Abstract
Cooperative routing, combining cooperative communication in the physical layer and routing technology in the network layer, is one of the most widely used technologies for improving end-to-end transmission reliability and delay in the wireless multi-hop networks. However, the existing cooperative routing schemes are designed based on an optimal fixed-path routing so that the end-to-end performance is greatly restricted by the low spatial efficiency. To address this problem, in this paper an opportunistic cooperative packet transmission (OCPT) scheme is explored by combining cooperative communication and opportunistic routing. The proposed scheme divides the multi-hop route into multiple virtual multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions. Before each transmission, based on the idea of opportunistic routing, a cluster head (CH) is introduced to determine the multiple transmitters and multiple receivers to form a cluster. Then, the single-hop transmission distance is defined as the metric of forward progress to the destination. Each intra-cluster cooperative packet transmission is formulated as a transmit beamforming optimization problem, and an iterative optimal beamforming policy is proposed to solve the problem and maximize the single-hop transmission distance. CH organizes multiple transmitters to cooperatively transmit packets to multiple receivers with the optimized transmit beamforming vector. Finally, according to the transmission results, the cluster is updated and the new cooperative transmission is started. Iteratively, the transmission lasts until the destination has successfully received the packet. We comprehensively evaluate the OCPT scheme by comparing it with conventional routing schemes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed OCPT scheme is effective on shortening the end-to-end transmission delay, increasing the number of successful packet transmissions and improving the packet arrival ratio and transmission efficiency.
Highlights
In recent years, the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G network has enabled wireless self-organizing multi-hop network wider applications in some of the harshest environments such as volcanoes, hurricane-affected regions, and underground mines
Each intra-cluster cooperative packet transmission is formulated as a transmit beamforming optimization problem, and an iterative optimal beamforming policy is proposed to solve the problem and maximize the single-hop transmission distance
Most existing opportunistic routing schemes propose candidate selection and prioritization based on some heuristics, like the geographic random forwarding (GeRaF) [21], the extreme opportunistic routing (ExOR) [22], the geographic collaborative forwarding (GCF) [23], the quality of service aware geographic opportunistic (EQGOR) [24] and the energy efficient opportunistic routing (EEOR) [25]
Summary
The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G network has enabled wireless self-organizing multi-hop network wider applications in some of the harshest environments such as volcanoes, hurricane-affected regions, and underground mines. Sensors 2019, 19, 4821 performance of packet transmission such as transmission delay and packet delivery ratio [2,3] It is well established from a variety of studies [4,5], that the cooperative routing and opportunistic routing are proposed to increase the reliability and efficiency of end-to-end transmission by utilizing the broadcast advantage of wireless communications and creating diversity gains. Most existing opportunistic routing schemes propose candidate selection and prioritization based on some heuristics, like the geographic random forwarding (GeRaF) [21], the extreme opportunistic routing (ExOR) [22], the geographic collaborative forwarding (GCF) [23], the quality of service aware geographic opportunistic (EQGOR) [24] and the energy efficient opportunistic routing (EEOR) [25] These opportunistic routing schemes can greatly improve routing delay and reliability with unreliable links, but in general fails to provide optimality.
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