Schematic Way Research Articles

The New Employment Chapter of the Amsterdam Treaty

The Amsterdam Treaty was signed two years ago and in April 1999 it was ratified by all the Member States. One of the main changes was the introduction of a Chapter on Employment (Digest, JESP, 7.4.1 and 7.4.2). At national level, three general elections (United Kingdom, France, Germany) have modified the political context. In the UK, the new Labour government put an end to the Conservative opposition to a European social policy. It supports the attempt to create a social partnership both at national and European level. The victory of the French Socialists provided an occasion to relaunch the discussion on other aspects of monetary integration (economic governance, taxation, employment, etc.). And finally, the new German government brought into the debate the relation between macroeconomic and monetary policy and more particularly the issue of wage increases. In this paper we present in a schematic way a few of the main events that characterized that period (1997–99), relying on the main Community documents and some of the recent academic analysis. As a yardstick we will use the questions we raised some time ago about the prospects offered by the new Employment chapter (Goetschy and Pochet, 1997). We highlighted three points in particular: the dynamics of the process, its content and the link with macro-economic policy. First, we considered that the new thrust initiated by the new chapter should mean that the European and national, or indeed subnational, levels could interact more effectively, while at the same time it could set up dynamic relationships in which the social players, at European and more importantly at national level, could become involved in an increasingly developed consultative mechanism. Next, we wondered about the consistency of the November 1997 Luxembourg Summit for employment. Anticipating the ratification of the Amsterdam Treaty and its employment chapter, the European Council adopted nineteen measures, which fall into four chapters (Employability, Adaptability, Developing Entrepreneurship and Equal Opportunities) (Digest, JESP, 8.1.7). Our concerns were twofold. First, we considered that the need for a joint approach to the unemployment problem was at least questionable. Unemployment has been reduced in a number of countries using different remedies (e.g., the UK versus the Netherlands, or Ireland versus Denmark). Secondly, the choice of a ‘diplomatic’ type of process, such as the negotiations that take place within the Council of Ministers (several of which are involved here, given the interaction between Ecofin and Social Affairs, with the European Council on top of the pile) struck us as risky in terms of the consistency of diagnosis and solutions. In other words, the process could favour consensual solutions (such as vocational training) which are perhaps not the best, rather than more controversial solutions (for example, to reduce labour costs or working time) which might be more effective. Finally, and this was the most critical EUROPEAN BRIEFING

Anomaly induced domain formation of disoriented chiral condensates

We discuss the effect of chiral anomaly as a possible mechanism for triggering formation of domains of disoriented chiral condensate (DCC) in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The anomalous $\pi^0 \to 2 \gamma$ coupling and the strong, Lorentz contracted electromagnetic fields of the heavy ions combine to produce the ``anomaly kick'' to the field configuration of the neutral pion field. We implement the effect of anomaly kick in our numerical simulation of the linear sigma model in a schematic way which preserves its characteristic features: the effect is coherent over a large region of space but is opposite in sign above and below the ion scattering plane. We demonstrate by detailed simulations with longitudinal expansion that the DCC domain formation is dramatically enhanced by the anomaly kick in spite of its small absolute magnitude. We examine the behavior of various physical quantities such as pion fields, the axial vector currents, and their correlation functions. Our results also provide useful insight into the mechanism and properties of DCC domain formation, in general. Finally, we discuss some experimental observables which can signal the anomaly induced formation of DCC.

Electro-excitation amplitudes of the Δ-isobar in the Skyrme model

Electro magnetic transition form factors for the excitation of the Δ33-resonance are evaluated in the Skyrme model. They crucially rely on rotationally induced deformations of the hedgehog soliton which are suppressed by two N C-orders as compared to the leading parts of the isovector current. Partial photon coupling through vector mesons is included in a schematic way. Recoil corrections are approximated by a boost to the equal-velocity frame. The results for the photodecay amplitudes agree with experimental numbers and the shapes of M1, E2, C2— transition form factors show essential features as observed in electro-excitation experiments.

The high-energy cost for building states with I ∼ 30 in Z > 40, N < 50 nuclei

Abstract The non-collective and collective high-spin configurations in selected A ∼ 90 ( Z = 42–45, N = 46–49) nuclei are analysed within the configuration-dependent shell-correction approach using the cranked Nilsson potential. With this method, various high-spin features, such as shape coexistence, shape changes, band termination and superdeformation are studied along the yrast line. We concentrate on the 43 89 Tc 46 nucleus as a representative example, while other nuclei are treated in a more schematic way. A specific feature of the nuclei under study is the high-energy cost associated with building states having an angular momentum higher than what can be obtained from the valence particles.

Microscopic structure of high-spin spectra of selected A ~ 90 nuclei near proton-drip line

The non-collective and collective high-spin configurations in selected A ~ 90 (Z = 42-45, N = 46-49) nuclei are analysed within the configuration-dependent shell-correction approach using the cranked Nilsson potential. With this method, various high-spin features of nuclei, such as shape coexistence, shape changes, band termination and superdeformation are studied along the yrast line. We concentrate on the 8943Tc46 nucleus as a representative example, while other nuclei are treated in a more schematic way.

Rapidité du processus contrôlé et planification dans un micro-monde dynamique

Summary : Controlled-process speed and planning in a dynamic micro-world. The effect of controlled-process speed on planning strategies in the management of a dynamic micro-world — Newfire (from Levborg and Brehmer, 1991) — was examined using the metaphor of a fire-fighting command unit battling a forest fire. The comparison between real processes — in particular between a very slow process such as a blast furnace (Hoc, 1991) and a very rapid process such as a fighter aircraft (Amalberti et Deblon, 1992) — suggested some hypotheses. When the process is slow, planning is expected to develop in real-time and at a schematic level to avoid useless commitments because time is available to instantiate plans when they are implemented. When temporal constraints on activity are weak, resource and risk management should be a minimal part of the activity. On the contrary, when the process is rapid, planning should only take place before execution and at a very precise level because replanning may be impossible. Resource and risk management should play a central role. The present experiment shows that : (a) when the process was slow, subjects tended to plan their activity in real-time and at a very precise level, taking the risk of confining themselves within tactical details to the detriment of strategic aspects ; (b) when the process was rapid, they tended to plan their activity at the beginning and in a schematic way, taking the risk of neglecting important tactical details. On the whole, performances observed in the two conditions, with different strategies were at least equivalent. There was decreased operation frequency in the rapid-process condition when the task was difficult. Thus subjects changed their global strategy, which enabled them to be at least as effective. The ecological validity of the results is discussed in relation to expertise that subjects acquired to perform the task. Key words : planning, dynamic micro-world, process speed.

Kinetic lattice-gas model of cage effects in high-density liquids and a test of mode-coupling theory of the ideal-glass transition

We have devised a kinetic lattice-gas model of an atomic liquid that incorporates the physical features associated with the formation of cages around a particle at high density. The model has simple equilibrium statistics, with a maximum of one particle per lattice site, and simple dynamical rules, so that it is feasible to perform dynamical calculations of the fluctuations about equilibrium over very long time scales. The cages inhibit the motion of the particles and cause the self-diffusion coefficient to fall rapidly with increasing density. Simulation results indicate that as the density \ensuremath{\rho}, defined as the number of particles per lattice site, approaches 0.881, the self-diffusion constant behaves in a critical way as (0.881-\ensuremath{\rho}${)}^{3.2}$. The time dependence of density-density correlation functions is calculated from the simulation results, and relaxation times extracted from these functions show a similar critical behavior. These results suggest that the model undergoes a dynamical transition from ergodic to nonergodic behavior. By investigating different system sizes we exclude the possibility that the observed transition is just a finite-size effect related to the bootstrap percolation problem. The mode-coupling theory (MCT) of ergodic-nonergodic transitions in the absence of activated hopping processes is tested for this model by comparing the behavior of the density correlation functions with the predictions of MCT. Surprisingly few of the MCT predictions hold for the system, depsite the fact that the model was devised to incorporate, in a schematic way, the dynamical cage effects that the MCT is usually regarded as describing. Thus the MCT does not provide a correct description of the cage-induced ideal-glass transition of this model.

"Enlightened" Concepts in the "Dark": Power and Freedom, Politics and Society

The aim of this paper is to develop a truism. Given that the introduction of liberal institutions and ideas into most peripheral countries, including Greece, did not succeed in producing westernized liberal societies, the immediate question asked is why should this be so. And though the phrasing of it might differ, the answer seems equally banal: peripheral or Greek liberalism could not function for obvious lack of so-called objective conditions. The country was not dominated by the capitalist mode of production and/or/therefore liberalism ran into obstacles connected to the economic, political or cultural underdevelopment of social relations. Despite its limited explanatory value, this statement of fact is undoubtedly correct. But it is not my intention to discuss the fundamental economic factors which determined the overall development of Greece. I intend to consider it as given that the development of Greek market capitalism beyond an almost rudimentary stage was impeded for almost a century. Consequently, I shall not even consider the question of the factors contributing to the indubitable, and possibly inevitable, peripherization of Greece. My aim is much narrower. What I have in mind is to present, in a necessarily incomplete, abstract and schematic way, some of the most flagrant contradictions in the logical structure of dominant cultural practices in Greek society. Indeed, all societies presuppose the elaboration of a relatively coherent system of prevalent practical and normative codes. But coherence is not a virtue in itself. And herein lies the general problematic I shall try to develop. It is my contention that a great number of value loaded cultural particularities, some of which are still to be observed up to the present day, are only interpretable in the light of the original formation of modern Greece after 1830. This formation was circum-

Understanding Regression

Although statistical techniques like regression analysis and path analysis are widely used in the biomedical, behavioral and social sciences to make causal inferences there has been surprisingly little philosophical discussion of the details of such techniques and of the conceptions of causation and explanation implicit in them. There also has been relatively little attempt to compare such techniques with various probabilistic models of causation and explanation in the philosophical literature.In this paper I explore, for reasons of space in a very sketchy and schematic way, some issues in philosophy of science raised by regression analysis. One general conclusion I reach is that it is considerably less obvious than one might suppose that the philosophical theories alluded to above are plausibly viewed as reconstructions of regression techniques.

The Post-Modern Interpretation of History: A Phenomenological-Hermeneutical Critique

(1988). The Post-Modern Interpretation of History: A Phenomenological-Hermeneutical Critique. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 112-127.

Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition

1. Very rarely, a book is published which not only advances our knowledge of a particular topic, but fundamentally recasts our methods of investigating and thinking about large tracts of the map of learning. Linguists remember 1957 as the publication year of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic structures-a book whose ostensible subjects were the structure of English grammatical rules and the goals of grammatical description, but which can be seen with hindsight as the first shot in an intellectual revolution which ended by radically changing the texture of day-to-day research activity and discourse throughout almost all of linguistics, and in substantial parts of other cognition-related disciplines. In decades to come, perhaps 1986 will be remembered by academics as the year of publication of the pair of volumes reviewed here: they constitute the first large-scale public statement of an intellectual paradigm fully as revolutionary as the generative paradigm ever was (there have been scattered journal articles in the preceding four or five years). I would go further and suggest that, if the promises of this book can be redeemed, the contrast in linguistics and neighboring disciplines between the 1990's and the 1970's will be significantly greater than the contrast between the 1970's and the 1950's. (I need hardly add, of course, that it is one thing to fire an opening salvo, but another to achieve ultimate predominance.) The new paradigm is called Parallel Distributed Processing by the sixteen writers who contributed to this book, many of whom work either at the University of California, San Diego, or at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Some other researchers (e.g. Feldman 1985) use the term 'connectionism' for the same concept. These two volumes comprise 26 chapters which, among them, (i) explain the over-all nature and aims of PDP/connectionist models, (ii) define a family of specific variants of the general paradigm, and (iii) exemplify it by describing experiments in which PDP models were used to simulate human performance in various cognitive domains. The experiments, inevitably, treat their respective domains in a simplified, schematic way by comparison with the endless complexity found in any real-life cognitive area; but simplification in this case does not mean trivialization. There are also auxiliary chapters on relevant related topics; thus Chap. 9, by M. I. JORDAN, is a tutorial on linear algebra, a branch of mathematics having special significance for the PDP paradigm. (Each chapter is attributed to a particular author or

Quality assurance elements in construction

Quality Assurance (Q.A.) in construction is already being applied in our country, in the design, construction and use of Nuclear Power Plants. Its application to more conventional and less important works is beginning or being considered to be implemented. This tendency creates the need of a deeper study in order to establish the elements of Q.A. This paper is intended to be a guide to most relevant publications in Q.A. Paramount concepts are outlined in a brief and schematic way, giving a systematic and intuitive view of the matter.The main concern of the paper are Q.A. Elements which are defined in a general form and separately analyzed. Among them the most important one is the human factor which is beginning to be accounted for in productive processes, since various and continuous studies show that most construction failures are due to more or less rough human mistakes.

A systematic method for the compilation of the King & Altman graphs of a steady-state enzyme model suitable for manual or computer use

The schematic way of computing the King & Altman (1956) patterns for complex enzyme models is rather tedious. In this paper, a systematic method for the compilation of these patterns is proposed. This method ensures the generation of all the King & Altman patterns including those containing cycles. The importance of such patterns for an automatic recognition of the cyclic pathways of a given model is emphasized. The suggested algorithm is suitable for manual or computer processing.

Responses to Gishin Tokiwa

OGDEN: I welcome Professor Tokiwa's paper for the challenge that it has provided to me personally to move toward what I believe is a deeper understanding of Buddhism as well as of my own Christian faith. To explain why I say this, I would first like to clarify in a very schematic and general way how I myself approach our theological encounter together. So far as I am able to see, Buddhism and Christianity both present themselves as answers to what I call the existential question of human beings simply as such. By this I mean the question that we human beings inevitably ask and find ourselves having to ask about the meaning of ultimate reality, with which we all inescapably have to do for our own understanding of ourselves in the world in relation to others and ourselves. Now I take this term ultimate reality to be as nonprejudicial a term as I could find to talk about these things. It's like John Hick's term transcendent, but I'm trying to use it in a very neutral sense, recalling only William James' definition of reality, that reality is what we all have to come to terms with in some way or other. And what I mean by ultimate reality is simply that with which I have to come to terms no matter what else I have to come to terms with. It is strictly ultimate in so far as it is that reality with which anything whatever has to come to terms in order to be or to mean anything at all. Now this existential question about the meaning of ultimate reality of ourselves and the world, is always in my belief a twofold question: it is at once a question about ultimate reality as that which authorizes some understanding of myself

Transient Temperature Changes Due to Increasing CO2 Using Simple Models

The effect of the oceanic heat capacity on global temperature response to external forcing is studied by considering a CO2-induced warming. The heat flux into the ocean is calculated using a box-diffusion model, earlier established for simulating the global carbon cycle. The calculated transient warming due to CO2 produced by fossil fuel until 1980 is 0.20 to 0. 26K, or about 50% of the value for radiative equilibrium, corresponding to a delay of 16 to 24 years. Analyses of CO2 in ice cores suggest a lower pre-industrial concentration, e.g. 265 ppm, than previously assumed (c. 290 ppm). The transient temperature increase until 1980 calculated for this case is about twice that for a case which starts from 297 ppm. Comparison with observations since 1880 shows that a long-term warming trend might be due to CO2, but the residual scatter unexplained by CO2 is still large. Finally the different thermal behaviour of oceans and continents is accounted for in a schematic way, considering heat exchange between them. The results indicate stronger temperature variations over the continents than over the sea.

Transient Temperature Changes Due to Increasing CO2 Using Simple Models

The effect of the oceanic heat capacity on global temperature response to external forcing is studied by considering a CO2-induced warming. The heat flux into the ocean is calculated using a box-diffusion model, earlier established for simulating the global carbon cycle. The calculated transient warming due to CO2 produced by fossil fuel until 1980 is 0.20 to 0. 26K, or about 50% of the value for radiative equilibrium, corresponding to a delay of 16 to 24 years. Analyses of CO2 in ice cores suggest a lower pre-industrial concentration, e.g. 265 ppm, than previously assumed (c. 290 ppm). The transient temperature increase until 1980 calculated for this case is about twice that for a case which starts from 297 ppm. Comparison with observations since 1880 shows that a long-term warming trend might be due to CO2, but the residual scatter unexplained by CO2 is still large. Finally the different thermal behaviour of oceans and continents is accounted for in a schematic way, considering heat exchange between them. The results indicate stronger temperature variations over the continents than over the sea.

Introduction

Greek Women and Men in History, Literature, and Religious Life Introduction William F. Wyatt, Jr. In the Modern Greek Studies Association's symposium on "Women and Men in Greece: A Society in Transition," sex roles, if any, were subordinated to a larger purpose, or, perhaps better, were united to further a noble cause, the understanding of an important issue. The question of the proper role of women in Greece and elsewhere has been an important one, and a conference on the topic seemed timely to the Executive Committee of MGSA, though the issue is potentially divisive. Scholarship is sometimes maligned as being elitist or exclusive, and it is sometimes ignored as being irrelevant or boring. But scholarship at its social best can serve to diffuse emotional issues and by diffusing them place them in a clearer, sharper light. Scholarship cannot resolve an issue of social import, but it can present facts and suppositions to the individual which he or she can act or decide upon either intellectually or emotionally. Like literature, scholarship is an intellectual refinement of emotional experience. The relation of men and women, the battle of the sexes, is clearly an emotionally laden issue which all of us today confront in one way or another. I think it fair to say that at no time in the history of the world has the question been placed in exactly the way it has been now. 4 William F. Wyatt, Jr. At no time in world history have women been able to bargain for social and economic benefits with the success they have enjoyed of late. Certainly in the ancient world and in Greece until fairly recently any such bargaining was impossible. Ernestine Friedl in her marvelous Vasilika remarks somewhere that village men do not feel threatened by women because the sexes are regarded as essentially different species. Nowadays and in this country at least I think we are agreed that we all belong to the same species and that every individual possesses talents which it would be foolish—or even fatal—to overlook. It was not always so. What can scholarship do to help clarify issues, and what can we as individuals do in order properly to understand our subject? As is the case with any intellectual endeavor we must first and foremost avoid reductionism, the tendency to substitute a clear and simple explanation for an exhaustive but possibly confusing account of a set of conditions and circumstances. Reductionism comes in many forms and at many periods in history. The Greek Fathers of the Church, according to Eva Topping, devised a "theology for women" which regarded all women as essentially base and deceitful. Some women doubtless are, as are some men, but the Fathers' theology is too simplistic and reductionist: every woman is an individual, more or less complex, and more or less interesting depending on her nature and her upbringing. It will not do to state the same predicates of every woman. Topping records a chapter of intellectual history, as does P. Kitromilides when he fits nineteenth-century Greek attitudes toward women into the framework of European views derived from the Enlightenment . I venture to predict that no one will read his account of the life of Elizabeth Moutzan-Martinengou without being moved. R. Bancroft-Marcus gives an accounting of the ironic situation with drama in Crete during the Cretan Renaissance. Because women were ignorant of Italian and knew only Greek, they influenced Cretan drama to break away from its Italian prototype and produce the great works we possess today. The subservient language and the subservient populace produced a superior literature. These papers show thai times change; they do not show that people have subsequently abandoned their reductionist views of the question. A second pitfall to be avoided is schematism, the belief that a system of coordinates is sufficient to explain a situation or a person or an event. Sex roles are frequently expressed in schematic ways, and a violation of the scheme can be troubling. E. Constantinides writes of the andreiomeni, the woman warrior who adopts male characteristics . The fact that most such women fail or are betrayed reveals how dangerous a masculine-behaving woman was considered...

Influence of Chemical Receptivity On Reproductive Behaviour of the Male Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.)

AbstractThe present investigation is concerned with chemoreceptivity in the male three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) during reproductive behaviour. The functions of cranial nerves were studied with regard to nest building (N), the increase in the zigzag dance (a measure of the sexual tendency (S)) between N and the day of fertilization (F) of the eggs, the zigzag dance between F and the day of hatching (H), suppression of the zigzag dance (if still present) at H, and fanning activity (P) during these days of a reproductive cycle (F-H). The methods of quantifying S and P, as well as the methods of sectioning the olfactory nerves and the branches of cranial nerves possibly involved in the conduction of chemical stimuli are described. The behavioural changes observed after sectioning the olfactory nerves, branches of cranial nerves or combinations of these nerves are compared with behavioural data of unoperated fish. Special attention is given to behavioural changes following regeneration of transected nerves. Nest building is still possible after sectioning of the olfactory nerves, but occurs only in a few fish. The functioning of the olfactory nerves might influence the development of nest building behaviour by inducing hormonal changes, necessary to start such reproductive activities. During the period between N and F (the latter determined by the observer), the number of zigzags (S) increases from zero up to 100 or more per 5 minutes. The olfactory nerves are indispensable for the promotion of sexual behaviour during this period. It seems likely that these nerves are necessary to induce hormonal changes in such a way that the reproductive cycle can proceed from nest building to courtship stage. In the exceptional case that a nest was built by a fish in which the olfactory nerves had been sectioned, the zigzag score remaining low, all other reproductive activities still occurred, including fertilization. Fanning activity in such fish appeared to be quantitatively normal. When the olfactory nerves were sectioned between N and F, at a stage when the zigzag scores had reached an essential level ( 100 per 5 min), both sexual and fanning activity between F and H were normal. This is explained by the supplementary functioning of both the ramus posttrematicus IX and the ramus pretrematicus X1. Both eggs and embryos stimulate sexual behaviour between F and H. The olfactory nerves exert an exciting function with regard to sexual behaviour during the first days of the cycle (F-H). The area in the roof of the pharynx, situated between the first and second gill arches appeared to perceive stimuli from eggs and embryos, exciting sexual behaviour (referred to as sex-excitation area). The sensory fibres from this area run in a dorsal direction, some joining the rami pharyngei X1, others one of the rami pharyngei IX (referred to as the S-anastomosis), their excitation increasing during the course of the cycle. The S-anastomosis which joins the ramus posttrematicus IX near or just dorsal of the second arteria branchialis dorsalis, exites sexual behaviour during most days of the cycle (F-H). Similarly, the rami pharyngei X1 which join the ramus pretrematicus X1 at a point dorsal of the second arteria branchialis dorsalis, excite sexual behaviour during the last days of the cycle. The presence of young following hatching suppresses sexual behaviour, if still present, at H. Such stimuli are perceived by the rami pharyngei IX, which join the ramus posttrematicus IX near or dorsal to the first arteria branchialis dorsalis. Perceiving such stimuli results in an immediate suppression of sexual behaviour. Both eggs and embryos also stimulate fanning behaviour between F and H. Our experiments have shown that the following three nerves are involved in the conduction of such stimuli: nervus olfactorius, ramus posstrematicus IX (including its anastomosis with the ramus pretrematicus X1, referred to as the F-anastomosis), and the ramus pretrematicus X1. The involvement of the cranial nerves I, IX and X in the reproductive activities of the male three-spined stickleback is illustrated in a schematic way in Fig. 27.

Correlation of brain NADH redox state, K+, PO2 and electrical activity during hypoxia, ischemia and spreading depression.

The normal functioning brain requires a continuous supply of blood in order to obtain glucose as well as oxygen. Any change in the oxygenation of the tissue will result in an impairment of the normal function. Most of the oxygen taken up by the brain is consumed by the mitochondria in order to supply the large amount of ATP needed. A major part of the ATP is used by the ATPase system in order to keep the neurons in the polarized state. Figure 1 shows in a schematic way the interrelation between the energy production system and the pumping activity going on in the membranes. In order to understand the connection between various events occurring in the brain in vivo, one has to measure as many parameters as possible from the same site.

Interpretation of theA≈100transitional region in the framework of the interacting boson model

A detailed study of the transition between the SU(5) and O(6) limit of the interacting boson model (IBA-1) has been performed in a schematic way. A comparison of the experimental excitation energies and E2 transition probabilities for neutron-rich Ru and Pd isotopes with this calculation show that this mass region is well described in terms of this phase transition.