Transfer Scheme Research Articles

Estimation of fine spatial resolution all-sky surface net shortwave radiation over mountainous terrain from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data

Net shortwave radiation (NSR) plays an essential role in surface energy budget and has been reported to exhibit low estimation accuracy when ignoring topographic effects. Several algorithms have been developed to estimate clear-sky NSR in mountains, but none have estimated NSR in mountainous terrain under all-sky (i.e., both clear and cloudy) conditions. Moreover, surface heterogeneity is considerable in mountains, and coarse-spatial-resolution satellites may not provide sufficient details for fine-scale applications. In this study, to address these challenges, we developed a method for fine-spatial-resolution (i.e., from 20 m to 30 m resolution) all-sky NSR estimation in mountains directly from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 top-of-atmosphere (TOA) observations with mountainous radiative transfer scheme (herein denoted ‘TOPO’). For comparison, we also created the model neglecting topography (herein called ‘FLAT’). The validation of the TOPO model in complex terrain against Chengde ground-based pyrometers in China was good, with an R2 of 0.91 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 80.9 W/m2, which was an improvement of 46.1% (reduction of RMSE) against the FLAT model. Meanwhile, the consistency of NSR generated from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 using TOPO model was satisfactory. Time-series comparisons of NSR derived from TOPO and FLAT models showed that topographic effects were substantial both in clear sky (maximum deviation of 643.4 W/m2) and cloudy sky (270.2 W/m2) when NSR estimates from the two models were compared. The evaluation of the FLAT model with a dataset simulated from the mountainous radiative transfer (created for the TOPO model) showed that neglecting topographic effects over mountainous terrain could lead to RMSEs of 541.7 W/m2 (relative RMSE = 159.5%) and 201.4 W/m2 (relative RMSE = 217.1%) for NSR estimation under clear and cloudy skies, respectively. This study provides a straightforward method of deriving fine-spatial-resolution all-sky NSR with topographic consideration, which can be further extended to the global mapping of NSR over mountainous terrain.

Quantum information transfer between a two-level and a four-level quantum systems

Quantum mechanics provides a disembodied way to transfer quantum information from one quantum object to another. In theory, this quantum information transfer can occur between quantum objects of any dimension, yet the reported experiments of quantum information transfer to date have mainly focused on the cases where the quantum objects have the same dimension. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a scheme for quantum information transfer between quantum objects of different dimensions. By using an optical qubit-ququart entangling gate, we observe the transfer of quantum information between two photons with different dimensions, including the flow of quantum information from a four-dimensional photon to a two-dimensional photon and vice versa. The fidelities of the quantum information transfer range from 0.700 to 0.917, all above the classical limit of 2/3. Our work sheds light on a new direction for quantum information transfer and demonstrates our ability to implement entangling operations beyond two-level quantum systems.

To what extent can community energy mitigate energy poverty in Germany?

The reduction of energy poverty and the expansion of citizen-led community energy projects are two important issues for a just energy transition in the European Union. While some socio-economic aspects of community energy are well researched, there is a dearth of literature on its potential to include vulnerable households and eventually reduce the risk of energy poverty. Through the lens of energy vulnerability thinking, this paper examines current and future drivers of energy poverty in Germany, as well as factors that may limit or facilitate the inclusion of vulnerable consumers in community energy. It draws on previous studies and on 12 semi-structured interviews conducted in the Summer of 2021 with experts in the fields of energy poverty or community energy. Using a three-tenet conceptualization of energy justice, the article argues that community energy projects can mitigate energy poverty in Germany by providing affordable renewable electricity to vulnerable and energy-poor consumers, as well as by establishing fair procedures that consider various vulnerability contexts. Yet, deep-rooted distributional injustices in housing and social transfer schemes that drive energy poverty are likely to remain. In order to advance energy justice, community energy projects hinge on a collaborative multi-level and multi-actor environment.

Social Acceptability of Tax and Transfer Schemes

In this paper we argue that the equity-efficiency framework usually used by economists to analyse taxation, based on the rational individual carefully calculating costs and benefits, is incomplete because it pays little attention to the social acceptability of taxation. This is not to deny that individuals pursue their own self-interest, but it is to say that their attitudes towards taxation are more complex than that. They also depend on factors like trust in government, perceptions of fairness, feelings of solidarity and reciprocity and their own ideas. These factors need to be factored in when policy proposals are made to reform specific taxes or subsidies, and even more so when they involve reforming various taxes or subsidies at the same time.

Synergy of Z-scheme heterostructure with interfacial S−O bonding in In2S3/BiOBr for efficient tetracycline hydrochloride degradation and Cr(VI) reduction

High-efficiency interfacial charge transfer is the key to achieve better spatial carrier separation, and thus to develop advanced heterogeneous photocatalysts for environmental remediation. However, It still remains a great challenge to design and exploit the effective charge transfer scheme. Herein, a novel Z-scheme In2S3/BiOBr with S−O covalent bonding was prepared by hydrothermal and subsequent thermal annealing methods. The obtained photocatalysts were systematically characterized and used for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation and Cr(VI) reduction in aqueous solution. As a result, the optimized In2S3/BiOBr heterostructure (IS/BOB-39) exhibited superior photocatalytic activities for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation and Cr(VI) reduction under simulated solar light irradiation compared with individual materials. The Z-scheme transfer mechanism was corroborated by trapping experiments, ESR and XPS analysis, which provided an effective transfer pathway for spatial separation of carriers. Moreover, the formation of chemical S−O bond between In2S3 and BiOBr, which acted as a specific bridge to expediently transmit interfacial electrons, showed a synergistic effect with Z-scheme transfer model on the significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. In addition, the In2S3/BiOBr heterojunction presented excellent cycle stability, resulting from the tight heterointerface. This work provides a promising approach to design and fabricate high effect Z-scheme heterojunction in wastewater treatment.

AuthIoT: A Transferable Wireless Authentication Scheme for IoT Devices Without Input Interface

Wireless Internet of Things (IoT) applications have penetrated every aspect of our society and become increasingly important in smart homes, smart cities, and smart hospitals. However, many WiFi-based IoT devices (e.g., light switches, door/window open alert sensors, and Google Home) do not have input interfaces such as keypad or touchscreen due to their limits in physical size, power consumption, and/or manufacturing cost, making it inconvenient and onerous for end users to authenticate those IoT devices for wireless Internet access. In this article, we present AuthIoT, a learning-based authentication scheme for wireless IoT devices without input interfaces. The key component of AuthIoT is a channel state information (CSI)-based character classification algorithm for a WiFi access point (AP), which recognizes the passcode from an IoT device when an end user holds it in hand and writes the passcode over the air. AuthIoT has two salient features: 1) it is transferable for cross-environment applications and 2) it works in more realistic scenarios where AP is equipped with nonlinear antenna array. We have built a prototype of AuthIoT and evaluated its performance on two testbeds: 1) Intel 5300 WiFi card with three linear antennas and 2) USRP N310 with four nonlinear (square-shaped) antennas. The experimental results show that AuthIoT achieves 84% and 83% recognition accuracy on the two testbeds.

Research on load transfer scheme optimization with probabilistic graphical computing based distribution network operation mode verification

In this paper, an optimization method for distribution system load transfer scheme with consideration of the operation mode verification is proposed. The method aims to recover the distribution system from the largescale power outage caused by complete shutdown of the substations. Firstly, a physical-probabilistic-network (PPN) model is introduced to estimate the operation mode of the distribution network by using belief propagation algorithm to recognize the states of switches. Then, a two-stages optimal transfer scheme which takes both the shortest recovery time and maximum load recovery rate as objectives is brought forward to determine alternative feeders for the outrage loads. The substations with high probability of overload after the first-stage of optimization are identified as the “weak links” and the second-stage optimization strategy which considers the capacity constraints is applied to further transfer the load from the “weak links” to their neighbours. Thus, the overload chances for the “weak links” are reduced and the overall load recovery rate is improved. Case study results prove that the verification of the distribution network operation mode can help improve the accuracy of the two-stages optimal load transfer scheme. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the recovery time of the outage loads.

Freestanding Metal Nanomembranes and Nanowires by Template Transfer with a Soluble Adhesive.

The fabrication of nanostructures usually involves chemical processes that have in certain steps. Especially, it is necessary to use the chemical etching method to release the as-patterned structures from the substrate in most of the transfer techniques. Here, a novel scheme of template transfer as developed for the fabrication of freestanding Au nanomembranes and nanowires by using a soluble PVP adhesive. The nanomembranes feature the periodic nanohole arrays with high uniformity. Without the substrates, these plasmonic nanohole arrays show symmetric and antisymmetric resonance modes with bright and dark spectral features, respectively, in transmission. Through the spectral analysis for reflection, we have disclosed that the usual dark mode in transmission is not really dark, but it reveals a distinct feature in reflection. Two coupling modes present distinct spectral features in transmission and reflection due to their different loss channels. To show their versatility, the freestanding nanomembranes were also employed as secondary templates to form Si nanowire arrays by the metal-assisted chemical etching method.

The Long and Winding Road to Local Fiscal Equity in the United States: A Fifty-Year Retrospective

Abstract Unlike many other countries, the United States does not have a comprehensive federal transfer scheme for explicit fiscal equalization but rather employs an array of categorical and block grants, some of which are formula-based while others are project-driven. However, the allocation of many of these grants has equalization effects resulting in the narrowing of fiscal disparities among jurisdictions. Few studies have attempted to quantify the extent of equalization achieved with federal and state grants in a manner that would allow comparisons across states and over time. In this study, we set out to measure the extent of equalization across local governments in the United States that is implicit in the federal grants system and more explicit in the grants implemented by the individual states. Rather than focusing on specific types of local services, we look at the evolution of per capita resources available to all types of local governments combined.

Optimal ordering and transportation scheme of raw materials in production enterprises based on objective programming model

In order to better realize the development of construction production enterprises and create greater profit space for them, based on the relevant data of raw material suppliers and forwarders of a production enterprise within five years, this paper first uses ARIMA algorithm to solve the enterprise's ordering scheme, and then uses 0-1 integer programming to find the constraints between suppliers and forwarders, Finally, LINGO software is used to build the target programming model to solve the 24-week transfer scheme.

Conservation of evolutionary patterns and processes in the Maloti minnow, Pseudobarbus quathlambae (Cyprinidae, Smiliogastrini), a narrow-range stream fish imperiled by water transfer scheme developments in the Lesotho Highlands

Conservation of evolutionary patterns and processes in the Maloti minnow, Pseudobarbus quathlambae (Cyprinidae, Smiliogastrini), a narrow-range stream fish imperiled by water transfer scheme developments in the Lesotho Highlands

Vegetation clumping modulates global photosynthesis through adjusting canopy light environment.

The spatial dispersion of photoelements within a vegetation canopy, quantified by the clumping index (CI), directly regulates the within-canopy light environment and photosynthesis rate, but is not commonly implemented in terrestrial biosphere models to estimate the ecosystem carbon cycle. A few global CI products have been developed recently with remote sensing measurements, making it possible to examine the global impacts of CI. This study deployed CI in the radiative transfer scheme of the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) and used the revised CLM5 to quantitatively evaluate the extent to which CI can affect canopy absorbed radiation and gross primary production (GPP), and for the first time, considering the uncertainty and seasonal variation of CI with multiple remote sensing products. Compared to the results without considering the CI impact, the revised CLM5 estimated that sunlit canopy absorbed up to 9%-15% and 23%-34% less direct and diffuse radiation, respectively, while shaded canopy absorbed 3%-18% more diffuse radiation across different biome types. The CI impacts on canopy light conditions included changes in canopy light absorption, and sunlit-shaded leaf area fraction related to nitrogen distribution and thus the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity (Vcmax ), which together decreased photosynthesis in sunlit canopy by 5.9-7.2PgC year-1 while enhanced photosynthesis by 6.9-8.2PgC year-1 in shaded canopy. With higher light use efficiency of shaded leaves, shaded canopy increased photosynthesis compensated and exceeded the lost photosynthesis in sunlit canopy, resulting in 1.0 ± 0.12 PgC year-1 net increase in GPP. The uncertainty of GPP due to the different input CI datasets was much larger than that caused by CI seasonal variations, and was up to 50% of the magnitude of GPP interannual variations in the tropical regions. This study highlights the necessity of considering the impacts of CI and its uncertainty in terrestrial biosphere models.

A Study on Financial Inclusion and its Effectiveness on Direct Benefit Transfer Schemes

India's progress toward financial inclusion has been amazing during the past ten years, and the Indian government has actively supported it through initiatives like the Digital India Movement and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. To build an inclusive society, reducing poverty and solving the difficulties of securing sustained income may become crucial. Information and communication technologies are gradually opening up access to the unbanked people and assisting in attracting them to the banking industry. Digital technologies are promoting usage and improving residents' quality of life. In this essay, we'll talk about the progress made in financial inclusion so far, what comes next, and how we may use digital technology to create a more inclusive society. In August 2014, the government launched a new program called the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana to hasten and digitalize financial inclusion in the nation. As a result, a total of 320215027 beneficiaries received contributions totaling Rs. 793711.06 Lakhs. Additionally, as of April 2018, 240921418 recipients had received Rupay cards. The current study examines the financial inclusion through Direct Benefit Transfer in India with regard to the major social security programs, including Pratyaksha Hastaantarit Laabh (PAHAL), Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, the National Social Assistant Program, the Scholarship Program, the Public Distribution System, and others. The National Social Assistance Program (NSAP), the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), and Pratyaksha Hastaantarit Laabh (PAHAL), or Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG, are among the primary social protection programs that are highlighted (DBTL). The different obstacles to building an inclusive society are listed in this research paper.

Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage with trains of weak pulses* *This work is dedicated to Bruce Shore, a brilliant and inspiring physicist, a pioneer in coherent light–matter interaction theory, a mentor and a friend.

We consider coherent population transfer in multilevel quantum systems driven by time-delayed pulse trains. We show how to choose the parameters of the trains so that the population dynamics tracks the behavior of a Λ-type three-level system under stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). Efficient population transfer can be achieved regardless of the order and with or without overlap of the pump and the Stokes sub-pulses of the trains. Generalized STIRAP schemes of population transfer in N-level system with sequential couplings are also examined. The mechanism of the population transfer and the robustness of the proposed schemes are discussed.

Intelligence Reflecting Surface-Aided Integrated Data and Energy Networking Coexisting D2D Communications

In this paper, we consider an integrated data and energy network and D2D communication coexistence (DED2D) system. The DED2D system allows a base station (BS) to transfer data to information-demanded users (IUs) and energy to energy-demanded users (EUs), i.e., using a time-fraction-based information and energy transfer (TFIET) scheme. Furthermore, the DED2D system enables D2D communications to share spectrum with the BS. Therefore, the DED2D system addresses the growth of energy and spectrum demands of the next generation networks. However, the interference caused by the D2D communications and propagation loss of wireless links can significantly degrade the data throughput of IUs. To deal with the issues, we propose to deploy an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) in the DED2D system. Then, we formulate an optimization problem that aims to optimize the information beamformer for the IUs, energy beamformer for EUs, time fractions of the TFIET, transmit power of D2D transmitters, and reflection coefficients of the IRS to maximize IUs’ worse throughput while satisfying the harvested energy requirement of EUs and D2D rate threshold. The max-min throughput optimization problem is computationally intractable, and we develop an alternating descent algorithm to resolve it with low computational complexity. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A new data transfer scheme for the HL-LHC upgrade of the ATLAS Tile Hadronic Calorimeter

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is undergoing a series of upgrades towards a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) that will deliver five times the LHC nominal instantaneous luminosity. The ATLAS experiment is one of the experiments at the LHC that investigates elementary particle interactions in collisions of high-energy proton beams. To prepare for data taking in high-luminosity conditions, the ATLAS Tile Hadronic Calorimeter (TileCal) will replace completely on- and off-detector electronics using a new read-out architecture. The TileCal detector signals will be digitized by on-detector electronics and transferred to the TileCal PreProcessors (TilePPr), which comprise the main component of the off-detector electronics. In the TilePPr, the digitized data will be stored in pipeline buffers and be packed and read out to the Front-End LInk eXchange (FELIX) system upon the reception of a trigger decision. FELIX is a new detector readout component being developed as part of the ATLAS upgrade effort. FELIX is designed to act as a data router between the data acquisition detector control and TTC (Timing, Trigger and Control) systems and the new or updated trigger and detector front-end electronics. Whereas previous detector readout implementations relied on diverse custom hardware platforms, the idea behind FELIX is to unify all readout across one well supported and flexible platform.

The Wet Bias of RegCM4 Over Tibet Plateau in Summer Reduced by Adopting the 3D Sub‐Grid Terrain Solar Radiative Effect Parameterization Scheme

AbstractThe Regional Climate Model Version 4 (RegCM4) with the conventional plane‐parallel radiative transfer scheme severely overestimates the summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) due to the excessive surface heat source, which results from the poor representation of the sub‐grid terrain‐related radiation processes. To realistically describe the surface sub‐grid radiation process in the RegCM4, a 3‐dimensional sub‐grid terrain solar radiative effect (3DSTSRE) parameterization scheme is implemented into the RegCM4 to improve the original plane‐parallel radiative transfer scheme. Results show that adopting the 3DSTSRE scheme in RegCM4 can significantly reduce the summer (June–August) wet bias over the TP produced by the model with the plane‐parallel radiative transfer scheme. Mechanism analysis indicates that the 3DSTSRE scheme largely improves the description of the TP surface energy balance in the RegCM4 by reducing the positive bias of downward surface solar radiation (DSSR). The reduced DSSR leads to the weakened surface heat source and cooler near‐surface air over the TP. Consequently, the local atmospheric circulation adapts to the temperature field as the low‐level anti‐cyclonic (high‐level cyclonic) anomaly over the TP. The adjustment of the temperature and wind field attenuates the water vapor transport, enhances the low‐level atmospheric stability, inhibits the updraft motion, and eventually reduces the rainfall over TP. Although the 3DSTSRE improves the DSSR simulation only during daytime, the precipitation simulation is also improved at nighttime, which is fundamentally attributed to the maintenance of the cooled atmosphere throughout the daytime and nighttime.

An improved model-based interlink converter control design in hybrid AC/DC microgrids

In hybrid AC/DC microgrids, a bidirectional interlink converter (IC) connecting the AC subgrid and DC subgrid is controlled to manage proper power sharing between both subgrids. This study proposes the design scheme of a model-based IC controller for frequency and voltage regulation of connected subgrids. System identification is used to estimate the state-space model representing the hybrid AC/DC microgrid dynamics. A step response is applied to observe the hybrid microgrid dynamic where the IC power is considered as the input while the output is the deviation of voltage or frequency in each subgrid. As the system characteristics in grid-connected mode and islanded mode might be different, the active power and reactive power transfer schemes are designed specifically for each operating mode to improve the performance of IC controller. According to simulation results, it is verified that an efficient gain scheduling by model-based gain tuning can deal with various operating conditions.

Towards high volumetric capacitance via embedding a porous biomass carbon with redox organic molecules

Activated carbon-based supercapacitors can show high gravimetric capacitance and power density but inferior volumetric capacitance and energy density, which are mainly caused by the low density of carbon electrode materials and relevant energy storage processes overly depending on the huge inner space of porous carbon to finish ion adsorption/desorption. To make a difference, carbon-quinhydrone composites are fabricated by simply embedding a general hierarchical porous biomass carbon selected as the matrix with redox quinhydrone molecules. Related findings reveal that the strategy via organizing the biomass activated carbon with quinhydrone molecules creates a notable contribution to pseudo capacitance, bulk density increase, and transformation in pore size distribution as well as structural texture change. More than that, the participation of quinhydrone molecules makes the capacitive-controlled charge/discharge mechanism of the carbon-quinhydrone composites differ from that of the mixed control of interface reaction and diffusion belonging to the carbon matrix used alone, which contributes to a faster charge transfer and efficient charge storage scheme. Accordingly, the related single electrode and an asymmetric supercapacitor device based on this composite with a bulk density of 0.91 g cm−3 can offer high volumetric capacitance and energy density up to 490.5 F cm−3 and 21.6 Wh L−1, respectively.

Long-Distance High-Power Wireless Optical Energy Transmission Based on VECSELs

Wireless charging systems are critical for safely and efficiently recharging mobile electronic devices. Current wireless charging technologies involving inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, and microwave transmission are bulky, require complicated systems, expose users to harmful radiation, and have very short energy transmission distances. Herein, we report on a long-distance optical power transmission system by optimizing the external cavity structure of semiconductor lasers for laser charging applications. An ultra-long stable oscillating laser cavity with a transmission distance of 10 m is designed. The optimal laser cavity design is determined by simulating the structural parameters for stable operation, and an improved laser cavity that produces an output of 2.589 W at a transmission distance of 150 cm is fabricated. The peak power attenuation when the transmission distance increases from 50 to 150 cm is only approximately 6.4%, which proves that this wireless power transfer scheme based on a vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser can be used to realize ultra-long-distance power transmission. The proposed wireless energy transmission scheme based on a VECSEL laser is the first of its kind to report a 1.5 m transmission distance output power that exceeds 2.5 W. Compared with other wireless energy transmission technologies, this simple, compact, and safe long-distance wireless laser energy transmission system is more suitable for indoor charging applications.