Image Authentication Scheme Research Articles

A Novel Scheme for Image Authentication and Secret Data Sharing

A Novel Scheme for Image Authentication and Secret Data Sharing

A Novel Digital Watermarking Approach for Accurate Authenticati on Using of Integer Wavelet Transform Coefficients

2 Abstract: The prominence of digital image processing domain has been increased from last few decades due to its advanced res earch areas such as medicine, biometrics, military, robotics etc. In this work an important issue has taken as area of research i .e. protecting the privacy information from the unauthenticated users either as accidental or incidental ways. Although tremen dous progress has been made in the past years but still protecting the privacy information is concerned area in the field of secu rity. A novel image authentication scheme for gray scale images are implemented in this work and the process of the embeddin g digital watermark is carried by performing the quantization process on the image. The novel things implemented in the propo sed work is detection of tampered parts of the image and to detect minute modification of an image and to embed the watermar k mid frequency band of a second level DWT transform was used. An approximation of the original image based on LL band w as stored as a recovery mark for restoration of the image. Watermarked image has achieved a good PSNR value of 40 dB comp ared to original cover image. Restored image quality was also very good with a PSNR of more than 35 dB compared to unmodi fied watermarked image even when 25% of the received image is cropped. Finally the simulation results reveals that the propos ed method provides the reliable balance between fidelity of the watermarked image and the quality of the restored image.

A robust medical image watermarking against salt and pepper noise for brain MRI images

The ever-growing numbers of medical digital images and the need to share them among specialists and hospitals for better and more accurate diagnosis require that patients' privacy be protected. During the transmission of medical images between hospitals or specialists through the network, the main priority is to protect a patient's documents against any act of tampering by unauthorised individuals. Because of this, there is a need for medical image authentication scheme to enable proper diagnosis on patient. In addition, medical images are also susceptible to salt and pepper impulse noise through the transmission in communication channels. This noise may also be intentionally used by the invaders to corrupt the embedded watermarks inside the medical images. A common drawback of existing watermarking methods is their weakness against salt and pepper noise. The research carried out in this work addresses the issue of designing a new watermarking method that can withstand high density of salt and pepper noise for brain MRI images. For this purpose, combination of a spatial domain watermarking method, channel coding and noise filtering schemes are used. The region of non-interest (RONI) of MRI images from five different databases are used as embedding area and electronic patient record (EPR) is considered as embedded data. The quality of watermarked image is evaluated using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and the accuracy of the extracted watermark is assessed in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER).

Efficient asymmetric image authentication schemes based on photon counting-double random phase encoding and RSA algorithms.

Recently, double random phase encoding (DRPE) has been integrated with the photon counting (PC) imaging technique for the purpose of secure image authentication. In this scheme, the same key should be securely distributed and shared between the sender and receiver, but this is one of the most vexing problems of symmetric cryptosystems. In this study, we propose an efficient asymmetric image authentication scheme by combining the PC-DRPE and RSA algorithms, which solves key management and distribution problems. The retrieved image from the proposed authentication method contains photon-limited encrypted data obtained by means of PC-DRPE. Therefore, the original image can be protected while the retrieved image can be efficiently verified using a statistical nonlinear correlation approach. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed asymmetric image authentication method.

A reversible image authentication scheme based on fragile watermarking in discrete wavelet transform domain

Image authentication technique protects the integrity of images. Many image authentication schemes have been proposed in recent years. However, in these schemes, the image is permanently distorted and cannot be recovered to its original version after image authentication. In this paper, we propose a new, reversible watermarking scheme for image authentication scheme in the DWT domain to achieve high accuracy of tamper detection, and complete reversibility while maintaining high image quality of watermarked images. In the proposed scheme, authentication code is randomly generated and embedded into 2nd DWT low-frequency subbands of each image block. Our experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme has ability to resist against different attacks, i.e., different sizes of tampered regions, content tampered attack, and collage attack, with small distortion of the watermarked image. In addition, the proposed scheme achieves reversibility that is quite important to some special fields, i.e., medical images, military images, and fine artwork.

Improved Reversible Image Authentication Scheme

Image integrity authentication has aroused concerns because of the frequent modification on images. However, most of the image authentication schemes proposed so far employed the irreversible data hiding approach and the results of the published few reversible authentication methods are not satisfactory. To improve the detection accuracy as well as marked image quality, this paper proposes an improved reversible image authentication method based on Hilbert Curve mapping. In the proposed method, pixels are first mapped to a one-dimensional vector by using Hilbert Curve and divided into non-overlapping sets. Then, authentication codes can be embedded into each set by reversible data hiding approach. After comparing the extracted bits with the original authentication codes, the image set could be taken as modified one or unmodified one. Because image redundancy can be explored more fully and more flexibly by adopting Hilbert Curve mapping, more authentication codes can be embedded into the host image while leaving less distortion. Thus, both the detection accuracy and the marked image quality can be improved. The experimental results demonstrate the improvement compared with the latest development of reversible image authentication.

Probability-based reversible image authentication scheme for image demosaicking

In this paper, we propose a novel image authentication scheme to detect the tampered areas for image demosaicking with the reversibility preserving property. Image demosaicking is the process of reconstructing an RGB color image from the sampled data acquired by the digital camera that applies a color filter array to a single sensor. In the proposed scheme, the authentication data is embedded into the rebuilt components of the demosaicked pixels.From the results, it is shown that good image qualities of the embedded images are obtained by using the proposed scheme. When the illegal users modified the contents of the embedded images, the tampered areas in the modified images can be clearly detected by using the proposed scheme. The demosaicked images can be losslessly recovered if no modifications are done on the embedded images. The proposed authentication codes embedding process can be implemented by hardware in single sensor digital camera. Furthermore, the proposed scheme can be extended to protect the image integrity for cloud computing environments.

SVD-based self-embedding image authentication scheme using quick response code features

Image authentication is a type of technique for the content protection of digital images. This technique is able to detect and locate tampered regions on a digital image. In this paper, two self-embedding image authentication approaches are proposed to involve distinctive singular values. Both of them extract self-characteristics of an image as the crucial authentication information for that image. Subsequently, this information is converted into the two dimensional code format and that codes are then embedded into digital image pixels. With the capability of error correction in two dimensional codes, the extracted authentication data, even being detected with a tamper, still can be completely restored and errorless. As well, it can be utilized to detect whether an image has been tampered with or not. According to experimental results, the proposed approaches are superior to other schemes for images that have been modified to a certain attack extent because the authentication data could be completely extracted in more effective way, and the tampered regions could be identified more accurately. In addition, the proposed approaches utilize these complete self-characteristics to restore tampered regions into their original states.

A High-Quality Reversible Image Authentication Scheme Based on Adaptive PEE for Digital Images

A High-Quality Reversible Image Authentication Scheme Based on Adaptive PEE for Digital Images

Review on watermarking scheme for image authentication and tamper detection

Review on watermarking scheme for image authentication and tamper detection

DCT based efficient fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication and restoration

Due to rapid development of Internet and computer technology, image authentication and restoration are very essential, especially when it is utilized in forensic science, medical imaging and evidence of court. A quantization and Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) based self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme with effective image authentication and restoration quality is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the cover image is divided in size of 2×2 non-overlapping blocks. For each block twelve bits watermark are generated from the five most significant bits (MSBs) of each pixel and are embedded into the three least significant bits (LSBs) of the pixels corresponding to the mapped block. The proposed scheme uses two levels encoding for content restoration bits generation. The restoration is achievable with high PSNR and NCC up to 50 % tampering rate. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only outperforms high quality restoration effectively, but also removes the blocking artifacts and improves the accuracy of tamper localization due to use of very small size blocks.

A novel hybrid image authentication scheme based on absolute moment block truncation coding

We propose a novel hybrid image authentication scheme to protect the integrity of images compressed by absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC). In this paper, we use a hybrid strategy to embed the authentication codes using AMBTC that at the same time improves the embedding efficiency. All blocks of a compressed image are classified into two groups, smooth and complex, which have different characteristics and may suit different embedding methods. For smooth blocks, the authentication code will be embedded into the bitmap (BM) of each block. For complex blocks, the authentication code will be embedded into quantization levels of each block according to a reference table. In contrast to the previous approach, the hybrid strategy allows for a high utilization of blocks that have high embedding efficiency for embedding, thus giving a significantly improved embedding capacity than the previous approach. The performance is evaluated experimentally to demonstrate that our proposed scheme provides improved image quality and is less vulnerable to tampering compared with existing methods.

Medical image authentication using SLT and IWT schemes

Over the years, different watermarking techniques have been used for medical image authentication purposes. Some techniques have been presented to detect tampering in the medical image while others can also recover the tampered region after the tamper detection. Many of the previous medical image authentication schemes have successfully achieved their aims; however, the robustness of the authentication scheme against unintentional attacks has not been highlighted sufficiently. This paper presents a new medical image authentication scheme in which the medical image is divided into two regions (i.e., region of interest (ROI) and region of non-interest (RONI)). Then two watermarking methods based on Slantlet transform (SLT) are used to embed data in the ROI and the RONI. The proposed scheme can be used for tamper detection, localization, and recovery in addition to the data hiding. To generate the recovery information of the ROI, a new method has been proposed based on the integer wavelet transform (IWT) coefficients. The experiments that have been conducted to evaluate the proposed authentication scheme proved that it is efficient not only in achieving its main tasks that have been mentioned above but also in having robustness against unintentional attacks (i.e., JPEG compression, additive Gaussian noise (AGN), and salt-and-pepper noise) and that makes it more suitable for the practical applications.

Watermarking‐based image authentication robust to JPEG compression

A watermarking-based image authentication scheme in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain robust to JPEG compression is presented. The binary authentication code is generated from a pseudo-random sequence based on a secret key and a block-dependent feature, protecting the scheme against cut-and-paste attacks. The watermark is embedded in low-frequency DCT coefficients selected by the secret key using a modified quantisation index modulation approach. Before embedding, the selected coefficients are quantised using the JPEG quantisation matrix for a selected quality factor, protecting the scheme against JPEG compression with higher quality factors. Experimental results show that the proposed technique achieves very good watermark imperceptibility and is able to detect and locate malicious attacks with good precision. Compared with other existing schemes, the proposed algorithm achieves better performance regarding false positive and false negative detection rates and in discriminating malicious attacks from JPEG compression.

Binocular visual characteristics based fragile watermarking scheme for tamper detection in stereoscopic images

In the past decade, various fragile digital watermarking techniques have been proposed for monoscopic image authentication and temper detection. In this paper, a novel binocular visual characteristics based pixel-wise fragile watermarking scheme for stereoscopic image authentication and tamper detection is proposed. The scheme consists of two processes: embedding of the stereoscopic image authentication message and tamper detection. In the watermark embedding process, the binocular just noticeable difference (BJND) model is used for guiding watermark embedding, which is convenient for achieving a balanced relationship between watermarking capacity and visual transparency. In the tamper detection process, a probability theory and an algorithm of binocular disparity are employed to improve previously obtained detection results and to enhance authentication accuracy. Moreover, to improve the security of the proposed scheme, MD5 hash function and chaotic map are used. Experimental results reveal that the proposed scheme is not only secure, but also achieves superior tamper detection for different attacks.

Secure and Robust Two-Phase Image Authentication

A novel two-phase robust content-based image authentication scheme is introduced. The proposed scheme is constructed based on a combination of hard and soft authentication using two existing generic approximate message authentication codes (AMACs). The AMACs combine error- correcting codes with cryptographic primitives such as message authentication codes and symmetric encryption algorithms. The message authentication codes are used for hard authentication, whereas the error-correcting codes introduce a certain degree of robustness in authentication. This is achieved by correcting minor unintentional modifications as a result of common image processing operations such as quantization , compression , and noise addition. The two-phase image authentication scheme verifies the authenticity of an image in two phases. The low frequency elements of the image in a transform domain are subjected to the first phase while some higher frequency elements are left to the second phase if the first phase succeeds. The proposed scheme tolerates common content- preserving modifications in an image but can discriminate intentional modifications affecting the image content. Mathematical bounds for the accuracy and the security level of the proposed approach are estimated and the performance is compared with some other well-known schemes in the literature. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme shows high discriminating capability and can detect different types of meaningful forgery attacks on images while preserving the robustness. It also outperforms the benchmark image authentication schemes in terms of tradeoff between robustness and fragility.

Image Encryption and Authentication Scheme using 3D Chaotic Map

Cryptographic techniques are in demand due to vast development in application of information transmission and communication. Image encryption and authentication schemes have been continuously studied to meet the demand of secure image transmission through networks. A number of effective chaos-based image encryption and authentication schemes have been proposed. The intent of this paper is to propose an image encryption and authentication scheme using chaotic map. Arnold cat map is used for diffusion as well as for substitution. This paper applies an alternate structure of the classic block cipher applied with Arnold Cat map is used for encryption and hash function is used for Authentication purpose. The paper that is being followed uses a keyed hash function is introduced to generate hash values from both the plain-image and the secret hash keys[1], which leads to large computational time, whereas our schemes computational time is less as compared to the previous. The experimental results show that the proposed encryption technique is efficient and has high security features.

Novel image authentication scheme with fine image quality for BTC-based compressed images

A novel image authentication scheme which can protect the image integrity of the compressed images for block truncation coding (BTC) is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, the authentication codes are embedded into the the quatization levels of each BTC-compressed image block by using reference matrix--- RMB. The size of the authentication codes can be decided according to the user's requirement by adjusting the value of B in Reference Matrix. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms previous approaches in image quality of the embedded image and high detecting accuracy.

Robust hashing for image authentication using quaternion discrete Fourier transform and log-polar transform

In this work, a novel robust image hashing scheme for image authentication is proposed based on the combination of the quaternion discrete Fourier transform (QDFT) with the log-polar transform. QDFT offers a sound way to jointly deal with the three channels of color images. The key features of the present method rely on (i) the computation of a secondary image using a log-polar transform; and (ii) the extraction from this image of low frequency QDFT coefficients' magnitude. The final image hash is generated according to the correlation of these magnitude coefficients and is scrambled by a secret key to enhance the system security. Experiments were conducted in order to analyze and identify the most appropriate parameter values of the proposed method and also to compare its performance to some reference methods in terms of receiver operating characteristics curves. The results show that the proposed scheme offers a good sensitivity to image content alterations and is robust to the common content-preserving operations, and especially to large angle rotation operations.

A High-Quality Image Authentication Scheme for AMBTC-compressed Images

In this paper, we present a high-quality image authentication scheme based on absolute moment block truncation coding. In the proposed scheme, we use the parity of the bitmap (BM) to generate the authentication code for each compressed image block. Data hiding is used to authenticate whether the content has been altered or not. For image authentication, we embed the authentication code to quantization levels of each image block compressed by absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) which will be altered when the host image is manipulated. The embedding position is generated by a pseudo-random number generator for security concerned. Besides, to improve the detection ability we use a hierarchical structure to ensure the accuracy of tamper localization. A watermarked image can be precisely inspected whether it has been tampered intentionally or incautiously by checking the extracted watermark. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme achieved high-quality embedded images and good detection accuracy, with stable performance and high expansibility. Performance comparisons with other block-based data hiding schemes are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.