Schinopsis Brasiliensis Research Articles

Anticandida and antibiofilm activities of extract from Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. against Candida spp.

The pathogenic nature of infections caused by Candida spp. underscores the necessity for novel therapeutic agents. Extracts of Schinopsis brasilienses Engl are \ a promising source of agents with antifungal effects. This study aimed to assess the antifungal potential of the leaf extract of S. brasilienses. The antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and fungicide concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was assessed by counting colony-forming units/mL. The study examined the inhibition kinetics of fungal growth and potential synergism between gallic acid or the extract and nystatin using the Checkerboard method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through the MTT assay. The extract exhibited antifungal effect against all tested strains, with MIC and MFC ranging from 31.25-250 μg/mL. Gallic acid, the main isolated compound, displayed a MIC of 2000 μg/mL. The extract of S. brasilienses at 31.25 μg/mL inhibited the formation of biofilm by C. albicans and significantly reduced the mass of mature biofilm after 24 and 48 h (p < 0. 05). At a concentration of 125 μg/mL, the extract demonstrated significant inhibition of fungal growth after 6 hours. The combination of gallic acid or extract with nystatin did not exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effect. Furthermore, the extract did not induce cytotoxicity to a human cell line. The extract of S. brasiliensis demonstrates antifungal activity against Candida, generally exhibiting fungicidal action and capacity to inhibit biofilm formation as well as reduce mature biofilms. Additionally, the extract showed low cytotoxicity to human cells.

Schinopsis brasiliensis BARK METABOLOMIC PROFILING BASED ON NMR: EVALUATION OF METABOLIC VARIATIONS OF DIFFERENT MICROENVIRONMENT AND SEASONAL PERIODS

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna) is a tree species of the Anacardiaceae family. It is native to Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. It is a candidate for agro-industrial system that can be used to produce phytotherapeutics and bioproducts. However, to comprehensively understand the characteristics of plant within the framework of sustainable development for agro-industries, exploring the chemical and phenotypic diversity of samples from various microenvironments across different collection periods is essential. Accordingly, herein, the influence of different environmental factors and sample collection durations on braúna samples was investigated over several years using multivariate statistical analyses associated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Bark samples from different areas and environmental data from different locations were analyzed. Distinct chemical profiles were observed across reserve, forest, and management areas, all marked by elevated sugar levels suggesting water stress adaptation. High radiation and low rainfall correlated with increased sugar and amino acids. Each microenvironment responded uniquely to these environmental conditions. Consequently, plant samples from different microenvironments collected over different periods were observed to respond differently to environmental factors, such as solar radiation and temperature. We correlated the metabolomic data with climatic data evaluating the influence of abiotic factors on the production of metabolites in braúna bark samples.

Climatic niche as a modeler of the distribution pattern of Schinopsis brasiliensis in the Neotropical

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Anacardiaceae) is a woody medicinal plant interesting to research and conservation due to timber extraction, high pharmacological potential and cultural value in the Brazilian semi-arids. In this research, we modeled the potential distribution of the species in the Neotropical, identified the climate limiting factors of its distribution and measured the percentage of adequate protected areas. The model was generated in the Maxent software, through the combination of 469 registers of the species occurrence and nine climate variables from the WorldClim data base and presented good development (AUC = 0.976). The potentially adequate areas were estimated along the dry diagonal in South America, in addition to fragmented areas at the coast of Peru and Ecuador. Precipitation, temperature and atmospheric humidity were the most influential variables on the prediction of climatically viable areas for the species. The results indicate low representation of protected areas (0.003%) in highly adequate areas, which demonstrates the necessity of expansion, implementation of measures of conservation and management of S. brasiliensis. The findings in this study, therefore, can be used for scientific support on delineating these measurements.

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler-Phytochemical Properties, Biological Activities, and Ethnomedicinal Use: A Scoping Review.

Brazil has the most incredible biodiversity globally and has a vast storehouse of molecules to be discovered. However, there are no pharmacological and phytochemical studies on most native plants. Parts of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler, a tree from the Anacardiaceae family, are used by several traditional communities to treat injuries and health problems. The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the pharmacological information about S. brasiliensis, from ethnobotanical to phytochemical and biological studies. Data collection concerning the geographical distribution of S. brasiliensis specimens was achieved through the Reflora Virtual Herbarium. The study’s protocol was drafted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The search strategy used the keyword “Schinopsis brasiliensis” in the databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science, SciFinder, and SciELO. Rayyan was used for the selection of eligible studies. In total, 35 studies were included in the paper. The most recurrent therapeutic indications were for general pain, flu and inflammation. The bark was the most studied part of the plant. The most used preparation method was decoction and infusion, followed by syrup. Phytochemical investigations indicate the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and polyphenols. Most of the substances were found in the plant’s leaf and bark. Important biological activities were reported, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. S. brasiliensis is used mainly by communities in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil to treat several diseases. Pharmacological and phytochemical studies together provide scientific support for the popular knowledge of the medicinal use of S. brasiliensis. In vitro and in vivo analyses reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, cytotoxic, photoprotective, preservative, molluscicidal, larvicidal, and pupicidal effects. It is essential to highlight the need for future studies that elucidate the mechanisms of action of these phytocompounds.

Molluscicidal activity of extracts of plants from the Cerrado against Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

Plant-derived molluscicides have been indicated as selective and low-cost strategies for the control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), an intermediate host of schistosomes. This study aimed to evaluate the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of plants present in the Cerrado such as Caryocar brasiliense Camb., Ximenia americana L., Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth) Benth., and Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. as alternatives in the control of the mollusk B. glabrata. For this, leaves were collected from plants at the in Montes Claros-MG. Extracts at concentrations of 150, 100, 75, 50, and 25 μg/mL, a positive control containing niclosamide at 3 μg/mL, and a negative control containing dechlorinated water were used to verify the molluscicidal activity. To evaluate toxicity to non-target organisms, Artemia salina was treated with extract concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL. The tested aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed significant mortality within 24 h of exposure. At concentrations above 75 μg/mL, the aqueous extracts of P. viridiflora, C. brasiliense, and S. brasiliensis achieved mortality higher than 90%. Regarding ethanolic extracts, mortality above 80% was observed for all tested plants at concentrations above 50 μg/mL. No toxicity was observed against A. salina. Thus, high molluscicidal activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the tested plants against adult B. glabrata was observed and no toxicity was observed against A. salina.

Two phytocompounds from Schinopsis brasiliensis show promising antiviral activity with multiples targets in Influenza A virus.

Influenza A virus, the main flu agent, affects billions of people worldwide. Conventional treatments still present limitations related to drug-resistance and severe side effects. As a result, natural product-derived molecules have been increasingly investigated as prospect drug candidates. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible anti-flu activity and to evaluate the toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters, by in silico approaches, of the Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. phytochemical compounds. Nine phytocompounds and six antiviral drugs (Amantadine, Umifenovir, Favipiravir, Nitazoxanide, Oseltamivir, Zanamivir) were selected for the analyses against four Influenza A proteins: neuraminidase, polymerase basic protein 2, hemagglutinin and M2 ion channel protein. The molecular docking, the predicted antiviral activity, the predicted toxicity and the pharmacokinetics investigations were conducted. The obtained results demonstrated that Syringaresinol and Cycloartenone display promising in silico antiviral activity (binding energy < 5.0 and ≥ 9.0 kcal/mol) and safety (low toxicity than commercial anti-flu drugs). Overall, this study corroborated the hypothesis that S. brasiliensis barks extract has a biological activity against Influenza A virus. Additionally, Syringaresinol and Cycloartenone have multiple targets in Influenza A virus and showed themselves as the most promising phytocompounds to be isolated and considered for the therapeutic arsenal against the flu.

Sistema de Informações Geográficas para gerar mapas com a localização da Sucupira (Schinopsis brasiliensis) – margem Noroeste do município de São Francisco-MG, bacia do rio São Francisco

Managing natural resources responsibly is undoubtedly one of the biggest environmental management challenges. Thus, interpolation methods for generating Digital Elevation Models - DEM have been frequently used to help people make decisions. This study was carried out in the Northwest (B) bank of the municipality of São Francisco, North of Minas Gerais, located in the upper-middle São Francisco River basin, where the natural Cerrado suffered intense degradation in the 41 year interval (1975-2016). The aim of the project was to generate a map capable of presenting the populational average of Sucupira (Schinopsis brasiliensis) per collection point. We used overlapping cartographic images and the IDW tool of Arcgis 10.2 software. After the successful methodological experience presented in this article, results indicate that the overlapping mapping performed here shows Sucupira (Schinopsis brasiliensis) present basically throughout the studied margin, with the exception of the East and West ends. It is possible to highlight, however, a significant population growth in the South, exactly where the main water bodies of the place are, indicating that even though it is adapted to the entire study area, the species has a preference for humid regions. Further studies are suggested about the hypothesis proposed here for the distribution of the species throughout the Northwest region of the municipality of São Francisco.

Climate-growth relationships for Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. in South American tropical dry forests

The precise demarcation and cross-dating of tree rings in Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart., a valuable timber species in the tropical dry forests of South America, were used to develop the first well-replicated chronology covering the period 1843–2015. A. tomentosum Mart. tree growth is strongly regulated by soil water availability prior to and during the current growing season. In the context of increased drought severity due to climate change, determining of climate influences on A. tomentosum Mart. radial growth is necessary to establish appropriate guidelines for the management, conservation and restoration of this species, currently affected by extreme weather events, extensive fires and deforestation in the Chiquitania forests, Bolivia. Tropical forest ecosystems play a critical role in the functioning of the Earth; thus, a better understanding of the influences of climate on tree growth is needed to estimate changes in forest productivity and consequently in carbon sink variations at regional and global scales. In the context of global environmental changes, our study aimed at using the growth rings of A. tomentosum Mart. to establish the relationships between radial growth and climatic variations. The anatomical characterization of the wood elements facilitated the precise annual band delimitation and the rejection of samples with false rings and growth anomalies. A tree-ring chronology was developed using traditional dendrochronological methods and the relationships with climate determined using correlation functions. The chronology is based on 20 individuals and covers the period 1843–2015. Tree-ring statistics indicate an important common signal in growth variations between trees (R-bar = 0.31, EPS = 0.90). Interannual variations in A. tomentosum Mart. are directly related to total annual precipitation (r = 0.76) and inversely to mean annual temperature (r = − 0.44). These relationships are similar to those documented for other commercial species (Centrolobium microchaete, Schinopsis brasiliensis) from tropical dry forests in South America, suggesting a consistent climatic influence on tree growth at a regional scale. The strong dependence of tree growth on climate variability is a major concern, as climate change scenarios for tropical dry forests in South America predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts, which in turn would reduce the A. tomentosum Mart. growth during the twenty-first century.

The specific leaf area of forest species subjected to different degrees of shading did not differ when detached and full leaflets were compared

Studies of forest species under different environmental conditions are essential for enhancing our understanding of plant-environment relationships. Different light conditions interfere with the production of seedlings within forests, and this interference can be verified by assessing leaf area. However, several species have leaf compound that often contain numerous leaflets, which makes the direct measurement of leaf area difficult. This leads researchers to question whether these types of leaves should be separated for analysis or measured whole. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse specific leaf area in whole leaves and detached leaflets of six forest species subjected to different levels of shading. The forest species assessed all produced compound leaves and included Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacaranda-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) and Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático). Each species was subjected to six different degrees of shading: 0% (full sun); 20; 40; 60; 80 and 90%. Sombrite netting was used to shade plants. The analysis of the specific leaf area was performed using two different methods, which included the analysis of separate leaflets and whole leaves. To analyse leaflet area,50 leaflets per plant were assessed three times, and six plants per treatment were assessed. To assess whole leaves, data were obtained from the whole leaves of six plants per treatment. This process was repeated for all aforementioned species. Data obtained from both analysis methods indicated that all species assessed were similarly affected by shade, and leaf area varied according to the level of shading. This similarity of data demonstrates that, for these species, it is not necessary to use complex methods to obtain specific leaf area measurements. Thus, determining specific leaf by measuring the entire leaf provides results that did not statistically differ from those obtained by measuring individual leaflets.

Polymeric Nanoparticle Associated with Ceftriaxone and Extract of Schinopsis Brasiliensis Engler against Multiresistant Enterobacteria.

Bacterial resistance has become an important public health problem. Bacteria have been acquiring mechanisms to resist the action of antimicrobial active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Based on this, a promising alternative is the use of nanotechnology, since when the systems are presented in nanometric size, there is an increase in the interaction and concentration of the action at the target site improving the activity. Thus, this study aims to develop a polymeric nanoparticle (PN) composed of chitosan and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, as an innovative strategy for the administration of an association between ceftriaxone and extract of S. brasiliensis, for the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae. From a Box–Behnken design, nanoparticles were obtained and evaluated using the DLS technique, obtaining the particle size between 440 and 1660 nm, IPD from 0.42 to 0.92, and positive charges. Morphological characteristics of PN by SEM revealed spherical morphology and sizes similar to DLS. Infrared spectroscopy showed no chemical interaction between the components of the formulation. The broth microdilution technique evaluated their antimicrobial activity, and a considerable improvement in the activity of the extract and the API compared to the free compounds was found, reaching an improvement of 133 times in the minimum inhibitory activity CRO.

Mycorrhizal Inoculation on the Production of Seedlings of Native Caatinga Species

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of a mixed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum versus a single isolate to promote the seedling development of native Caatinga species: barauna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.) and juazeiro (Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, presenting a completely randomized design with four treatments (Control - not inoculated, inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Acaulospora longula or a mix of C. etunicatum and A. longula) and seven replicates. The AMF inoculation promoted an increase in all growth variables of the two plant species, with increments above 100% in all inoculation treatments, and a significant reduction in the transplanting time of the seedlings to the field. We concluded that the AMF use under study in the mixed form is as beneficial as in the isolated form for Z. joazeiro and S. brasiliensis seedling production.

Distribution and future projections for Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler (Anacardiaceae) in the semi-arid region of Brazil

The advanced degradation and desertification processes, resulting from the anthropization of the semi-arid region of Brazil has led to an increasing need for research on the status of the occurrence of plant species. Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler, popularly known as "barauna", is recognized both for its exuberance and the use of its wood for different purposes. This species occurs in the Northeast and Midwest regions of Brazil and can be found in the Cerrado and Caatinga phytogeographic domains. This study aimed to analyze the local and regional distribution and abundance of S. brasiliensis in six municipalities in different regions of Paraíba State, as well as to perform the current and predictive modeling of the ecological niche of this species in the northeast region of Brazil, considering bioclimatic variables. On a state scale, this research was conducted in six rural communities, previously selected from studies already carried out by the Ethnobiology and Environmental Sciences Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba. On a regional scale, current and predictive modeling of the species' ecological niche was used, considering bioclimatic variables, based on data obtained from the WorldClim database (www.worldclim.org). The data showed a heterogeneous distribution in the populations of S. brasiliensis. The high number of adult specimens may indicate low resource extraction. Climate change, in different scenarios, does not significantly affect the distribution of the study species in the Northeastern Region of Brazil.

Nutrient stock and nutritional efficiency of woody species in dry tropical forest as reforestation indicators

ABSTRACT Efficient forest species can be indicated for reforesting environments, which present nutritional restriction. The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient stock in leaf biomass of the species of greatest importance value (IV) in a tropical dry forest fragment, as well as to evaluate the nutritional efficiency of these species as reforestation indicators. A phytosociological study of the woody species was carried out defining the ten species with the greatest IV. Three individuals of each species were selected and sampled, with 25 leaves being collected from the middle part of the crown of each individual. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were determined in these leaves and the leaf biomass was estimated by an allometric equation, calculating the stock of these nutrients and the nutritional efficiency of the species. The Schinopsis brasiliensis and Mimosa tenuiflora species can be recommended in environments with restricted P availability, and Spondias tuberosa can additionally be indicated to populate areas with low levels of K and Mg in the soil. Differences in the nutritional efficiency of the species can be attributed to the differences in the absorption and translocation capacity, as well as the utilization of these nutrients.

Wood density as an auxiliary classification criterion for botanical identification of 241 tree species in the order Sapindales

In plant taxonomy, wood density is not usually used as a classification criterion, although it could be used as a complementary measure. The aim of the present study was therefore to verify whether the xylem tissues of species belonging to the same taxon (genus or family) are similar in terms of density. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined previously reported wood basic density values for 241 tree species growing in Latin American forests and belonging to 64 genera in the families Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae and Simaroubaceae (order Sapindales). An estimated 57% of the species analyzed had light or very light wood (basic density < 0.65 g/cm3), although the density of the whole sample varied widely between species, from 0.24 g/cm3 for Bursera instabilis to 1.23 g/cm3 for Schinopsis brasiliensis. The lightest woods generally corresponded to species in the family Simaroubaceae and the heaviest ones to species in the family Rutaceae. The interspecific variability in basic density decreased significantly as the number of species examined in the taxon increased. Thus, species in Simaroubaceae family, the least represented in the whole sample, yielded the greatest variation in basic density between species. The findings verified that, as a single criterion, basic density is insufficient to distinguish all families and genera considered in the study, as the density did not differ significantly between Burseraceae and Meliaceae or between Sapindaceae and Rutaceae. In addition, within each family the basic density only differed significantly between four of the genera: Protium (Burseraceae), Trattinickia (Burseraceae), Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) and Cupania (Sapindaceae).

Selection of arboreal species to compose and remedy riparian forests next to agricultural areas

Phytoremediation techniques can be used to decontaminate soil and water with residues of herbicides with longer residual periods that are highly leachable. Interception of these herbicides before they reach watercourses is an alternative method to manage these pesticides. Therefore, the present study aimed to select phytoremediator forest species under simulated conditions for riparian regions near cultivated lands where atrazine and 2,4-D are applied. The species Cedrela fissilis, Caesalpinia ferrea, Handroanthus serratifolius, and Schinopsis brasiliensis are not recommended for recomposition of riparian areas near agricultural fields where atrazine and 2,4-D are applied. Inga marginata was tolerant to atrazine and reduced the concentration of this herbicide in the soil. Specific bacteria present in the rhizosphere of Inga marginata may aid in the degradation of atrazine.

PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE &lt;i&gt;Schinopsis brasiliensis&lt;/i&gt; Engler SOB PRÉVIA LAVAGEM DO PÓ DE COCO E SUBMETIDAS A DOSES CRESCENTES DE FERTILIZANTE DE LIBERAÇÃO CONTROLADA

O manejo do substrato e da adubação é imprescindível para garantir a formação de mudas de espécies florestais com qualidade e que tenham êxito no estabelecimento em campo, seja para fins de arborização urbana, recuperação de áreas degradadas, projetos de reflorestamento ou para fins madeireiros. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da lavagem do pó de coco e a aplicação de doses crescentes de fertilizante de liberação controlada na produção de mudas de baraúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler). O experimento foi conduzido no período de 30 de janeiro de 2015 a 04 de abril de 2015, em viveiro (50% de sombreamento) no Setor de Produção de Mudas do Centro de Referência para Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas da Caatinga (CRAD), Petrolina-PE. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, referentes a cinco doses do adubo Osmocote® (0,0; 4,5; 9,0; 13,5 e 18,0 kg m-3) e substrato lavado ou não lavado, com quatro repetições e 54 tubetes por parcela. Durante o experimento foram registrados a porcentagem de emergência (PE%) e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). Ao final do experimento, foram determinados: altura de planta; número de folhas; diâmetro do caule; comprimento médio da maior raiz; área foliar; clorofila foliar; e massa seca da parte aérea e raiz. A alta salinidade no substrato pó de coco compromete o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de baraúna, indicando-se a necessidade da lavagem do substrato para se realizar a produção de mudas. A lavagem do pó de coco em associação com fertilizante de liberação controlada proporciona mudas de melhor qualidade. As doses de adubo de liberação controlada influenciam positivamente o crescimento inicial das mudas de baraúna, incrementando todas as variáveis em estudo. O fertilizante de liberação controlada pode ser recomendado para a formação de mudas de baraúna, na dose de até 12,75 kg m-3.

Metabolomic profile of Schinopsis brasiliensis via UPLC-QTOF-MS for identification of biomarkers and evaluation of its cytotoxic potential

Schinopsis brasiliensis is a plant typically found in the caatinga biome (northeastern Brazil). Its leaves and bark have been used for the treatment of health dysfunctions such as cough, influenza, diarrhea, throat inflammation, and sexual impotence. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of this plant. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MSE) allowed the partial identification of 33 compounds, including isomers from leaf, branch, and bark samples, with 16 compounds reported for the first time (corilagin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin derivatives) in S. brasiliensis. Principal component analysis efficiently distinguished the respective parts of the plant. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminatory analysis, together with the variable importance in projection and S-Plot graphs were used to identify 23 biomarker compounds associated with cytotoxic activity against a colorectal cancer cell line.

Efficacy of plants extracts from the Cerrado against adult female of Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae).

Dermacentor nitens tick is commonly found in the equine auditory canal, where it causes economic losses due to its direct damage, causing blood spoliation, stress, transmission of pathogens, and predisposition to myasis and secondary bacterial infection in its hosts. In this study we evaluated the effect of ethanolic extracts of Cerrado plants on biological parameters of engorged females of D. nitens. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from the leaves of Schinopsis brasiliensis, Piptadenia viridiflora, Ximenia americana, and Serjania lethalis at 25-150mgmL-1. Groups of 10 engorged adult females were treated with these extracts and compared with a control containing distilled water and another control with organophosphate, using five replicates for each group. Compared with the control with water, S. lethalis and X. americana extracts at 100 and 150mgmL-1 significantly inhibited the posture ability. Differently, extracts of S. brasiliensis and P. viridiflora were the most effective in inhibiting larval hatching. Extracts of X. americana and P. viridiflora showed effective inhibition of reproductive parameters of the tick, presenting dose-dependent effect with IC90 78.86 and 78.94mgmL-1, respectively. Theses effective extracts contained low condensed tannin levels and their HPLC chromatograms revealed the presence of flavonoids. The efficacies of P. viridiflora and X. americana extracts were higher than 90% indicating that these extracts are promising as alternative agents for D. nitens control.

Dendrological Characterization as Inspection Resources of Caatinga Wood Market

ABSTRACT This study aimed to distinguish five native forest species of the Caatinga Biome from the exotic invasive algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.), considering dendrologic characteristics of bark and wood, in order of providing subsidies for the inspection of the wood market in this Biome. The native species studied were jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.), angico branco (Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan), angico vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Gris.) Alts.), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allem) and brauna-do-sertao (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.). Studied species were recognized using dendrology identification records, containing characteristics of bark, heartwood and sapwood coloration; and the organoleptic proprieties like color, smell and taste, used for safe wood logs identification. The macroscopic characteristics, organized in dichotomous key, allowed the differentiation among the species, available in logs, during inspection.

English

The objective of this study was to determine the elicitor potential of plant extracts from Caatinga biome by enzyme activity and epidemiological components of Alternaria brown spot (Alternaria alternate f. spp. citri). These were prepared ethanolic, dichloromethanic, and aqueous extracts from 14 plants (Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Schinopsis brasiliensis, Maytenus rigida, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, C. ferrea, Peltophorum dubium, Capariscyn ophallophora, Ziziphus joazeiro, Mimosa hostilis, Momordica charantia, Erythrina velutina, Cleome hassleriana, Sideroxylum obtusifolium Spondias tuberosa) after dilution, (1mg/mL) they were sprayed on Citrus reticulate &lsquo;Ponkan&rsquo;seedlings and after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h the leaves were collected for determination of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity. For epidemiological disease components, leaves were collected 72 h after spraying, deposited on Petri dishes with moist paper, inoculated with a spore suspension of A. alternata f. spp. citri (2x105 conidia mL-1) and evaluated for 12 days initial and final severity, area below the progress curve of disease and protection. The extracts of A. macrocarpa and M. rigida potentiated the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity which had great potential in the management of the disease, reducing the final severity and area under the disease progress curve, providing high levels of control. Key words: Citrus reticulata, alternaria brown spot, elicitor. &nbsp