Packet Transmission Scheme Research Articles

Location-aware hybrid microscopic routing scheme for mobile opportunistic network

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">Mobile opportunistic networks (MON) has been used for provisioning delay-tolerant applications. In MON the device communicates with each other with no assured end-to-end paths from source and destination because of frequent topology changes, node mobility, low density, and intermittent connectivity. In MON the device battery drains very fast for performing activities such as scanning, transceiver, and other computational processes, impacting the overall performance thus, designing energy-efficient routing is a challenging task. The routing employs a store-carry-and-forward mechanism for packet communication, where the packet is composed of time-to-live (TTL) and is kept in buffer till the opportunity arises. In improving delivery ratio message replication has been adopted; however, induces high network congestion. Here we present a location-aware hybrid microscopic routing (LAHMR) scheme for MON. The LAHMR provides an effective packet transmission scheme with location awareness and high reliability by limiting unnecessary packets being circulated in the network. Experiment outcome shows the LAHMR scheme achieves a much better delivery ratio with less delay, and also reduces the number of a forwarder for transmitting a packet, aiding in the reduction of network overhead concerning recent routing method namely the social-aware reliable forwarding (SCARF) technique.</span></p>

Partial Sample Transmission and Deep Neural Decoding for URLLC V2X System

With the rapid development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), mission-critical vehicular services such as vehicle platooning, safety alarming, and remote driving play a key role in the future ITS. In order to support these emerging services, low-latency and high reliability transmission should be ensured. In the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems, it is very difficult to meet the latency requirement since group of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols are processed in a form of the resource block. In this paper, we propose a novel low-latency packet transmission scheme for V2X systems, referred to as partial sample transmission (PST). In PST, we map the transmit information into subcarrier positions and then decode it using a small fraction of received samples at the receiver. To perform the efficient decoding, we propose a deep learning (DL)-based PST decoding. From the numerical evaluations on the V2X system, we demonstrate that the proposed PST technique outperforms conventional transmission schemes in terms of the block error rate (BLER) and the signaling latency.

An efficient producer mobility management technique for real-time communication in NDN-based Remote Health Monitoring systems

The remote Health Monitoring (RHM) system is a remote healthcare platform that provides real-time monitoring services and brings convenience and safety for doctors as well as patients. Named Data Network (NDN) is a future network architecture, which is a kind of Information-Centric Network. NDN’s advantages in data security and performance can make the health system more reliable and efficient. However, in the existing NDN network architecture, there exist some producer mobility issues that can impede the proceeding towards real-time and seamless communication. To solve the problem, a Neighborhood Registration Scheme (NRS) is proposed here. When the mobile producer moves from one AP to another, it has not registered into the new AP and thus cannot receive the Interest Packet (IntP) from the consumer in time, which can cause data losses. Meanwhile, the updating process in the NDN map also takes a considerable time, which can also cause delay, referred to as updating delay. This is due to some consumers having got the new location of the mobile producer while others have not. The scheme proposes in this paper is to register the mobile producer not only into the nearest Access Point (AP) but also multiple neighbor APs. In this way, the delay caused by AP switching and package loss rate can be effectively reduced, which allows mobile producers to move across the cells with low latency and Packet Loss (PL) rate. NRS is a comprehensive routing algorithm that designs the modified packet transmission strategy. Compare to the Anchor-less strategy, the proposed NRS decreases about 80% PL rate and saves 16% delay time, whereas, NRS reduces more than 90% PL rate and saves 40% delay time than Hop-count strategy in high-speed producer mobility scenarios. These improvements are necessary for RHM because low delay and PL are the most important requirements of the RHM that can strengthen the real-time monitoring for patients, information interaction between doctors and patients, and safety assurance. By setting the proper parameters, NRS can promise to have no PL and acceptable network cost.

Energy-efficient collection scheme based on compressive sensing in underwater wireless sensor networks for environment monitoring over fading channels

Considering the energy-limited and fading channels of large underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) in long-term environment monitoring, an energy-efficient collection scheme based on compressive sensing (CS) in UWSNs for environment monitoring over fading channels is proposed. In this paper, a CS-based UWSNs data collection model is established by exploiting the spatial sparsity of underwater environment data to reduce the number of sensor nodes required. By considering the impact of channel fading on instantaneous power, a packet transmission strategy is deduced to ensure the successful reception of given number of packets. Furthermore, a CS-based energy-efficient collection scheme is proposed based on the model and the strategy to realize an efficient monitoring of the target field and reduce the energy consumption of UWSNs. Performance analysis is conducted and real data example are provided to illustrate the validity of the proposed scheme.

Minimizing Packet Drop Due to Black Hole Attack in Wireless Ad-Hoc Network Using Intrusion Detection System

A black hole attack is a place in computer networking whereby incoming and outgoing traffic are silently discarded or dropped without notifying the source that the data sent was unable to reach its destination. A highly successfully black hole attack can prevent all data from reaching its destination and are undetectable. This attack is a significant threat to any wireless Ad-hoc Network because it causes isolation in the Network and does that untraced. The aim of this research work focus on minimizing black hole attack in wireless Ad-hoc Network. To do this, the effect of black hole attack on wireless Ad-hoc Network in terms of packet delivery ratio was first determined. This was done by comparing the packet delivery ratio when intrusion detection system was activated and when it was not activated. Next was to reduce the rate of packet loss as a result of black hole attack this was achieved by generating a packet transmission scheme, which will enable the nodes to gain authentication in the network before packets will be sent to them, thereby reducing the rate of packet loss. After this an intrusion detection system was implemented in all the node. Then a sequence number model and Wi-Fi mini point adapter method was used in modeling intrusion detection system and the corresponding throughput was achieved by calculating the amount of data transferred from source to destination in a given amount of time. All the above work was performed by simulation using PHP-MYSQL and MATLAB. The results obtained showed that the packet loss in ad-hoc wireless network under attack was reduced by 1% when compared by the work done by other researchers.

Open-Loop Communications for Up-Link URLLC Under Clustered User Distribution

To achieve ultra-low latency for ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) in fifth-generation (5G) systems, open-loop communications (OLC), which removes the time-consuming feedback procedure, has been proposed as a promising technique, especially for uplink transmission (UL). The performance of the OLC has been commonly analysed under a uniform user distribution model. Since the users are commonly clustered around highly populated areas, a clustered or non-uniform user distribution model is more realistic. However, the performance analysis under a clustered user distribution model is not trivial. In this paper, we therefore aim to analyse the OLC network performance under a clustered user distribution. We also investigate how to achieve URLLC by jointly employing the OLC mode, short packet transmission, multi-cell association and diversity schemes such as selection combining (SC) and maximum ratio combining (MRC). We provide a tractable approach to analyse the UL reliability and its approximated closed form. The simulation results show that the derived closed form can provide a reasonable approximation for the UL reliability when the SC algorithm is employed. Moreover, for the case of MRC, the analytical results can provide a tight approximation on the uplink reliability when the number of the associated BSs is lower than 2, while serving as a corresponding upper bound when the number of the associated BSs is larger than 2.

An MPTCP-Based Transmission Scheme for Improving the Control Stability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been applied to various applications. In order to perform repetitive and accurate tasks with a UAV, it is more efficient for the operator to perform the tasks through an integrated management program rather than controlling the UAVs one by one through a controller. In this environment, control packets must be reliably delivered to the UAV to perform missions stably. However, wireless communication is at risk of packet loss or packet delay. Typical network communications can respond to situations in which packets are lost by retransmitting lost packets. However, in the case of UAV control, delay due to retransmission is fatal, so control packet loss and delay should not occur. As UAVs move quickly, there is a high risk of accidents if control packets are lost or delayed. In order to stably control a UAV by transmitting control messages, we propose a control packet transmission scheme, ConClone. ConClone replicates control packets and then transmits them over multiple network connections to increase the probability of successful control packet transmission. We implemented ConClone using real equipment, and we verified its performance through experiments and theoretical analysis.

Optimized Polarizing Matrix Extension Based HARQ Scheme for Short Packet Transmission

In this letter, an optimized polarizing matrix extension (OPME) method is incorporated into the adaptive incremental redundancy hybrid ARQ for the sake of supporting short packet transmission. Benefiting from synthetically utilizing bit-channel reliability and code distance without adding extra online computational complexity, the generation and distribution of proper new information bits and bit-protect pairs are specifically designed. Finally, a suboptimal algorithm is proposed for simplifying the search process of the proper number of bit-protect pairs only at the cost of a negligible performance loss. As a result, the simulation demonstrate that the proposed scheme could achieve a considerable error-performance gain compared with the state-of-the-art result under short block length.

Multibody System-Based Adaptive Formation Scheme for Multiple Under-Actuated AUVs

Underwater vehicles’ coordination and formation have attracted increasing attention since they have great potential for real-world applications. However, such vehicles are usually under-actuated and with very limited communication capabilities. On the basis of the multibody system concept, a multiple autonomous underwater vehicle formation and communication link framework has been established with an adaptive and radial basis function (RBF) strategy. For acoustic communication, a packets transmission scheme with topology and protocol has been investigated on the basis of an acoustic communication framework and transmission model. Moreover, the cooperative localization errors caused by packet loss are estimated through reinforcement learning radial basis function neural networks. Furthermore, in order to realize formation cruising, an adaptive RBF formation scheme with magnitude reduced multi-layered potential energy functions has been designed on the basis of a time-delayed network framework. Finally, simulations and experiments have been extensively performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Spectral encapsulation of OFDM systems based on orthogonalization for short packet transmission

A spectrally encapsulated (SE) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) precoding scheme for wireless short packet transmission, which can suppress the out-of-band emission (OoBE) while maintaining the advantage of the cyclic prefix (CP)-OFDM, is proposed. The SE-OFDM symbol consists of a prefix, an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) symbol, and a suffix generated by the head, center, and tail matrices, respectively. The prefix and suffix play the roles of a guard interval and suppress the OoBE, and the IFFT symbol has the same size as the discrete Fourier transform symbol in the CP-OFDM symbol and serves as an information field. Specifically, as the center matrix generating the IFFT symbol is orthogonal, data and pilot symbols can be allocated to any subcarrier without distinction. Even if the proposed precoder is required to generate OFDM symbols with spectral efficiency in the transmitter, a corresponding decoder is not required in the receiver. The proposed scheme is compared with CP-OFDM in terms of spectrum, OoBE, and bit-error rate.

An Opportunistic Cooperative Packet Transmission Scheme in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks.

Cooperative routing, combining cooperative communication in the physical layer and routing technology in the network layer, is one of the most widely used technologies for improving end-to-end transmission reliability and delay in the wireless multi-hop networks. However, the existing cooperative routing schemes are designed based on an optimal fixed-path routing so that the end-to-end performance is greatly restricted by the low spatial efficiency. To address this problem, in this paper an opportunistic cooperative packet transmission (OCPT) scheme is explored by combining cooperative communication and opportunistic routing. The proposed scheme divides the multi-hop route into multiple virtual multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions. Before each transmission, based on the idea of opportunistic routing, a cluster head (CH) is introduced to determine the multiple transmitters and multiple receivers to form a cluster. Then, the single-hop transmission distance is defined as the metric of forward progress to the destination. Each intra-cluster cooperative packet transmission is formulated as a transmit beamforming optimization problem, and an iterative optimal beamforming policy is proposed to solve the problem and maximize the single-hop transmission distance. CH organizes multiple transmitters to cooperatively transmit packets to multiple receivers with the optimized transmit beamforming vector. Finally, according to the transmission results, the cluster is updated and the new cooperative transmission is started. Iteratively, the transmission lasts until the destination has successfully received the packet. We comprehensively evaluate the OCPT scheme by comparing it with conventional routing schemes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed OCPT scheme is effective on shortening the end-to-end transmission delay, increasing the number of successful packet transmissions and improving the packet arrival ratio and transmission efficiency.

Improving Throughput of Communication Link in IEEE 802.15.4 Based Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network

It is critical to design a reliable packet transmission scheme to improve throughput in Energy harvesting Wireless sensor network (EH-WSN) or Battery free Wireless sensor network (BF-WSN). We present the Optimal size and rate (OSR) scheme to improve throughput of communication links in the IEEE 802.15.4 based BF-WSN that harvests radio frequency energy. Based on the de.ned truncated geometrical distribution, we formulate the optimization problem that maximizes the e.ective throughput of communication link. The solution of the optimization problem yields the optimal triple, namely the optimal packet size, data rate, and Maximum number of transmission trials (MNTT), which is used in the OSR so that throughput is considerably improved. Simulation results show the OSR scheme can improve throughput.

Value Iteration Architecture Based Deep Learning for Intelligent Routing Exploiting Heterogeneous Computing Platforms

Recently, the rapid advancement of high computing platforms has accelerated the development and applications of artificial intelligence techniques. Deep learning, which has been regarded as the next paradigm to revolutionize users’ experiences, has attracted networking researchers’ interests to relieve the burden due to the exponentially growing traffic and increasing complexities. Various intelligent packet transmission strategies have been proposed to tackle different network problems. However, most of the existing research just focuses on the network related improvements and neglects the analysis about the computation consumptions. In this paper, we propose a Value Iteration Architecture based Deep Learning (VIADL) method to conduct routing design to address the limitations of existing deep learning based routing algorithms in dynamic networks. Besides the network performance analysis, we also study the complexity of our proposal as well as the resource consumptions in different deployment manners. Moreover, we adopt the Heterogeneous Computing Platform (HCP) to conduct the training and running of the proposed VIADL since the theoretical analysis demonstrates the significant reduction of the time complexity with the multiple GPUs in HCPs. Furthermore, simulation results demonstrate that compared with the existing deep learning based method, our proposal can guarantee more stable network performance when network topology changes.

Network coding assisted multicasting in multi-hop wireless networks

This paper presents a Network Coding Assisted Multicast Least Cost Anypath Routing (NC-MLCAR) scheme for packet transmission over a multi-hop wireless network. Our objective is to transmit packets efficiently from the source node to the destination set with the help of a selected forwarder set to reduce the expected number of transmissions for efficient network capacity usage. The forwarder set is selected using the earlier Multicast Least Cost Anypath Routing (MLCAR) algorithm. Network coded packets are then transmitted by allocating traffic efficiently between the nodes of the forwarder set while ensuring that each destination receives all the packets. Simulation results are presented for the cases when the packets receptions over different links are considered to be (i) independent and (ii) correlated. The extensive simulation results presented in the paper are compared with the corresponding MLCAR approach and other network coding schemes employed for multicasting like MORE and Pacifier. It is observed that the proposed NC-MLCAR scheme significantly reduces the expected number of overall transmissions in the network, for both independent links and correlated links, when compared to the existing multicasting schemes. Complexity analysis of NC-MLCAR is also presented.

Random multiple data packets transmission scheme in LTE-based machine-type communications

Transmitting small data packets along with the Random Access (RA) procedure of Machine-Type Communications (MTC) is a promising solution to reduce the required signaling overhead in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. The performance analysis of RA upon transmitting one data packet shows that this strategy is beneficial. We present a multiple data packets transmission scheme based on the Access Class Barring (ACB) and multiple granted Resource Blocks (RBs) to further reduce the MTC Devices’ (MTCDs’) energy consumption. In the proposed scheme, each MTCD stays in the idle state until its queue builds up to u data packets which then called an active MTCD. Next, active MTCDs initiate the ACB check which allows the successful ones to transmit u data packet simultaneously in one RA procedure and hence reduces the energy consumption. That is by granting a greater number of RBs for each detected preamble and at the cost of longer access delay more energy could be saved. Using queueing theory analysis, we analyze the RA efficiency and the trade-off between energy consumption and incurred access delay of RA for a given number of RBs. Numerical results are provided to show the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of MTCDs’ energy consumption and efficient utilization of RA resources.

Performance of frame transmissions and event-triggered sleeping in duty-cycled WSNs with error-prone wireless links

Two types of packet transmission schemes are prevalent in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks, i.e., single packet transmission and aggregated packet transmission which integrates multiple packets in one frame. While most existing models are developed based on an error-free channel assumption, this paper evaluates the performance of both transmission schemes under error-prone channel conditions. We develop a four-dimensional discrete-time Markov chain model to investigate the impact of channel impairments on the performance of frame transmissions. Together with tracking the number of packets in the queue, number of retransmissions and number of active nodes, the fourth dimension of the model is able to capture the channel behavior at the frame-level. Based on the developed model, we analyze packet loss probability, packet delay, throughput, node energy consumption, and energy efficiency under various channel conditions. To further reduce energy consumption, we propose an event-triggered sleeping (ETS) energy mode for synchronous duty-cycling medium access control protocols. Numerical results reveal to which extent channel impairments may deteriorate the network performance, as well as the advantage of adopting aggregated packet transmission. The benefit brought by the ETS energy mode is also demonstrated showing that the network lifetime is considerably extended, particularly in low traffic load scenarios.

A Novel Packets Transmission Scheme Based on Software Defined Open Wireless Platform

The IEEE 802.11-2012, known as wireless-fidelity, offers a rich set of physical layer (PHY) features supported by advanced media access control (MAC) mechanisms. The use of off-the-shelf commercial 802.11 network interface card based (NIC-based) platforms constitutes an inexpensive prototyping approach based on reprogramming the cards software drivers. Besides, the commercial 802.11 NIC-based platform performs the functions of the MAC layer and PHY layer, respectively, by way of the firmware in the networking card and the software-driver running on the host computer, the former of which carries out the time-critical functions (Low MAC and PHY) while the latter serves the time-tolerant functions (High MAC). However, the maintenance of the cards produced in this way turns out quite troublesome. Therefore, based on a mixed real-time software-hardware architecture, i.e., a software defined open wireless platform, a novel packets transmission scheme is proposed in this paper in order to overcome the limitations of the NIC-based platform so that it becomes fully flexible and re-configurable. Furthermore, the novel scheme consists of three parts. First, a preliminary scheme is designed as follows: shift the hard-coded Low MAC and the PHY to the user space, then carry out the High MAC in the kernel space, and then combine the High MAC with the Low MAC via the Netlink. Second, based on preliminary scheme, the sending packets (i.e., the MAC frame) are reorganized in a lightweight way and the packets’ completeness and correctness are validated with experiments. Third, an M/M/1 model is exploited to create a packets transmission ring for optimizing the preliminary scheme. And the experimental results of the packets transmission concerned have proved the above-mentioned novel scheme outperforms the traditional one (i.e., the NIC-based platform) in terms of the system overhead and the number of packets sent in unit time.

Efficient and reliable packet transfer protocol for wireless multihop bidirectional communications

In wireless multihop bidirectional communication environment, there is a possibility that packet collision and retransmission owing to the hidden node problem decrease efficiency of throughput. The aim of this article is to achieve efficient and reliable packet transmissions in such environments. To do so, we propose a packet transmission scheme named inter-flow network coding with passive acknowledgment. In inter-flow network coding with passive acknowledgment, it is necessary to optimize the encoding latency and to avoid passive acknowledgment packet collision, so we address these issues in this article. Finally, we also confirm that the inter-flow network coding with passive acknowledgment scheme is effective in terms of the collection ratio and delay through simulations.

Performance of uncoordinated coexistence mechanisms in adhoc networks

Dynamic spectrum sharing between uncoordinated devices is impaired by interference. Simple coexistence mechanism can reduce this interference and improve network performance. We analyze performance of some simple coexistence mechanisms in detail, where the decision to transmit a packet by a given device to its intended receiver is taken solely by the transmitter receiver pair without any central control. Accurate interference models are developed assuming a large number of transmitter-receiver pairs that are randomly distributed according to a Poisson spatial point process. These are used to derive accurate expressions for packet error rates in the case of direct sequence code division multiple access physical layer model and slotted packet transmission schemes. These results are then used to study the performance of the coexistence mechanisms and compare them with each other.

Battery‐friendly scheduling policy in MAC layer for WBAN data packets transmission

Energy consumption is a critical issue for battery-powered sensor nodes in wireless body area networks (WBANs). Many energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols have been proposed and investigated for energy-constrained WBANs. These protocols assume that the battery has an ideal linear model. However, in practical application, the battery model is non-linear. When the lithium (Li)-ion battery experiences an idle period, the unavailable charge can be transferred to the available charge and the battery lifetime can be extended. In this study, the authors propose a battery-friendly MAC (BFMAC) protocol based on the non-linear electrochemical properties of the Li-ion battery. A remaining charge factor (RCF) of the battery is introduced. On the basis of the RCF, a combined packets transmission scheme is designed to maximise the lifetime of the battery-powered sensor nodes. The performance of the BFMAC is evaluated through simulation. The results show that the presented BFMAC and the joint packets transmission scheme prolonged the network lifetime by 25.45% over the sensor-MAC and 33.61% over the IEEE 802.15.4 non-beacon-enabled MAC.