Transmission Scheme Research Articles

Covert Surveillance Video Transmission with QAM Constellations Modulation

This study explores the covert transmission of surveillance videos using QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) constellations. By analyzing transmission strategies used in surveillance video systems, we adopt KL divergence as the constraint for covertness performance and mutual information to characterize transmission rates. Utilizing the Taylor series expansion method, we simplify the complex integral calculations of mutual information and KL divergence into summation operations. This simplification not only reduces computational complexity but also ensures precise calculations. Theoretical derivations establish the necessary conditions for the covert transmission of surveillance videos, optimizing modulation probabilities for constellation points. Experimental results and simulation validations demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method in terms of both information transfer and precision.

Nonlinear energy harvesting based alternate cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access with adaptive interference cancellation

We consider an energy-limited network, where a source node intends to communicate with two energy harvesting (EH) near-users and one far-user. We design a nonlinear EH-based alternate cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (CNOMA) scheme, where the source node alternately superimposes the data of each near-user and the far-user and broadcasts the composite signal. When one near-user decodes the data of both the far-user and itself by using the adaptive interference cancellation technique, the other near-user can harvest energy from the received signal. The two near-users alternately and adaptively forward data to the far-user. We properly model the energy statuses of both the two near-users by defining a group of unequally-spaced discrete energy levels. We analyze the average success probability and throughput of each user, and use the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to efficiently achieve the maximum system throughput by jointly optimizing both the time and power allocation factors. We also present two benchmark EH-based transmission schemes for comparison. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate our theoretical analysis and reveal the impacts of various parameters.

Optical access networks for fixed and mobile applications [Invited Tutorial

Optical access networks are playing a more critical role in providing diverse emerging applications for human- and machine-type communications. With the ever-growing demand for higher capacity, higher fidelity, and massive connections, numerous innovative transmission schemes and digital signal processing algorithms have been proposed in a cost-effective way. Here, we focus on two main scenarios, namely, fixed and mobile access. For the fixed access network, the solutions are categorized into direct detection, simplified coherent detection, and self-coherent detection. For the mobile fronthaul, we classify the schemes according to the functional split, including the analog radio-over-fiber, common public radio interface (CPRI), enhanced CPRI (eCPRI), and integrated and hybrid digital/analog-over-fiber interfaces. This tutorial provides an overview of the enabling technologies for fixed and mobile applications in the fifth-generation (5G) era and beyond.

Technical and Economic Challenges and Future Prospects of a Smart Grid - A Case Study

In order to improve grid efficiency, dependability, and sustainability, smart grid technology is being developed and implemented at the vanguard of updating the world's electrical infrastructure. In addition to looking at the potential implications of smart grid technology, this case study analyzes the technical and financial difficulties encountered during the implementation of a smart grid. Technical issues with energy management and system stability arise when intermittent renewable energy sources are integrated into the smart grid. To make smooth transmission, sophisticated algorithms and grid management strategies are needed. Maintaining data security and privacy is crucial since smart grids mostly depend on digital technology and data exchange. It is a constant worry to defend the grid from hackers and illegal access. The installation of sensors, smart meters, and communication equipment might come with a significant initial cost when implementing a smart grid. One of the main economic challenges is financing these developments while maintaining reasonable power bills. It may be difficult to strike a balance between the interests of technology suppliers, customers, and utilities. Real-time monitoring and control are made possible by smart grids, which improve energy distribution and minimize energy waste. In addition to lowering greenhouse gas emissions, this improves overall energy efficiency. Smart grids can enable EV charging infrastructure as electric vehicle (EV) use increases, providing potential for grid optimization and new income streams for utilities. Reliability could be increased and downtime is decreased in a smart grid when defects can be promptly identified and isolated. The implementation of a smart grid is not without its technical and financial difficulties, but the future seems bright. Overcoming these obstacles may result in an electrical grid that is more sustainable, robust, and profitable for customers as well as utilities. Stakeholder cooperation, flexible regulations, and continuous technical development are needed to address these problems. By providing practical applications and real-world insights into the implementation of a smart grid, the case study acts as a link between theoretical concepts. Stakeholders obtain a comprehensive comprehension of the intricacies involved by analyzing technical and economic obstacles. To maximize the potential of smart grid technology, this knowledge is essential for fine-tuning strategies and creating focused solutions.

Analytical review of driving axles with integrated traction electric motors for commercial vehicles

Trucks with electric propulsion are one direction in the development of transport vehicles. Electric propulsion trucks have different transmission schemes: a classic one including a traction motor, gearbox, driveshaft, driving axle, and a scheme where the traction motor, gearbox, motor cooling system, and axle lubrication system are directly integrated into the driving axle. The layouts of driving axles with integrated traction motors can be divided into three groups: axles with a longitudinal arrangement of the traction motor, axles with a coaxial arrangement of the traction motor and vehicle wheels, and axles with a parallel arrangement of the traction motor axis and vehicle wheels. The layout largely determines technical solutions and requirements for transmission components. The layout is determined by the level of production and set tasks, such as high standardization with the produced products, or using components from the manufacturer’s standard product range.

Next Generation Based Vehicular Visible Light Communications: A Novel Transmission Scheme

Next Generation Based Vehicular Visible Light Communications: A Novel Transmission Scheme

FAWF-5 Test Artilce for Preprint

Latency is considered as one of the main bottlenecks in order to meet the demands needed for many use cases in future communication systems. As a remedy, we study in this work the benefits of using some cache-equipped helpers in a wireless communication scenario. More precisely, a wireless network with a transmitter, two cache-equipped helpers, and two receivers is studied from the latency point of view. While the transmitter has access to the whole data, the helpers store some data in their cache in order to support the transmitter in fulfilling the demands of the receivers. The main challenge is to develop a joint caching placement and the transmission strategy which minimizes the latency of the communication. To this end, a general encoded caching is considered in which each message is split into four types of sub-messages. The sub-messages of the first and second types are stored only in the cache of the first and second helper, respectively. The sub-messages of the third type are cached at both helpers while the sub-messages of the fourth type are not cached at any helper. The size of the sub-messages is optimized in a way such that the delivery time of one bit for the worst-case demand is minimized. Moreover, a general lower bound on the delivery time is provided. Using this lower bound as a benchmark, the performance of the proposed caching policy is evaluated. It is shown that facilitating the cache-equipped helpers decrease the latency of broadcasting. Furthermore, it is shown that for the proposed caching policy, storing identical sub-messages in the cache of different helpers cannot be optimal if the cache size of the helpers is insufficiently large.

Energy-Function Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid UHVDC Transmission Applying Improved Hausdorff Distance

Energy-Function Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid UHVDC Transmission Applying Improved Hausdorff Distance

Determination of the influence degree of technologies for issuing train traffic safety warnings

This article focuses on assessing the quality of information based on the Bayes network to justify the effectiveness of internet technology in providing traffic safety in rail transport, while issuing speed reduction alerts. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were completed: technological schemes of data transmission and reception systems “P”, “Sh”, “E” “L”, “D” of rail transport network enterprise were presented; a Bayes network was formed, the probabilities of events were determined; conditional probabilities of control phenomena were determined. An existing and proposed system of issuing and cancelling warnings on Uzbekistan Railways has been studied. An evaluation based on the Bayes network has been carried out to justify efficiency in terms of data quality. One plot with a train serving intermediate stations was chosen conditionally. The transmission of alerts to these trains was carried out with two different systems. Technological operations are reduced to probabilistic relations. The model identifies a control event in four for comparison. The results showed the reliability of existing monitoring system data lower than suggested. This is due to the connection of the existing transmission system with each other, which allows the OBAUT system to control that all data is simultaneously transmitted and the transmitted data is received, regardless of the previous data. In addition, the level of subjective interventions for information transmission is also significantly reduced. OBAUT capabilities are considered much more efficient in terms of data quality, reliability and timely transmission. The widespread use of Information Technology in the network helps to improve the quality of data, and the addition allows you to make quick decisions in the organization of train traffic.

Research and Design of an Optimal Management Strategy for Simultaneous Wireless Power and Information Transmission for Highway Vehicles

Research and Design of an Optimal Management Strategy for Simultaneous Wireless Power and Information Transmission for Highway Vehicles

Optimization of Higher Education Teaching Method System Based on Edge Intelligence

Abstract Nowadays, educational information technology is widely used in higher education teaching, but various teaching resources are not reasonably utilized and effectively managed. In order to solve such problems, this paper introduces edge computing in the basic cloud computing environment to innovate and optimize the multimedia teaching mode of higher education, proposes a VR edge cloud classroom teaching mode, and proposes a collaborative transmission and resource allocation strategy based on DIBR vision synthesis technology to optimize the teaching experience. The VR Edge Cloud Classroom teaching model is designed from three aspects: teaching methods, teaching content, and teaching evaluation. Through practical teaching, students believe that the advantages of this teaching mode are mainly rich in learning resources, conducive to learning-related knowledge and that they will achieve gains in expanding their knowledge, improving their independent learning ability and cultivating their analytical and problem-solving ability. Comparing and analyzing the teaching effect of VR edge cloud classrooms with the traditional teaching effect, there is a significant difference between the two in terms of the achievement of the total objectives (P=0.015<0.05). The teaching effect of a VR edge cloud classroom is significantly better than that of a traditional classroom.

Health facility-based prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus and malaria among individuals suspected of acute febrile illnesses in Southwest Region, Ethiopia.

Acute febrile illnesses such as typhoid fever, typhus, and malaria are still major causes of hospital admission in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there are substantial gaps in the monitoring systems, which result in a lack of knowledge about the geographic distribution and role of common pathogens, particularly in rural areas. Thus, this study was aimed at assessing the seroprevalence of typhoid fever, typhus, and malaria among suspected acute febrile patients at the MTU Teaching Hospital and Mizan-Aman Health Center, Southwest region of Ethiopia. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out from July to October 2022. Blood samples were collected from a total of 384 individuals. Widal and Weilfelix direct card agglutination and tube agglutination test methods were used for the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. typhi) and Rickettsia infections. The diagnosis of malaria was made using thick and thin blood smears. Questionnaires given by interviewers were used to gather information on risk factors and other sociodemographic factors. The data was analyzed using STATA/SE 14.0. A total of 371 patients were tested for S. Typhi and Rickettsia infections using direct card agglutination and tube agglutination methods. Using the screening test, 20.5% (76/371) patients were reactive either for O or H antigens or both, of which 55.3% (42/76) were reactive by the titration test at the cutoff value ≥ 1:80. About 17.5% (65/371) were reactive to OX19 antigen by card agglutination test, and of which 58.5% (38/65) were reactive by the titration test at the cutoff value ≥ 1:80. The overall seroprevalence of S. Typhi and Rickettsia infections using combined direct card and tube agglutination techniques was 11.3% (42/371) and 10.2% (38/371), respectively. Out of 384 suspected malaria patients, 43 (11.2%) were found positive either for P. falciparum, 27 (7.03%), or P. vivax, 16 (4.2%). In this study, typhoid fever, typhus, and malaria were found among symptomatic acute febrile patients. To increase disease awareness, it is necessary to provide sustainable health education about risk factor behaviors, disease transmission, and prevention strategies. In addition, improving laboratory diagnosis services and early treatment may also lower the likelihood of potentially fatal consequences.

A Novel Quantum Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Transmission Scheme

A Novel Quantum Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Transmission Scheme

On Secure NOMA-Aided Semi-Grant-Free Systems

Semi-grant-free (SGF) transmission scheme enables grant-free (GF) users to utilize resource blocks allocated for grant-based (GB) users while maintaining the quality of service of GB users. This work investigates the secrecy performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-aided SGF systems. First, analytical expressions for the exact and asymptotic secrecy outage probability (SOP) of NOMA-aided SGF systems with a single GF user are derived. Then, the SGF systems with multiple GF users and the best-user scheduling scheme is considered. By utilizing order statistics theory, analytical expressions for the exact and asymptotic SOP are derived. Monte Carlo simulation results are provided and compared with two benchmark schemes. The effects of system parameters on the SOP of the considered system are demonstrated and the accuracy of the developed analytical results is verified. The results indicate that both the outage target rate for GB and the secure target rate for GF are the main factors of the secrecy performance of SGF systems.

HRL-Based Access Control for Wireless Communications With Energy Harvesting

This paper studies the access control problem of long-term throughput maximization in wireless communication systems with Energy Harvesting (EH). In the existing research, many access schemes based on accurate environmental information have been proposed, such as channel information and the EH process. However, access to environmental information is costly, and traditional access control frameworks are expensive to explore in high-dimensional spaces. Thus, an access control framework based on hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) is proposed in this paper. In HRL, the control problem in the Markov decision process (MDP) form is decomposed into a multilevel sequential control problem. It includes high-level channel number selection, mid-level channel selection, and low-level channel matching subproblems. The scheme is obtained by combining the solutions of subproblems at different level which are solved in sequence. In addition, to improve learning efficiency, the deterministic action (DA) module and the prior knowledge (PK) module are put forward. The DA module solves the channel matching problem under the additional guidance given by the previous subproblem, which selects definite good low-level actions. The PK module provides the framework with the common knowledge of the system structure learned from the hypothetical environment, so as to obtain better initial performance. Experimental results show that our framework achieves better performance and better learning efficiency compared with several recent transmission schemes. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Access control is an important issue in wireless communication systems, and users need to be scheduled to solve the constraint of limited resources, such as energy usually provided by batteries. In recent years, in order to overcome the energy limitation, energy harvesting devices have been developed and applied to wireless communication systems. However, the energy collection ability of the system is greatly influenced by the environment, which leads to the poor performance of most traditional control schemes that rely on the prior knowledge of the environment. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL)-based model-free access control framework for wireless communication system to maximize the system throughput without any prior environmental knowledge. The scheme abstracts the original control problem into three sub-control sub control problems according to tasks and solves them sequentially, thus simplifying the original control problem. This scheme can not only learn independently, but also does not depend on the prior knowledge of the environment. Moreover, this method is also suitable for the large-scale environment while the conventional end-to-end reinforcement learning is not suitable for. Compared with traditional algorithms, our method has better performance and higher learning efficiency.

Attack-Detection-Based Event-Triggered Transmission Scheme for Stabilizing Cyber-Physical Systems Under Denial of Service Attacks

Attack-Detection-Based Event-Triggered Transmission Scheme for Stabilizing Cyber-Physical Systems Under Denial of Service Attacks

A lattice-based certificateless secure data transmission scheme for Internet of Vehicles Based-Blockchain

A lattice-based certificateless secure data transmission scheme for Internet of Vehicles Based-Blockchain

WiLO-OFDM Transmission Scheme for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer

WiLO-OFDM Transmission Scheme for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer

INTERCONNECTION SCHEME FOR A MULTIPROTOCOL HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN A CIVIL AIRPORT

In the movement area of an airport, the wireless communication system is built to satisfy the communication requirements of mobile stations (MSs), which include aircraft, vehicles, staff, passengers, and sensors. However, the actual airport wireless communication system is a heterogeneous wireless network with multiple individual wireless communication systems. In this paper, we design a multiprotocol base station (MPBS) to realize the access and interconnection of the MSs with different protocols. In addition, a direct forwarding scheme of MPBS is proposed to improve the performance of transmissions from one MS to another. Third, a priority order transmission scheme, which can reduce the end-to-end delay of important data, is proposed for direct forwarding MPBS. Simulation results show that the proposed direct forwarding MPBS scheme can improve the transmission performance of interactive data and reduce the load of the core network.

A Secure Transmission Scheme With Efficient and Lightweight Group Key Generation for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

A Secure Transmission Scheme With Efficient and Lightweight Group Key Generation for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks