든 오미자 처리구의 추출물에서 유의적으로 높았다. 특히 DPPH 및 hydroxyl 라디칼 소거능은 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 유의적인 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 최종 관능검사 결과, 오미자 처리구는 전체적인 기호도에서 대조구와 유의적인 차이가 없으나, 외관과 청량감에서 더 높은 점수를 얻었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 막걸리 및 기타식품에서 오미자의 기능성 소재로서 가능성을 보여준다. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of the Korean rice wine, makgeolli, supplemented with omija berries (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) during the fermentation. The changes in pH, total acidity and contents of ethanol, amino acid, total soluble solids, reducing sugar, and total sugar after the completion of fermentation were determined. In comparison with control, omija-supplemented makgeolli showed significantly lower pH (3.46), lower contents of alcohol (17.2%), amino acids (1.85 g/L), and total sugar (17.5 g/L), and higher acidity (12.8 g/L). Moreover, supplementation with omija resulted in significantly higher antioxidant capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, superoxide dismutase-like activity and reducing power, and higher levels of total polyphenol and flavonoid. Sensory evaluation revealed no significant difference on the overall acceptance, although better appearance and refreshing taste of omija-supplemented makgeolli were observed. Our results indicate that omija represents an effective natural additive for enhancing the biological activities of makgeolli.

The administration of Fructus Schisandrae attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in mice.

In the present study, we aimed to determine whether ethanol extracts of Fructus Schisandrae (FS), the dried fruit of Schizandra chinensis Baillon, mitigates the development of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Adult SPF/VAT outbred CrljOri:CD1 (ICR) mice were either treated with dexamethasone to induce muscle atrophy. Some mice were treated with various concentrations of FS or oxymetholone, a 17α-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid. Muscle thickness and weight, calf muscle strength, and serum creatine and creatine kinase (CK) levels were then measured. The administration of FS attenuated the decrease in calf thickness, gastrocnemius muscle thickness, muscle strength and weight, fiber diameter and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in the gastrocnemius muscle bundles which was induced by dexamethasone in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with FS also prevented the dexamethasone-induced increase in serum creatine and creatine kinase levels, histopathological muscle fiber microvacuolation and fibrosis, and the immunoreactivity of muscle fibers for nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, inducible nitric oxide synthase and myostatin. In addition, the destruction of the gastrocnemius antioxidant defense system was also inhibited by the administration of FS in a dose-dependent manner. FS downregulated the mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (involved in muscle protein degradation), myostatin (a potent negative regulator of muscle growth) and sirtuin 1 (a representative inhibitor of muscle regeneration), but upregulated the mRNA expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt1, adenosine A1 receptor and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4, involved in muscle growth and the activation of protein synthesis. The overall effects of treatment with 500 mg/kg FS were comparable to those observed following treatment with 50 mg/kg oxymetholone. The results from the present study support the hypothesis that FS has a favorable ameliorating effect on muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone, by exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on muscle fibers, which may be due to an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation.

추출용매별 오미자의 항산화 및 항균 활성 변화

The present study was performed to investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Schizandra chinensis Baillon under different extraction conditions. Extraction yield of water extract, 70% ethanol extract, and methanol extract from S. chinensis was 17.7, 32.9, and 36.6% respectively. Total polyphenol content was 9.2-16.3 mg/g in S. chinensis extracts and was increased significantly by ethanol and methanol extraction (p < 0.05). Radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS·+ was significantly higher in ethanol and methanol extracts than in water extract (p < 0.05). Ethanol and methanol extracts from S. chinensis also showed effective superoxide dismutase-like activity compared with water extract (p < 0.05). S. chinensis water extract exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium, which was increased significantly by ethanol and methanol extraction (p < 0.05). On the other hand, inhibitory effect of S. chinensis water extract on nitric oxide production was more effective than ethanol and methanol extract.

건조방법을 달리한 오미자의 품질특성 및 항산화 효과

The antioxidative effect and quality characteristics of different drying methods (hot air drying, far-infrared radiation drying, vacuum freeze drying) from Schizandra Chinensis Baillon were investigated. The moisture contents and water activity(Aw) contents each 4.46% and 0.38 values of the vacuum freeze drying were lower than those of other samples. A significant not difference in pH values occurred in all samples (p&lt;0.05). The highest content °brix vacuum freeze drying was 6.60 °Brix respectively. The turbidity values of the samples were hot air drying 8.24 T%, far infrared radiation drying 0.32 T%, vacuum freeze drying 71.85 T%. The Hunter’s L, a and b values of vacuum freeze drying were higher than those of other samples. The order of the free sugar content was glucose&gt; fructose&gt;sucrose, and that of the total free sugar contents were vacuum freeze drying (6.33 g/100 g) &gt; far infrared drying (5.01 g/100 g) &gt; hot air drying (3.73 g/100g). Antioxidant acitivy (DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging) and total phenol, total flavonoid, and total tannin content was highest in vaccum freeze drying than other different drying methods except nitrite scavenging ability.

ICR 마우스를 이용한 오미자 종자 정유의 단회경구투여 독성시험

오미자(Schizandra chinensis Baillon., Schisandrae Semen)의 열매는 한국을 포함한 아시아 지역에서 오랫동안 전통 의약제로 광범위하게 사용되어 왔다. 식물에서 분리된 정유(essential oils)는 다양한 약리효능을 지니고 있지만, 오미자 열매에서 추출한 정유의 약리학적 기전은 밝혀진 바 없다. 본 연구에서는 오미자 종자의 정유(Schisandrae Semen essential oil, SSeo)에 대한 안정성을 확보하기 위하여 단회경구투여 독성시험을 ICR 마우스를 대상으로 실시하였다. SSeo은 ICR mice에 5,000 mg/kg 농도로 경구 투여하였으며, 14일 후 희생시켰다. SSeo 투여 후 치사율, 임상 증상, 체중 및 부검 소견 상의 유의적인 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 각 장기의 무게, 혈액학적 및 혈청학적 임상 화학적 지표에도 총 bilirubin량을 제외한 유의적인 변화는 관찰할 수 없었다. 따라서 SSeo 단회 투여에 따른 치사량은 5,000 mg/kg 이상일 것으로 추정되어 급성 독성 측면에서 유해성이 없다는 의미를 지니며, 경구투여에 따른 어떤 부작용도 나타내지 않았음을 의미한다. Essential oils extracted or purified from various plants have shown various beneficial effects. Seed parts of Schizandra chinensis Baillon (Schisandrae Semen) have been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years in parts of Asia, including Korea, China, and Japan. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of essential oils purified from S. fructus (S. chinensis Baillon) remain largely unresolved. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of Schisandrae Semen essential oil (SSeo) by a single- dose toxicity study in mice. SSeo was orally administered at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg in ICR mice. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. After a single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross pathological findings were observed for 14 days. We also measured parameters of organ weight, clinical chemistry, and hematology. No toxicological change related to the test substance or mortality was observed after administration of a single oral dose of SSeo. There were no adverse effects on clinical signs, body weight, or organ weight and no gross pathological findings in any treatment group. The clinical chemistry and hematological parameters were within the normal ranges except total bilirubin. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose for oral administration of SSeo in mice was considered to be over 5,000 mg/kg. The results on the single-dose toxicity of SSeo indicate that it is not possible to reach oral dose levels related to death or dose levels with any harmful side effects.

오미자 수확 후 이산화염소수를 이용한 표면 세척에 따른 미생물 저감 효과

오미자의 위생과 저장성에 관여하는 미생물(총 호기성세균, 효모 및 곰팡이균)의 저감을 위해서 세척수 종류(물, <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$H_2O_2$</TEX>) 및 농도별 이산화염소수(<TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> 10 ppm, <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> 15 ppm, <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> 20 ppm, <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> 25 ppm, <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> 30 ppm)처리에 따른 세척시간(30~90초) 및 세척배수(<TEX>${\times}1{\sim}{\times}4$</TEX>)을 달리 처리하여 오미자 표면에 존재하는 총 호기성 세균수, 효모 및 곰팡이균수를 측정하였다. 오미자의 세척수 종류에 따른 미생물 균수 측정 결과, 세척하지 않은 구(control) 및 물세척 처리구보다 이산화염소수 처리구 및 과산화수고 처리구가 총세균, 효모 및 곰팡이 균수가 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 이산화염소(<TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>)수를 이용한 오미자의 세척시간에 따른 미생물 균수 측정 결과 총 세균과 효모 및 곰팡이는 이산화염소 농도 30 ppm 에서는 30초, 15 ppm에서는 60초, 10 ppm에서는 90초 처리시 검출되지 않았다. 또한 세척배수에 따른 미생물 사멸 효과는 이산화염소 농도 30 ppm 에서는 <TEX>${\times}1$</TEX>, 20 ppm에서는 <TEX>${\times}2$</TEX>, 15 ppm에서는 <TEX>${\times}4$</TEX>로 처리시 총 세균과 효모 및 곰팡이가 측정되지 않았다. 이런 결과로 미루어 보아 이산화염소수 처리구는 이산화염소수의 농도가 증가하고 세척 배수가 증가함에 따라 미생물 저감화 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effectiveness of Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) treated with <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> (chlorine dioxide) concentration (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ppm), washing time (30, 60 and 90 sec) and multiple proportion (x1, x2, x3 and x4). The seven groups were divided into control (Omija without washing water treatment), W-T (Omija treated by tap water (<TEX>$20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$</TEX>) for 30 seconds), <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-10 (Omija treated by 10 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>), <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-15 (Omija treated by 15 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>), <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-20 (Omija treated by 20 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>), <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-25 (Omija treated by 25 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>), <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-30 (Omija treated by 30 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>), and then they were detected number of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold. The rate of inactivation was found, for microorganisms of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, to increase with a increase of <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> treatment concentration and multiple proportion. No total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold in <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-30 sample treated for 30 sec, <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-15 treated for 60 sec and <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-10 treated for 90 sec were detected, and in <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-30 Omija with multiple proportion <TEX>${\times}1$</TEX> (Omija : 30 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> solution ratio was 1:1 (w/w)), <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-20 with <TEX>${\times}2$</TEX> (Omija : 20 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> solution ratio was 1:2 (w/w)) and <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX>-15 with <TEX>${\times}4$</TEX> (Omija : 15 ppm <TEX>$ClO_2$</TEX> solution ratio was 1:4 (w/w)) respectively.

Reduction of Tyramine by Addition of Schizandra chinensis Baillon in Cheonggukjang

This study was performed to examine the microorganisms responsible for the high tyramine content of Cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean fermented soy food, and to establish a technology for controlling the growth of these microorganisms. The tyramine content in 13 collected Cheonggukjang samples averaged 604.9 mg/kg. Since the tyramine content measured from most samples was sufficient to cause harm to the human body, it is necessary to control its production in food. Enterococci were confirmed to be the bacterial species producing most of the tyramine through the microbial examination and were present in high numbers from not detected (<10(1)) to 7.0 × 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/g. To control the growth of enterococci, various plant extracts with antimicrobial activity, common salts, and variable temperature conditions were tested. It was found that 4 samples among the 159 plant extracts had a strong antimicrobial activity in Cheonggukjang, especially against Enterococcus faecium, showing viable cell counts of <10(1)-10(3) CFU/g after 24 h of ripening, which were significantly lower values compared to the control (10(9)-10(11) CFU/g). The Cheonggukjang with the addition of the four plant extracts showed ∼83%-95% lower concentrations of tyramine compared to the control. Cheonggukjang prepared with the Schizandra chinensis Baillon extract had the lowest tyramine content without sacrificing the sensory quality. Not only was the bacterial species of E. faecium reduced more remarkably, by up to 10(3) CFU/g compared to the 10(9)-10(11) CFU/g shown in the control, but it also decreased the tyramine content by up to 91%.

Suppressive effects ofSchizandra chinensisBaillon water extract on allergy-related cytokine generation and degranulation in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells

Schizandra chinensis Baillon is a traditional folk medicine plant that is used to treat and prevent several inflammatory diseases and cancer in Korea, but the underlying mechanisms involved in its anti-allergic activity are not fully understood. This study was designed to investigate mechanisms of anti-allergic activity of a Schizandra chinensis Baillon water extract (SCWE) in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-antigen complex-stimulated RBL2H3 cells and to assess whether gastric and intestinal digestion affects the anti-allergic properties of SCWE. Oxidative stress is an important consequence of the allergic inflammatory response. The antioxidant activities of SCWE increased in a concentration-dependent manner. RBL-2H3 cells were sensitized with monoclonal anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) specific IgE, treated with SCWE, and challenged with the antigen DNP-human serum albumin. SCWE inhibited β-hexosaminidase release and expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA and protein in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL2H3 cells. We found that digested SCWE fully maintained its antioxidant activity and anti-allergic activity against the IgE-antigen complex-induced activation of RBL-2H3 cells. SCWE may be useful for preventing allergic diseases, such as asthma. Thus, SCWE could be used as a natural functional ingredient for allergic diseases in the food and/or pharmaceutical industries.

Erratum: Funding Acknowledgment

To the Editor: We found an error in our published article: Mi Ja Chung, Jeong-Mi Kim, Sangchul Lee, Taewoo Kim, Daejung Kim, Jongmi Baek, Taehyuk Kim, Jaesung Lee, Kyoungkon Kim, Jin A Yoon, Myeon Choe. Suppressive effects of Schizandra chinensis Baillon water extract on allergy-related cytokine generation and degranulation in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Nutr Res Pract 2012;6:97-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.97 The funding acknowledgment in this article was omitted as published. Additional acknowledgment is as follow: The work was supported by the Corporate-affiliated Research Institute of Academic-Industrial-Institutional Cooperation Establishment Business and Well-being Bioproducts Regional Innovation Center. The authors apologize for any inconvenience this mistake have caused.

Enhanced formation of quercetin by combined use of gamma ray and H2O2 from cyanidin-3-O-xylosylrutinoside

Cyanidin-3-O-xylosylrutinoside (cya-3-O-xylrut), a major pigment in Schizandra chinensis Baillon, was effectively removed by gamma irradiation of greater than 2kGy, whereas quercetin, the most abundant of the flavonoids and has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, could be generated by degradation of cya-3-O-xylrut. In the present study, we investigated the effect of combination treatment of gamma irradiation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the formation of quercetin through the degradation of cya-3-O-xylrut. Cya-3-O-xylrut was significantly degraded (∼93%) by gamma irradiation at 2kGy and it was completely removed by a combination treatment (0.2% H2O2 and 2kGy gamma ray). The formation of quercetin was significantly appeared at 2kGy of gamma ray, together with disappearance of cya-3-O-xylrut. The quercetin formation by gamma ray is 3.2μg/ml and combination treatment is 7.7μg/ml. Therefore, the combination treatment of H2O2 and gamma ray is more effective to convert cya-3-O-xylrut into quercetin than gamma irradiation only. In conclusion, gamma ray combined with H2O2 would be a promising tool for bio-conversion of organic compounds.

Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticides in fresh omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) fruit and juice

Schizandra chinensis Baillon, or omija, is a fruit native to northeast Asia that is cultivated in South Korea and China. Fresh omija fruit has been used in beverages, traditional East Asian medicine and cosmetics because of its complex flavor and pharmacological effectiveness. The objective of this study was to analyze residue levels of 33 kinds of pesticides on fresh omija fruits and in omija juices produced in South Korea. A risk assessment of the pesticides in omija juice was conducted by calculating EDI and ADI. Most of the pesticide levels were below the LOD in fresh omija fruits. Among the detected compounds, the most frequently detected pesticide was ethoprophos. The EDIs of ethoprophos, pendimethalin and hexaconazole were 5.89E-03, 7.08E-04 and 4.73E-05, respectively. The percent of EDI to ADI of ethoprophos, pendimethalin and hexaconazole was 28.0%, 13.6% and 4.5%, respectively. The results of this research concluded that the detected pesticides are not harmful to human beings.

Inhibitory effects of Schizandra chinensis extract on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice

Context: Schizandra chinensis Baillon (SC) is traditionally used as a medicinal plant in the Orient. Recently, SC has become recognized as an adaptogen by the mainstream medical community. Phytoadaptogens influence respiratory, cardiovascular, uterus myotonic, and immune activities. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic inflammatory skin disease caused by aberrant and over-reactive immune responses.Objective: This study assessed the suppressive effect of SC extract (SCE) on 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD in a NC/Nga mouse model.Materials and methods: AD was induced by topically applying 0.2% DNCB to the hairless-back of NC/Nga mice for 4 weeks. Treated mice received SCE or dexamethasone after AD induction.Results: SCE markedly suppressed DNCB-induced dermatitis, as determined by a count of scratching frequency; measurement of IgE, IgM, and histamine levels in serum; and histological observation of epidermal hyperplasia and mast-cell infiltration. Additionally, SCE lessened DNCB-induced histamine receptor mRNA expression in skin tissue and the splenic expressions of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and high-affinity IgE receptor B protein.Conclusion: SCE appears useful for suppression of AD, even though the active pathway(s) remain unknown.

오미자 첨가 도라지 정과의 제조와 저장 중 품질 변화

The purpose of this research is to develop bellflower (Platycodon grandiforum) root Jeonggwa as a health food. The Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) water extract with 0-8% (w/w) Jeonggwa added was stored at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 12 weeks. The quality characteristics of Jeonggwa during storage were investigated. The Jeonggwa showed a lower pH and a higher acdity as the amount of Omija water extract that was added increased. The moisture content of Jeonggwa were rose from 15-18% to 16-22% within 2 weeks of storage, and remained at that level up to the end of storage. The total viable cells of bellflower root Jeonggwa were 2.1~2.3 log CFU/g and increased in number during storage but never exceeded 4 log CFU/g. The shelf life of the Jeonggwa was extended when the Omija extract was added. The lightness (L), redness (a) and yellowness (b) of the Jeonggwa during its storage at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> were highest in control samples, and the values decreased with the increase in the Omija extract concentration (p<0.001). The mechanical evaluation of the Jeonggwa showed that various tested parameters fell during the storage at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The hardness and strength of the Jeonggwa significantly decreased as the Omija extract concentration rose (p<0.05). In the ensory evaluation tests, the acceptability of the Jeonggwa was optimal when 4~6% of Omija extract was added to it.

오미자 추출액이 알루미늄 투여에 의한 흰쥐의 알루미늄 축적률에 미치는 영향

To investigate the protective effect of omija(Schizandra chinensis Baillon) tea extracts against the aluminum toxicity, Sprague-Dawley rats(<TEX>$100{\pm}10\;g$</TEX>) were divided into 6 groups consisting of a control group, a 3% Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea plus extract group, a 1,000 and 2,000 ppm aluminum group, and a 1,000 and 2,000 ppm aluminum plus 3% Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea plus extract group. The rats administered aluminum were given 1,000 and 2,000 ppm of <TEX>$Al_2(SO_4)_3$</TEX> dissolved in distilled water. The aluminum content in tissues from rats administered aluminum was lower than in the tissues of rats of administered aluminum plus 3% Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea in the water extract. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) levels were increased in the aluminum group and lower in the group receiving a 3% extract of Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDHase) was lower in the group receiving a 3% extract of Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea plus aluminum than in the aluminum group. Cholinesterase(ChEase) was higher in the 3% Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea-aluminum group than in the aluminum group. Plasma levels of renin were increased in the aluminum group, compared to the group receiving 3% Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea plus aluminum. Plasma levels of aldosterone were increased in the aluminum group compared with the 3% Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea plus aluminum group. These results suggest that the group receiving Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea in water extract had a lowered level of aluminum accumulation, and it is believed that the Schizandra chinensis Baillon tea plus water had some protective effects against aluminum toxicity when administered in rats, but the mechanism of these effects remains obscure.

항생제 다제내성균 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 대한 생육저해물질 생산 방선균의 분리 및 항균활성

Of the 500 Actinomycetes isolates obtained from soil, one isolate grown on maltose as the sole carbon source produced compound BHK-P19, which inhibited the growth of multiple drug resistant P. aeruginosa 0245. Ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis curtailed production of BHK-P19. Mutation of the BHK-P19 producer using N-methyl-N`- nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine obviated the antibacterial activity to P. aeruginosa 0245, but not towards P. aeruginosa 0225. The mixing of BHK-P19 and BHK-S5 culture extracts inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225 and 1113. The combined application of BHK-P19 culture extract and Schizandra chinensis Baillon extract inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225, 0826, 1113, 1378, 1731 and 2492. Use of various concentrations of BHK-P19 culture extract and ampicillin markedly increased antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant P. aeruginose 1113.