Schick Test Research Articles

The Schick Test and Immunization with Diphtheria Toxin-Antitoxin

The Schick Test and Immunization with Diphtheria Toxin-Antitoxin

Practical applications and uses of the schick test

Practical applications and uses of the schick test

An Experience with the Schick Test and Toxin-Antitoxin and a Plea for Their Use in the Extinction of Diphtheria

An Experience with the Schick Test and Toxin-Antitoxin and a Plea for Their Use in the Extinction of Diphtheria

A Report of 7637 Schick Tests for Immunity to Diphtheria Performed over a Period of One Year

A Report of 7637 Schick Tests for Immunity to Diphtheria Performed over a Period of One Year

Immunity results from toxin-antitoxin injections

It has already been reported that three injections of toxin-antitoxin given to children susceptible to diphtheria produced in about 90 per cent. sufficient antitoxin to give a negative Schick test and that the remaining 10 per cent. could be immunized by a second series of injections. Also that this immunity had lasted for 2 1/4 years. It still remained to be determined whether this immunity would continue unabated, and also whether it is possible to immunize infants while immune from the antitoxin transmitted to them through their mothers. Tests have just been completed on several institutions in which 3 1/4 years have elapsed since the toxin-antitoxin injections. The immunity continues as well developed as in 2 1/4 years. It is hoped therefore, that the acquired immunity may persist possibly for life as in the case of natural immunity. Our ability to immunize the infants with passive immunity is being tested on a large scale, some 1800 infants having been injected. Only fifty of these have reached a period for testing. These show an immunity of 70 per cent. against an average immunity of those at the same age (8 months) not treated of 30 per cent. It seems therefore, that a very fair success can be achieved in young infants and that with greater knowledge it is possible to hope for a complete success. Small children and infants in contradistinction to adults show almost no local or general reaction to the injections.

FURTHER EXPERIENCE WITH FACE MASKS

When the Durand Hospital of the John McCormick Institute for Infectious Diseases was opened, rigid aseptic technic was adopted and the nurses were specially instructed in measures calculated to protect them from infections. From March 12, 1913, to Nov. 1, 1914, nine out of sixty-nine nurses, or 13 per cent., acquired clinical diphtheria. From this time on, all nurses giving a positive Schick test were immunized with diphtheria antitoxin. This practically eliminated active diphtheria; but from Nov. 1, 1914, to June 1, 1916, weekly throat cultures disclosed ten diphtheria bacillus carriers among forty-three nurses, or 23.25 per cent. Up to June 1, 1916, nine cases of scarlet fever occurred among 112 nurses who were on duty, or in 8 per cent. As we were unable to explain so many instances of infection through faulty technic, an effort was made to eliminate a possible factor of danger that had previously been

INTERPRETATION OF THE SCHICK REACTION IN RECRUITS FOR THE NATIONAL ARMY

Occasional outbreaks of diphtheria in military camps, and the possibility of preventing them by utilizing the more recent advances in the prophylaxis against this disease, have caused us to apply the Schick test to the recruits for the National Army on their admission to Camp Upton, Yaphank, L. I. Over 2,500 men have thus far been tested. Owing, however, to the assignment of the recruits, within forty-eight hours, to different regiments scattered over the camp, it was found necessary to discontinue making the test at the time of the primary physical examination. The test will be applied later, when it can be more conveniently done, to all the members of each regiment. During the past four years an increasing number of hospitals and various institutions have adopted the Schick test as a routine procedure for determining the susceptibility or immunity of children and adults to diphtheria. In children the test

FURTHER STUDIES WITH THE SCHICK TEST

The Schick test has found considerable favor as a reliable clinical test in showing the presence of immunity or susceptibility to diphtheria, and is being used more and more by a rapidly increasing number of physicians. The test is now employed as a routine procedure in a great many institutions, hospitals, and in the private practice of numerous physicians. Not only is the test used to indicate the immunity of the children, but it is also of great value in active immunization with diphtheria toxin-antitoxin. For this purpose the Schick test is used not only to select the susceptible individuals, but also to indicate the efficiency and the duration of the active immunity. The very reliability of the Schick test when carefully carried out, indicates that, in making the test, one should take definite precautions to use a toxin of standard strength and carefully observe the exact directions for technical

The Schick Test, with Especial Reference to the Negro

The Schick Test, with Especial Reference to the Negro

Simplified technic in the application of the schick test

The LaryngoscopeVolume 27, Issue 8 p. 646-646 Article Simplified technic in the application of the schick test W. Litterer, W. LittererSearch for more papers by this author W. Litterer, W. LittererSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1917 https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-191708000-00012AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume27, Issue8August 1917Pages 646-646 RelatedInformation

The Selection of Horses for the Production of Diphtheria Antitoxin by an Intra-Palpebral Toxin Test

Abstract An interesting result of the work of Park and Zingher1 upon the immunization of persons with mixtures of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin has been with regard to the production of antitoxin by various individuals. It has been shown that those persons who already possess immunity to diphtheria toxin more readily react to the injections with the production of antitoxin than do those individuals who possess little or no natural immunity to diphtheria toxin. This being the case, it occurred to us that if the same thing held true with horses, we might have, in a modification of the Schick test, some indication of the productive possibilities of horses with regard to diphtheria antitoxin. The experiments that we are about to report indicate that, to a considerable degree, the antitoxin productiveness of horses can be anticipated with the use of the Schick test.

THE SCHICK TEST IN POLIOMYELITIS, SCARLET FEVER, MEASLES AND IN NORMAL CHILDREN

The routine employment of the Schick test in children with poliomyelitis admitted to the Willard Parker Hospital during the recent epidemic established a most interesting and significant fact. This, in conjunction with some previously published observations on the Schick reaction in normal children and in children suffering from scarlet fever, and some more recent observations with the test in cases of measles, may throw some light on the still open question of natural immunity and suceptibility of individuals to infectious diseases. From a previous communication on the Schick reaction1the accompanying tables (Tables 1 and 2) are taken. The tables show the results obtained with the test on a large series of normal children and scarlet fever patients. It is interesting to note that normal children between the ages of 2 and 4 years show about 32 per cent. of positive reaction, as compared with scarlet fever patients, of

OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTRADERMAL AND REPEATED INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN WITH REFERENCE TO THE SCHICK TEST

The knowledge of the effect of subcutaneous and, inadvertently, intradermal injection of diphtheria toxin on the cutaneous tissue, is as old as the knowledge of diphtheria antitoxin. It was necessarily one of the first observations made during the process of immunization and of testing out the strength of diphtheria antitoxin. A great deal of the knowledge accumulated at that time has a distinct bearing on the interpretation of the phenomena now seen in the cutaneous reaction known as the Schick test. Soon after the appearance of the reports concerning the clinical value of the intradermal diphtheria toxin test, I became interested in studying the character of the reaction and its behavior under the influence of repeated injections. My interest was held because of the occurrence of happenings analogous to those encountered with repeated injections of horse serum and cowpox vaccine, which had to be explained on entirely different grounds, and

DIPHTHERIA IMMUNITY—NATURAL, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. ITS DETERMINATION BY THE SCHICK TEST

DIPHTHERIA IMMUNITY—NATURAL, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. ITS DETERMINATION BY THE SCHICK TEST William H. ParkM. D., and Abraham ZingherM. D. CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.6.5.431-b Published Online: August 30, 2011

METHODS OF USING DIPHTHERIA TOXIN IN THE SCHICK TEST AND OF CONTROLLING THE REACTION

The practical value that the Schick reaction 1 has acquired in the diagnosis of susceptibility or immunity to diphtheria makes it desirable to say a few words about the toxin used in the test, the overneutralized or the heated toxin used in the control test, about the technic of the test, and finally about the interpretation of the reactions. The diphtheria toxin for use in the Schick test consists of a broth culture of the diphtheria bacillus, which has been grown in the thermostat at 37 C. for six days. To kill the living organisms 10 parts of a 5 per cent. solution of phenol (carbolic acid) (0.5 per cent.) are then added, and the bacteria allowed to sediment by keeping the broth culture in the ice box during the following two or three days. The supernatant culture fluid is now passed through a Berkefeld filter, and the clear filtrate

THE USE OF KAOLIN TO REMOVE DIPHTHERIA BACILLI FROM THE NOSE AND THROAT

In a preliminary note, 1 the use of kaolin to remove bacteria from the nose and throat was suggested on the basis that kaolin by means of its adsorptive property would carry with it bacteria with which it came in contact. Since this report, a study has been made of this method in 100 unselected cases, ninety-six being diphtheria patients and four diphtheria carriers. By pure diphtheria carriers is meant a person with diphtheria bacilli in the nose or throat, who yields no history of sore throat or other symptom of diphtheria, and who gives a negative Schick test. The method of the application of kaolin is as follows: As crude kaolin, which is moist and lumpy, has not the adsorptive power of the thoroughly dried and finely powdered product, the crude material is first thoroughly dried for several days in a bacteriologic incubator. The lumps are then broken

The Use of the Schick Test in a Children's Institution

The Use of the Schick Test in a Children's Institution

The Use of the Schick Test in the Suppression of an Outbreak of Diphtheria

The Use of the Schick Test in the Suppression of an Outbreak of Diphtheria