Risk Factors For Schistosomiasis Research Articles

Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis in East Lore District Poso Regency Central of Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis in East Lore District Poso Regency Central of Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Schistosomiasis status and health impact in preschool-aged children in hard-to-reach areas and populations of Homa Bay County, Kenya.

Pediatric schistosomiasis in hard-to-reach communities is poorly understood, hampering tailored interventions. This study investigated the prevalence, intensity, health impact, and risk factors for schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children (PSAC) residing in hard-to-reach areas and populations of Homa Bay County, Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 476 PSAC aged 2-5 years across 6 islands in Lake Victoria, Homa Bay County, Kenya. Kato-Katz and urine filtration techniques diagnosed Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections respectively. Fecal occult blood (FOB) was tested to assess morbidity, and questionnaires captured sociodemographic and household water, sanitation, and hygiene data. Logistic regression models explored risk factors. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 26.0%, varying considerably between islands; Ringiti had the highest prevalence (62.1%), while Sukru had the lowest (7.7%). No S. haematobium infections were diagnosed. Light infections were most common (15.4%), followed by moderate (8.5%) and heavy infections (2.2%). Significantly increased odds for infection were observed in children aged four (aOR = 4.4, 95%CI: 1.7 - 11.2) and five (aOR = 5.6, 95%CI: 2.2 - 14.5), in girls (aOR = 2.5, 95%CI: 1.3 - 4.8), and in children living in Ringiti (aOR = 6.1, 95% CI: 1.8 - 15.0). We noted a strong association between S. mansoni infection and FOB (aOR= 3.3, 95%CI: 1.6 - 7.0). We found a high burden of schistosomiasis among PSAC in hard-to-reach communities of Homa Bay County, emphasizing the urgent need to include them in control programs. FOB could be a promising indicator for assessing schistosomiasis-related morbidity in this age group.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Schistosomiasis is considered the most widespread parasitic infection. Both Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni are present, and as waterborne infections, their epidemiology is closely associated with proximity and exposure tofreshwater sources.The objective of the current study is to estimate the pooled prevalence of schistosomiasis among the Sudanese population andexamine any associated sociocultural risk factors. A systematic reviewwas conducted inDecember 2022. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sixty-seven research articles were recruited representing a total sample size of 813,571 participants.Schistosomahaematobium pooled prevalence was 24.83% (95% confidence interval (CI): 22.75, 26.92) among 700,337 participants tested, while S. mansoni pooled prevalence of 19.13% (95% CI: 18.70, 19.56) among 685,133 participants was originated. Moreover, schistosomiasis prevalence among school-age children was assessed in 45 included studies; the pooled prevalence of S. haematobium was 22.37 (95% CI: 20.12, 24.63), while S. mansoni pooled prevalence was 18.62 (95% CI: 13.14, 24.11). Furthermore, the highest Schistosoma prevalence (overall pooled prevalence:41% (95% CI: 26.72, 55,29), S. haematobium pooled prevalence: 38.59 (95% CI: 21.03, 56.14), S. mansoni pooled prevalence: 25.85 (95% CI: 5.07, 46.63)) was found among Gezira State participants, based on asample size of 5,712 individuals. Farming, male gender, no presence of latrines, canal and stream water sources, and swimming, playing, or bathing in the Nile River and canals were found to be significantly associated with schistosomiasis infection. The current findings are believed to serve as a cornerstone for designing strategies and preventive measures.

Risk factors for schistosomiasis

ABSTRACT In this review, I describe the progress in a study that focused on the risk factors for schistosomiasis around the globe for the purposes of the review. Human schistosomiasis affects 229 million people; at least 90% are in sub-Saharan Africa, and 54% are school-aged children. Schistosoma haematobium infects 112 million people, Schistosoma japonicum infects 3.1 million people, and Schistosoma mansoni infects 54 million people. Schistosomiasis can occur in endemic and non-endemic areas. A high risk of schistosomiasis can occur in, for example, preschool-aged children, school-aged children, and workers in endemic schistosomiasis areas. These people make contact with infested freshwater day by day. In addition, environmental factors and socioeconomic factors can affect the transmission of schistosomiasis. Various factors can cause the transmission of schistosomiasis, for example, climate changes and proximity to infested freshwater bodies. People with high risks for schistosomiasis need great attention for treatment and/or prevention programs. Risk factors for schistosomiasis, for example, human behavior and socioeconomic status, can affect the transmission of schistosomiasis. Many developing countries in Africa, Asia, and South America are at risk of this disease. High-risk people need special attention in programs for schistosomiasis elimination.

Prevalence of Schistosomiasis and Associated Risks Factors among Patients with Urinary Tract Infection Attending Specialist Hospital Bauchi

Background: Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma species, remains a significant public health concern in many developing regions, including Bauchi, Nigeria. This study aims to assess the prevalence of schistosomiasis and identify associated risk factors among patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) attending the Specialist Hospital Bauchi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving patients presenting with UTI symptoms at the Specialist Hospital Bauchi. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using microscopy. Demographic and clinical data were obtained through structured questionnaires to identify potential risk factors for schistosomiasis, including water contact activities, sanitation practices, and socio-economic status. Results: Out of the total patients screened, a significant proportion tested positive for Schistosoma haematobium, indicating a notable prevalence of schistosomiasis among UTI patients. Statistical analysis revealed several risk factors strongly associated with schistosomiasis, including frequent contact with contaminated water sources, poor sanitation facilities, and lower socio-economic status. Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of schistosomiasis among UTI patients in Bauchi, underscoring the need for integrated disease management and prevention strategies. Public health interventions focusing on improving water sanitation, health education, and targeted treatment programs are essential to reduce the burden of schistosomiasis in this region. These findings can stimulate further research and policy development aimed at controlling this neglected tropical disease.

Urinary schistosomiasis among female secondary school students in Ndokwa East Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria: Knowledge, risk factors and prevalence

x`Undiagnosed and untreated cases of urinary schistosomiasis in females usually lead to severe gynaecological complications, collectively known as Female Genital Schistosomiasis. Periodic assessment of schistosomiasis in vulnerable endemic communities will prevent late diagnosis and treatment. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among female secondary school students in Ndokwa East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. A Cross-sectional research design and multi-stage sampling technique were used to select 401 female secondary school students in the Ndokwa East Local Government Area. Participants’ urine samples were obtained and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on the knowledge of schistosomiasis and exposure to known schistosomiasis risk factors from each participant. Urinary schistosomiasis was not detected in any of the analysed samples. Most students were uneducated (8% had good knowledge) regarding the infection. The absence of egg- patent prevalence in the samples may be due to mass administration of praziquantel to control the disease in the LGA. Knowledge about the disease was low. None of the independent variables was a significant predictor of knowledge about urinary schistosomiasis.

Evaluating the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis Amongst School-Aged Children in Low- and Middle-Income Communities: Ehlanzeni District Municipality, South Africa, 2015-2021.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and identify risk factors of schistosomiasis among school-aged children in low- and middle-income communities. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to review patient records of school-age children. Data on gender, age, sub-district, area residing in, patient status, history of bilharzia, presence of blood in the urine, and schistosomiasis diagnoses were collected. The data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Logistic regression was employed to determine the factors associated with schistosomiasis. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis in the study population was 75%, with higher prevalence observed among male children (89%), children aged between 10 and 14 years (59%), urban areas (51%), and rural-dominated districts, particularly Bushbuckridge (42%) and City of Mbombela (51%). Age, especially 10-14 years old (p ˂ 0.01; 95%CI: 1.98-2.29), a history of bilharzia (p = 0.01; 95%CI: 1.15-1.96), and the presence of blood in urine (p ˂ 0.01; 95%CI: 2.02-2.40) were significantly associated with schistosomiasis while being a female child was found to be a protective factor (AOR: 0.35; CI 0.35-0.41). This study underscores the importance of implementing robust screening procedures and the necessity for health education to mitigate the high prevalence of schistosomiasis and prevent its further spread.

Prevalence of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Their Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Itilima District, North-Western Tanzania.

Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis remain a public health concern in Tanzania. This study investigated the prevalence and intensities of Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors in Itilima district, north-western Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and September 2020 among 3779 primary schoolchildren in 62 primary schools and 1122 adults in 19 villages. Urine samples were obtained from each participant and examined visually for the presence of macrohaematuria, microhaematuria, and S. haematobium eggs using a urine dipstick and urine filtration test. A single stool sample was obtained from each participant and screened for S. mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths using the Kato Katz and formalin-ether concentration techniques. A questionnaire was administered to schoolchildren to elucidate the risk factors for schistosomiasis. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium in adults was 8.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 6.6-9.8%). In total, 3779 schoolchildren had complete results from urine testing, and the overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 10.1% (95% CI, 9.1-11.1%). The prevalence of S. mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths was relatively low among both children and adults compared to S. haematobium. Factors associated with S. haematobium infection among schoolchildren were the mother's occupation, children aged 11-15 years, and water contact behaviour. The odds of having schistosomiasis infection among children aged 11-15 are 40% higher than those aged 5-10 (95% confidence interval (CI), 10-80%, p = 0.04). Children of parents who are livestock keepers have 12.3 times higher odds of having infection compared to those who have small-scale businesses (95% CI, 1.0-5.4, p = 0.03). Children who are in contact with infested water more than three times a week have 2.1 times higher odds of having an infection compared to those who do not (95% CI, 2.1; 1.6-2.8, p < 0.001). The findings provide updated geographical information on prevalence, yielding insights into the planning and implementation of mass drug administration in rural Tanzania.

Identifying the risk factors of schistosomiasis in Indonesia

In Poso, Central Sulawesi, schistosomiasis prevalence has shown fluctuations, particularly in the Napu Highland, home to around 17,000 people, where there is a 0.15% risk of Schistosomiasis. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with schistosomiasis in the Napu Highland. Conducted from April to June 2022, this case-control study included residents of schistosomiasis-affected villages. The sample consisted of 148 individuals (37 cases and 111 controls). Cases were residents aged over 2 years who had tested positive for schistosomiasis in a 2021 fecal survey conducted by the Poso District Health Office. Controls were selected as the nearest neighbors of the cases. Data on education, knowledge, occupation, sanitation practices, water sources, activities near water bodies, use of protective equipment, and livestock raising were collected through questionnaires. Statistical analysis involved the Chi-square test with α=5%. The results indicated that education (p=0.018; OR=3.147) and knowledge (p=0.056; OR=2.233) were associated with schistosomiasis. Individuals with lower education levels were 3.147 times more likely to contract the disease, while those with limited knowledge were 2.233 times more at risk. In conclusion, improving schistosomiasis prevention in the Napu Highland should involve enhancing knowledge, attitudes, and practices through health promotion initiatives that engage educators and community leaders.

Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and hookworm infection in seasonal transmission settings in northern Côte d'Ivoire: A cross-sectional study.

Schistosomiasis and hookworm infection remain public health problems in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis and hookworm was studied in seasonal transmission settings in the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire. In August 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Urine and stool samples were collected from 742 individuals aged 6-96 years in 16 localities from four departments in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method for quantification of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were counted. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to determine demographic characteristics and to identify risk factors of schistosomiasis and STHs. Malacologic surveys were carried out at water points that are contacted by humans and animals. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was very low. Only two cases of S. mansoni were found (0.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1-1.0%). The distribution of S. haematobium was focal, with cases found only in two departments; Ferkessédougou (5.4%, 95% CI: 2.5-9.9%) and Ouangolodougou (2.7%, 95% CI: 0.9-6.3%). Hookworm was the only STH species observed with a prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI: 0.8-2.8%). A higher risk of S. haematobium infection was observed in males compared to females, but the difference was not statistically significant (2.3% versus 1.3%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8-2.7). Participants aged 16-20 years showed the highest prevalence of S. haematobium. A total of 111 human- and animal-water contact points were identified at 47 water sources. Three potential intermediate host snails of schistosomes were collected; namely, Bulinus forskalii (n = 761), Bulinus truncatus (n = 205), and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (n = 1). Yet, only one specimen of Bu. truncatus was found to be shedding schistosome cercariae. This study confirms very low transmission of schistosomiasis and hookworm in northern Côte d'Ivoire. The establishment and rigorous implementation of integrated surveillance-response systems could lead to the elimination of schistosomiasis and hookworm in this part of Côte d'Ivoire.

Prevalence and risk distribution of schistosomiasis among adults in Madagascar: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe goal to eliminate the parasitic disease of poverty schistosomiasis as a public health problem is aligned with the 2030 United Nations agenda for sustainable development goals, including universal health coverage (UHC). Current control strategies focus on school-aged children, systematically neglecting adults. We aimed at providing evidence for the need of shifting the paradigm of schistosomiasis control programs from targeted to generalized approaches as key element for both the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem and the promotion of UHC.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study performed between March 2020 and January 2021 at three primary health care centers in Andina, Tsiroanomandidy and Ankazomborona in Madagascar, we determined prevalence and risk factors for schistosomiasis by a semi-quantitative PCR assay from specimens collected from 1482 adult participants. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to evaluate odd ratios.ResultsThe highest prevalence of S. mansoni, S. haematobium and co-infection of both species was 59.5%, 61.3% and 3.3%, in Andina and Ankazomborona respectively. Higher prevalence was observed among males (52.4%) and main contributors to the family income (68.1%). Not working as a farmer and higher age were found to be protective factors for infection.ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence that adults are a high-risk group for schistosomiasis. Our data suggests that, for ensuring basic health as a human right, current public health strategies for schistosomiasis prevention and control need to be re-addressed towards more context specific, holistic and integrated approaches.

Burden and factors associated with schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-age children in Huambo, Uige and Zaire provinces, Angola

BackgroundSchistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) contribute high disease burdens amongst the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and are public health problems in Angola. This study reports the prevalence, intensity and risk factors for schistosomiasis and STH infection in Huambo, Uige and Zaire provinces, Angola, to inform a school-based preventive chemotherapy program.MethodsA two-stage cluster design was used to select schools and schoolchildren to participate in parasitological and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) surveys across Huambo, Uige, and Zaire provinces. Point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen and urinalysis rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were used to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively. Kato-Katz was used to identify and quantify STH species and quantify and compare with RDTs for S. mansoni. Urine filtration was used to quantify and compare with RDTs for S. haematobium. Descriptive statistics were used for prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis and STH infection. Performance of RDTs was assessed through specificity and Cohen’s Kappa agreement with microscopy. A multivariate regression analysis was used to determine demographic and WASH factors associated with schistosomiasis and STH infection.ResultsA total 575 schools and 17,093 schoolchildren participated in the schistosomiasis survey, of which 121 schools and 3649 schoolchildren participated in the STH survey. Overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 21.2% (municipality range 0.9–74.8%) and S. haematobium 13.6% (range 0–31.2%), with an overall prevalence of schistosomiasis of 31.4% (range 5.9–77.3%). Overall prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was 25.1% (range 0–89.7%), hookworm 5.2% (range 0–42.6%), and Trichuris trichiura 3.6% (range 0–24.2%), with an overall prevalence of STH infection of 29.5% (range 0.8–89.7%). Ecological zone and ethnicity were factors associated with schistosomiasis and STH infection, with older age and female sex additional risk factors for S. haematobium.ConclusionsMost municipalities met World Health Organization defined prevalence thresholds for a schistosomiasis preventive chemotherapy program. A STH preventive chemotherapy program is indicated for nearly all municipalities in Uige and select municipalities in Huambo and Zaire. The association between ecological zone and ethnicity with schistosomiasis and STH infection necessitates further evaluation of home and school environmental, sociodemographic and behavioural factors to inform targeted control strategies to complement preventive chemotherapy programs.

Prevalence and Risk factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Secondary School Students in Dutsinma Local Government Area of Katsina State

Urinary Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is a neglected, water-borne disease of major public health concern and can lead to chronic ill health condition mostly in rural environments. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among students of three selected secondary schools in Dutsinma Local Government Area of Katsina State. A school–based questionnaire were administered to collect data on students’ population, report of hematuria, student’s age, sex, attitude and practices of the students. A total of four hundred and forty-two (442) samples were collected and examined using a Visual Test Procedure (VTP) with Combi – 10 Uri screen® (German Technology) and Microscopic examination was carried out using x10 objective lens for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) eggs. Eggs of Schistosoma haematobium were detected in one hundred and forty (140) urine samples representing 31.7%; 134 (30.3%) were from males while only 6 samples (1.4%) were from females (P&lt;0.05). The prevalence of hematuria was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in males than in females. The highest prevalence was observed among age group 15 – 17 years (16.74%) while the least prevalence was observed in age group 9 – 11 years (0.23%). The study identified factors such as closeness of water bodies (OR= 2.9, P-value= 0.002) and swimming (OR= 7.5, P-value= &lt; 0.0001) as risk factors for Schistosomiasis in the study area. The study confirmed high prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in the study area. The study suggests that water control measures, proper sanitation and public enlightenment are highly needed to lower the prevalence of the urinary Schistosomiasis in the study area.

Prevalence and determinants of occupational Injuries among welders in small scale metal workshops in Wakiso District, Uganda.

Background:Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in Kenya. Environmental factors are critical in creating a medium for growth and spread of schistosomiasis vectors. The study investigated the environmental factors influencing prevention and control of schistosomiasis infection in Mwea West Sub County, Kirinyaga County-Kenya.Methods:A multi stage sampling was used to identify four hundred and sixty-five (465) household. Analytical descriptive cross-sectional design that utilised quantitative data collection method was used. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and analysed using Chi square tests or Fisher's exact tests where applicable.Results:Study results indicated a significant association p<.001 between household level of education, members being affected by floods during the rainy season and schistosomiasis infection. The result further indicates level of significance (p<0.047) in the association between sources of water in a household and schistosomiasis infection. No level of significance was posted between having a temporary water body in the area p (=.072) and schistosomiasis infection. In addition, there was no significant association between proximity to the nearest water source, p=.074 and proximity to the nearest health facility p=0.356 with schistosomiasis infection.Conclusions:The study recommends carefully designing safe water sources in order to match the goal of effectively controlling and reversing the trends of schistosomiasis infections. The community should be made aware of the risk factors of schistosomiasis including water utilised in the household's alongside raising health seeking behaviours for diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis as a way of reducing the spread of infection.

Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis among primary school children in four selected regions of The Gambia.

BackgroundThe Gambia initiated a control programme for schistosomiasis in 2015. In light of this, recent and comprehensive data on schistosomiasis is required to effectively guide the control programme. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of schistosomiasis among primary school children in The Gambia.MethodsWe utilised data from a previous study conducted in 2015 in 4 regions of The Gambia: North Bank Region (NBR), Lower River Region (LRR), Central River Region (CRR) and Upper River Region (URR). In the parent study, ten schools were selected randomly from each region. Urine and stool samples collected from 25 boys and 25 girls (7–14 years) in each school were examined for urinary schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium infection) and intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni infection) using urine filtration, dipstick and Kato-Katz methods.Principal findingsUrinary schistosomiasis had an overall prevalence of 10.2% while intestinal schistosomiasis had a prevalence of 0.3% among the sampled school children. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was significantly different among regions (χ 2 = 279.958, df = 3, p < 0.001), with CRR (27.6%) being the most endemic region, followed by URR (12.0%), then LRR (0.6%), and NBR (0.0%). Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was also significantly variable among regions, with 4 of the 5 positive cases detected in CRR and 1 case in URR. Every school sampled in CRR had at least one student infected with S. haematobium, 50% of schools in URR had S. haematobium infection, and just one school in LRR had S. haematobium infection. While S. haematobium infection was significantly higher in boys (χ 2 = 4.440, df = 1, p = 0.035), no significant difference in infection rate was observed among age groups (χ 2 = 0.882, df = 2, p = 0.643). Two of the 5 students infected with S. mansoni were boys and 3 were girls. Four of these 5 students were in the 10–12 years age group and 1 was in the 7–9 years age group. Macrohaematuria and microhaematuria were found to be statistically associated with presence of S. haematobium eggs in urine. Being a male was a risk factor of S. haematobium infection. Bathing, playing and swimming in water bodies were found to pose less risk for S. haematobium infection, indicating that the true water contact behaviour of children was possibly underrepresented.ConclusionThe findings of this study provide invaluable information on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in The Gambia. This was useful for the schistosomiasis control efforts of the country, as it guided mass drug administration campaigns in eligible districts in the study area. More studies on S. mansoni and its intermediate snail hosts are required to establish its true status in The Gambia. As children sometimes tend to provide responses that potentially please the research or their teacher, data collection frameworks and approaches that ensure true responses in studies involving children should be devised and used.

Prevalence of Schistosomiasis (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) and its association with gender of school age children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundSchistosomiasis (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) is an important neglected tropical disease in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, Schistosomiasis has been prioritized as neglected tropical disease and remained among major public health burden on school age children of the country. Few studies conducted on the association between prevalence of Schistosomiasis and gender of school age children have inconclusive finding about the association between these two variables. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was done to determine the pooled prevalence of Schistosomiasis and its association with gender of school age children in Ethiopia. MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, databases such as: Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central library, Google Scholar, and HINARI were systematically searched. STATA version 14 was used to estimate pooled prevalence of Schistosomiasis using random effects model with 95% confidence interval. The results were presented by using forest plot and statistical heterogeneity was checked by using the Cochran Q test (chi-squared statistic), I2 test statistic and by visual examination of the forest plot. ResultsFrom the total of 427 studies identified for this review, 50 studies were included in the final analysis. The analysis noted that pooled prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia was 28.78% (95% CI: 23.81, 33.74). The subgroup analysis indicated that extreme variability was observed in the prevalence of Schistosomiasis across the regions of the country. The highest (39.77%) prevalence of Schistosomiasis was reported from the southern region, whereas the lowest (14.95%) prevalence of Schistosomiasis was reported from Afar region. Male school age children were 58% more likely infected with Schistosomiasis than female school age children in Ethiopia (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.83). ConclusionsThe Prevalence of Schistosomiasis was higher than the 2018 report of the Ethiopian federal ministry of health. The prevalence of Schistosomiasis was predominant among male gender of the school age children. Therefore, sustainable control of Schistosomiasis requires the approaches that must go beyond current deworming program. Complementary prevention strategies including health education, safe water and adequate sanitary facilities provision should be simultaneously implemented. The underlining causes of variation in risk factors of Schistosomiasis among males and females should be further studied.

Risk factors of schistosomiasis and the health effect among patients attending Alkalakla Health Centre - Khartoum State-Sudan (2018)

Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is the most prevalent parasitic disease after malaria in terms of socioeconomic and public health importance in the developing world and is listed as a Neglected Tropical disease (NTD). Objectives of the study are to identify the risk factors of schistosomiasis and its health effect among patients attending Algubba Health Center and Algalaa health Center in Al kalakla area (September 2017 to January 2018) to set recommendations according to the results. Methods and Material: - 150 patients were selected for the study by cross-sectional descriptive convenience study. Questionnaire is the main source of obtaining data &amp; information. Data were entered and analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results: - The age group of the participants between (5 to 14) years old 64%, most of them are males 92%, educational level is secondary 80%, live in bricks houses 72. 7%, , the monthly income is medium (1000 to 2000 SD)41.3%, the family head are self-employed represents 54%, respondents have access to the house electricity constitute98%, about 32.7% of the study group live near to the river, regularly swim in the river constitute 93.3%, activities of respondents near the river for the swimming 49.3%. Most of the study population the symptoms appeared before one month 59.3%, suffer from urinary schistosomiasis 86.7%, the proportion of those who have negative health impacts due to schistosomiasis 45.3%, suffer from loss of weight.40% of population study are not agree that schistosomiasis associated with other diseases,96%of respondents have the knowledge about schistosomiasis, and 64% of them received the information from the health education program. In conclusions, it is clear that swimming, house near to the river, age sex (male), and loss of body weight is the most common health effects due to schistosomiasis. The researcher recommended: to the health authority that health education programs should be conducted for the community about sanitation practices (no urination and defecation in water sources), the school health programs should be activated in schools as risk group for adolescent boys, making an especial program for detection and treatment of sick people, and repeating &amp; regular chemotherapy to those at risk of infection, control of the intermediate host snail should be continuing.

Impact of Mass Drug Administration on Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Eight Riverine Communities in the Asuogyaman District of the Eastern Region, Ghana

Background: The incidence of schistosomiasis in Ghana and more specifically in the Asuogyaman District had become a noticeable record following the creation of the Akosombo Dam in the early 1960s. This has inevitably since placed an enormous burden on the health service delivery systems in the geographical area. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of Praziquantel has been used worldwide as a preventive and treatment intervention measure for the disease, and the study area is no exception. The study, therefore, aimed to assess the impact of MDA on the prevalence and associated risk factors of schistosomiasis in eight (8) selected riverine communities within the district.&#x0D; Methods: A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 896 respondents with ages ranging from 2 to 82 years and a mean age of 17±13.78 years. Data were obtained from the Volta River Authority (VRA) Public Health and Environmental Department. Pearson’s chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to assess the association and predict the relationship between variables.&#x0D; Findings: Out of the 896 respondents, 93 (10.4 %) tested positive for Schistosoma haematobium. Proportionally, the Nyameben community had a high prevalence of 25.8% while Mami-Waterkope, and Mangoase both had a low prevalence of 3.2 %. The average uptake of Praziquantel was 41% across the study area. From the bivariate analysis, the respondents’ community of residence was noted as the only statistically significant variable contributing to infection. Respondents aged 13-39 were 1.68 times more likely to be infected compared to their younger counterparts after controlling for all other covariates in the predictive model.&#x0D; Conclusion: Mass Drug Administration had a tremendous effect on reducing the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis to the present level of 10.4%. However, some “hotspots” like the Nyameben community will require special attention to reduce the high prevalence disease rate. Communities with low uptake of Praziquantel had a relatively high prevalence of schistosomiasis.

Community mapping and transect walks to determine schistosomiasis risk factors related to WASH practices in KwaZulu-Natal

A high prevalence of schistosomiasis has been reported among primary school-going children in KwaZulu-Natal. The study aim was to conduct a community diagnosis of WASH conditions by assessing water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and to identify risk factors for schistosomiasis using participatory research methodologies. Community mapping and transect walks were conducted in Madeya village within Ingwavuma area. Thirty-six participants, comprising 19 women and 17 men aged 22–68 years participated in the study. Data were analysed using the Braun and Clarke (2006) six steps of thematic analysis. Themes reported in relation to schistosomiasis risk factors included: 1) water scarcity as a risk factor for schistosomiasis; 2) village proximity to the river as a risk factor for schistosomiasis; 3) prolonged contact with open water bodies for domestic and recreational purposes as a risk factor for schistosomiasis; 4) poor irrigation practices as a risk factor for schistosomiasis; and 5) poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The river was the main source of water for domestic use and irrigation. Consequently, members of the community were exposed to the risk of schistosomiasis infection. Open defecation was observed in the case of children, and men confessed to doing it when in the field herding animals.

Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes infection among school children in White Nile State, Sudan

Background: This a cross- sectional study was carried out in White Nile State, Sudan durin May to September 2017 to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes infections. Methods: Urine and stool samples were collected from all participant. Urine samples were examined for ova of Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) using a sedimentation technique, whereas the stool samples were tested by using the Kato-katz technique for Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and other intestinal helminthes. Results: Out of 347 urine samples and 336 stool samples examined, the prevalence of S. haematobium was 10% (35) and no positive cases were detected for S.mansoni. For the other intestinal helminthes, the overall prevalence was 12.2% (41), the species detected were Hymenolepis nana 11.3% (38) and Taenia species 0.9% (3). Among the different schools, the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes in Alliya was 14.8% (17) and 16.8 %, respectively. in . In Gooz al salaam, the prevalence was 7.9% for S. haematobium and 18.5% for intestinal helminthes. Moreover, the S. haematobium prevalence was 7.6%(8) in Hagar Assalya, but no positive cases were detected for intestinal helminthes. Regarding the gender, S. haematobium infection was higher in males (6.3%) than in females 3.7%, but the females has higher intestinal helminthes 8.9%. The age group (10-13) has higher prevalence for urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes, 7.2% (25) and 9.5 % (32), Respectively. Conclusion: The mothers education and source of drinking water were show significance regarding urinary schistomiasis and intestinal helminthic infections, meanwhile, the fathers education was not significantly correlated.