Schematic Map Research Articles

Quantitative effects of overlay clutter and information access effort: Examining the scan-clutter trade-off in displays with geospatial maps.

Overlaying images from multiple geospatial databases increases clutter and imposes attentional costs by disrupting focusing attention on each database and dividing attention when comparing databases. Costs of overlay clutter may offset the benefits of reduced scanning between two images displayed separately. In two experiments, we examine these attention issues using computational metrics to quantify clutter. We also examine how the scan-clutter trade-off is modified by different levels of clutter, display separation, and task attentional requirements. Participants viewed information from a geographical terrain database and a schematic map database and made judgments that required focusing attention on either database or integrating information across both. In Experiment 1, databases were presented as either overlaid or adjacent displays, and in Experiment 2, as either overlay, adjacent, or more separated displays. Results showed that response time was modulated by the magnitude of clutter, spatial separation, and task type. Results also revealed that clutter costs dominated those of spatial separation, particularly in tasks requiring focused attention. A computational feature congestion metric of clutter effectively predicted performance but could be improved by incorporating an overlay component, which amplified the costs of clutter. The results provide design guidelines for overlay displays (e.g., head-mounted displays) that will minimize the scan-clutter trade-off. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Деякі пізньокрейдові аглютиновані види форамініфер Північної окраїни Донбасу

The article describes four species of agglutinated foraminifers belonging to three genera (Verneuilina, Orbignyna, and Spiroplectammina) three superfamilies (Verneuilinoidea, Ataxophragmoidea, and Spiroplectamminoidea) and two orders (Ataxophragmiida and Ammodiscida, suborder Textulariina). Benthic species of foraminifers play an important role in the stratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Northern outskirts of Donbas and correlation with adjacent territories, as they make up the most part of the assemblage in the samples. For this region, the foraminifera species Verneuilina muensteri Reuss, 1854, Orbignyna variabilis (d’Orbigny, 1840), Orbignyna pinguis Woloschyna, 1961, and Spiroplectammina baudouiniana (d’Orbigny, 1840) were monographically described for the first time. For each species of foraminifers, a detailed description of shell morphology is given. According to the biozonal scale of the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the East European Platform, Verneuilina muensteri is one of the characteristic species of the Upper Turonian Gavelinella moniliformis s. l. foraminifer zone, the species Orbignyna variabilis is typical for the Upper Santonian Gavelinella stelligera zone, and the species Orbignyna pinguis is characteristic of the Upper Campanian Globorotalites emdyensis zone. The species Spiroplectammina baudouiniana is also described. The stratigraphic and lateral distribution of each species of agglutinated foraminifers is indicated, and the deposits and sections of the Northern outskirts of Donbas in which they occurred are indicated. A schematic map of the region is presented, showing the studied sections in which shells of these species were found. These species are found in the rocks of the Shyroka, Yelanchyk, Kryva Luka, Sydorove, Konoplyanivka, and Kamianyi Brid formations of the Northern outskirts of Donbas, which are represented by chalk, marls, and calcareous sandstones. The work presents images of foraminifer species taken with a scanning electron microscope JSM-6490LV (JEOL Ltd., Japan). The article deepens our knowledge of some agglutinated foraminifers from the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Northern outskirts of Donbas, which are characteristic species of the zone, contributing to further solving the issues of stratigraphy and correlation of these deposits.

Характеристики градовых процессов на северо-восточном склоне Малого Кавказа

Features of active convective processes with the formation and fall of hail on the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus located on the territory of Azerbaijan during 1979–2020 are analyzed. The analysis was carried out using mathematical, statistical, and cartographic methods. The frequency of hail processes and the schematic map of the vertical distribution of average annual parameters of the number of hail days is presented. It is shown for the mountain part of the territory that there is an increasing frequency of hail processes, while their reduced number was registered in flat areas. The consequences of regional climate change and a long-term trend in the parameters of hail processes are investigated. It was found that hail processes in the region in the recent years have been more frequent, the frequency is higher in the afternoon. Keywords: convective processes, severe atmospheric events, hail processes, frequency, climate change, trend, MRL-5 radar data

TRANSFORMATION OF MORDOVIAN VILLAGES IN BASHKIRIA: GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

At the beginning of the 20th century the Mordovian villages in the Fedorovsky district of the Bashkortostan Republic were characterized by the maximum growth rates and population density among settlements with another ethnic structure of the population. During the 20th century, the average population of Mordovian villages in the district decreased by 79%, and many of the settlements disappeared. High rates of depopulation of Mordovian villages within zone with favorable agro-climatic conditions have no analogues among villages with another ethnic structure of the population. The article provides a geographical analysis of a rapid growth of the Mordvins ethnic area in the 18-19th centuries and its reduction in the 20th century. Specific features of the development of Mordovian villages influenced by natural conditions (attraction to water sources and forest areas), the “periphery of settlement”, the peculiarities of the economic structure (gardening) and dominant psychological universals (closeness, individualism, etc.) are discussed. The evolution of factors driving the transformation of Mordovian villages at different stages of its development is described. The main factors of the “Mordovian village crisis” in the 20th-21st centuries - migration, institutional, economic and ethno-cultural, are identified. To demonstrate the scope of settlement transformation, a modern schematic map of the Alyoshkino (typical Mordovian) village has been compiled showing inhabited and inoccupied homesteads, abandoned and developed territories. Based on the results of in-depth interviews and characteristics of the population, the main groups of residents of the modern Mordovian village are identified: “old people”, “young families”, “new kulaks (farmers)” and “urban cottagers”.

The Estimation of Physical Distances Between Oneself and a Social Robot: Am I as Far From the Robot as It is from Me?

Research on the perception of interpersonal distance has shown the existence of an asymmetry effect which depends on the reference point of the estimation: the distance from oneself to others can be perceived as longer or shorter than the distance from others to oneself. The mechanism underlying this asymmetric effect is related to the object's cognitive salience. The self often functions as a habitual reference point and therefore one's own salience may be higher than that of other objects. In this case, an egocentric asymmetry effect appears with a perceived shorter distance from others to oneself. However, if others are more salient than oneself, then the reverse can happen (allocentric asymmetry effect). The present work investigates if asymmetry in self-other(s) distance perception changes when the other is a social robot. An experiment was conducted with 174 participants who were asked to estimate the distance between themselves and both robotic and human assistants on a schematic map of a hospital emergency room (between-subjects design). With robust ANOVA, the results showed that the participants felt closer to the human assistant than to the robot, notably when the person served as the estimation reference point. Perceived distances to the social robot were not significantly distorted. If a rather allocentric effect with the human assistant might reflect an affiliation goal on the part of the participants, the absence of effect with the social robot forces us to reconsider its humanization. This could nevertheless reflect a purely mechanical and utilitarian conception of it.

Revealing Schematic Map Designs with Preservation of Relativity in Node Position and Segment Length in Existing Official Maps

Schematic maps have widely been used for representing transport networks. In the schematization process, preserving the relative position of nodes and the relative length of segments are considered highly important for constructing spatial cognition. Some researchers have regarded these as general principles of automated schematization. However, in-depth investigations into the conversion of these general principles into specific schematic network map designs are still lacking. This study aimed to empirically investigate how the two relative relations are preserved in existing manually produced schematic maps to better understand and interpret designer thinking. Official underground network maps of 32 cities were used in this study. The results revealed that (1) relative relations were largely preserved with a preservation ratio of approximately 80%, and the global preservation ratios of two relative relations were significantly higher than those of local preservation; (2) the preservation of relative position took priority over the preservation of relative length for the schematic maps with significant enlargement of dense regions; and (3) a reference object may be used for preserving relative relations, for example, the center region or major axis. The findings of this study will assist in developing and/or optimizing design rules for automated schematization while preserving relative relations.

Улуг-Хемский угольный бассейн как важнейший энергетический ресурс Тувы

The paper describes composition, quality and properties of coals from the Ulug-Khem basin, the most important fuel and energy resource of the Tyva Republic, which includes the Erbek, the Kaa-Khem, the Mezhegeysk and the Elegest deposits. The unified schematic map of the Jurassic deposits of Tuva that was adopted by the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Commission is discussed. The Jurassic deposits are identified, which consist of four series, i.e. the Elegest, the Erbek, the Saldam, and the Bomsk formations. The Ulug formation, which contains 70% of the Ulug-Khem Basin's reserves, is described in detail. Its thickness varies from 0.3 to 19.6 m. The Ulug formation consists of siltstones, carbonaceous siltstones and sometimes sandstones. The thickness of soil layers varies from 0.10 to 0.6 m

Анализ устойчивости агроландшафтов в лесостепной зоне Красноярского края и мероприятия по их охране

The purpose of the study. On the basis of an assessment of the conditions and factors affecting the agro landscapes of an agricultural organization, design a set of protective measures aimed at increasing their sustainability. Research methods. The methodological basis was the systematic approach and its variety in the study of landscapes – landscape analysis. The methodological base should include the works of domestic and foreign scientists aimed at solving the problem of conservation of land resources and their protection. Statistical processing of analytical materials was carried out using dispersion and cluster analyses. The cartographic method and methods of GIS technologies were also used in the analysis of areas and modeling of processes. Research results. An agro-ecological assessment of the territory of agricultural land use, with an area of more than 16 thousand hectares, located in the forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, was made. It has been established that the territory is typical and the results obtained can be used in the analysis of sustainability and the development of measures for the protection of agricultural land uses operating in similar natural and climatic conditions in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Landscape areas are defined on the map-scheme, conditions and factors influencing the stability of agrolandscapes are described. It has been established that the main limiting factor influencing the stability of the territory is deflation, which manifests itself differently within landscape areas. A scientifically based complex of protective agro-, phyto-, forest reclamation measures has been developed, corresponding to the allocated land categories in the landscape-agro-ecological zoning scheme, aimed at increasing the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural land use. Conclusion. 1. An assessment of the sustainability of landscape areas (agrolandscapes) of an agricultural organization has been made. 2. Unique schematic map of landscape areas, steepness of slopes, erosion hazard of the territory, landscape-erosion zoning, and studied agricultural land use were compiled, the ecological state of the territory was determined. 3. A complex of agro-, phyto-, forest reclamation measures is presented, differentiated according to landscape areas for deflation-hazardous land categories in the landscape-agro-ecological zoning scheme, aimed at their protection and increasing the sustainability of the agricultural land use area. 4. The results of scientific research can be applied by agricultural producers, research institutions, regional and municipal authorities in the organization, planning, monitoring, evaluation and management of land resources in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Rationale for the creation and planning organization of the national nature park within the boundaries of the Borzhava mountain range


 
 
 To date, Transcarpathian region is where the conservation indicator in Ukraine is the highest (15.52%). However, the network of natural geosystems includes areas that – due to absence of well-established mechanisms of nature protection – are being harmed by by excessive economic development and use of outmoded environmental management approaches. One such important natural complex requiring protection of its biotic and landscape diversity is the Borzhava range. In this paper, the authors provide a rationale for the creation of the National Nature Park (NNP) within the boundaries of the Borzhava mountain range, taking into account the landscape and bioecological approaches, as well as accounting for the limiting factors of the existing manage- ment of natural resources. We determined the optimal location for the park, delineated its configuration, boundaries, and total area, and proposed a cartographic model of its functional zoning. We identified the NPP’s role in the regional econetwork and the main negative anthropogenic factors that must be regulated. In order to solve the aforesaid tasks, the authors clarified the boundaries of the Borzhava mountain range and high-landscape areas. We charted a schematic map and a supporting table «Existing environmental preservation territories within the Borzhava physical-geographical sub-district in the landscape areas» to the scale scale of 1: 500,000. To identify the functional and regime zones of the proposed park, we have compiled the «Species and age structure of forests, vegetation groups of meadows and other non-forest lands within the projected Borzhava NNP» map. In particular, it identifies species and age charac- teristics of forests, groups of shrubs and herbal phytocenoses in the meadows within the previously outlined NNP territory. To analyze the anthropogenic factors, economic and other functional zones influencing the park’s ecosystems, the authors charted the additional schematic maps of «Functional purposes and forms of ownership of land proposed to be included in the boundaries of the Borzhava NNP» and «Categories of land and forests suggested for inclusion in the Borzhava NNP». The authors believe that the research presented in this article gives ample reason for designing a Park’s project with further submission of necessary materials to be reviewed by the Department of ecology and natural resources of Transcarpathian region.
 
 

Isotopic Evidence of Population Connectivity at Multiple Life Stages for Larimichthys polyactis in the Southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Larimichthys polyactis, a typically oceanodromous species found across the East China, Yellow, and Bohai Seas, is one of the most ecologically and commercially important species in East Asian countries. Moreover, over the past decades, L. polyactis has experienced significant changes in its biological characteristics under long-term intensive fishing pressure, suggesting a need for urgent protection. A robust understanding of connectivity at the spatiotemporal scale is critical for the effective and thorough management of L. polyactis. In the present study, the otolith stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios of four adult L. polyactis groups (Y-1–4) sampled in the southern Yellow and East China Seas (SYS and ECS) were determined at multiple life stages, including the larval dispersal period (core), overwintering period (A1), and one whole life cycle except the post-spawning period (A2). Dunn’s multiple comparison test showed that there was no difference among the Y-1, Y-2, and Y-3 groups in the otolith core and A1 zones (p > 0.05); the otolith δ13C and δ18O of the Y-4 group were significantly higher than those of the Y-3 group (p < 0.05) in the three analysed zones. In the otolith A2 zone, δ13C and δ18O of the Y-1 group were significantly higher than those of the Y-3 group (p < 0.05). Combined with the biplot of otolith δ13C and δ18O, the quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) of the otolith core, A1 and A2 zones showed that: (1) in the otolith core zone, two dominant larval aggregations occurred, likely distributed in the coastal waters of northern Lvsi and Haizhou Bay fishing grounds (Y-4 and part Y-1/2 groups) and Zhoushan and southern Yangtze Estuary fishing grounds (Y-3 and part Y-1/2); (2) in the otolith A1 zone, two clear aggregations were separated by Y-4 and Y-1/2/3, suggesting two dominant groups overwintering in the SYS and ECS, respectively; and (3) in the otolith A2 zone, two dominant aggregations were separated by Y-4/1 and Y-2/3. In addition to the long-term larval dispersal process, the migratory route between spawning and overwintering grounds may be diverse, explaining the non-significant genetic differentiation of L. polyactis from different groups. Combining these results with those of previous studies on the life history of L. polyactis, a schematic map of the migratory routes is depicted providing important references for effective resource management.

A method of seismic microzoning based on the vulnerability coefficient

The research objective is to develop a new method of seismic microzoning (SMZ) based on the spectral ratios between seismic signal’s horizontal and vertical components, i.e. on the vulnerability coefficient of the topmost soil stratum. Methods of research. The HVSR spectral ratio analysis has been used for a long time in various modifications. However, in author’s opinion, what’s new is the approach to seismic hazard zoning proposed in this research. It uses the vulnerability indices and subsequent recalculation into seismic intensity increments. The SMZ method based on the vulnerability coefficient considered in this article is not mandatory, although it is a variation of the spectral ratio method. It may be regarded as an addition to the mandatory seismic stiffness method. The combination of these SMZ methods will arguably increase the capabilities of the method as a whole and improve the accuracy and adequacy of a schematic map of seismic intensity increments. One of the advantages of both spectral ratio method and SMZ method based on the vulnerability index, is that they allow to take into account inelastic and nonlinear deformation processes when strong wave movements impacts on soils. Research results. Based on the calculated spectral characteristics of soils, the method makes it possible to construct schematic SMZ maps for different frequency ranges. Another advantage of the proposed of seismic microzoning method is that it eliminates the requirements for the synchronic microtremor measurements on the studied and reference soils. Moreover, the fact that there is simply no need for reference soils is a prerequisite for the method. The local vulnerability can therefore be assessed using only one seismic recorder with a 3-component sensor ignoring the location of microseismic motions sources and their characteristics variation over time.

Micro- and Nanoplastics pollution in the aquatic environments in Russia and detection problems

Recently, there are more and more investigations devoted to plastic pollution of the natural environment. In this case an active attention is paid to microplastic particles (MPs) less than 5 mm size and nanoplastic particles (NPs) less than 100 nm in size. MP and NP particles are found practically everywhere: in waters and bottom sediments of the World Ocean, river, lake and groundwater, beach sediments and even in snow and ice of the Arctic and Antarctic, in foodstuff, bottled water, in living organisms at all stages of the food chain. Plastic pollution of the natural environment has already become as global as climate change. This article presents the results of the analysis and summary of the current published literature devoted to the problems of MP and NP pollution of natural waters, mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation. For the first time, a schematic map of MP distribution in surface waters of Russia is constructed. A summary table on MP concentrations in surface water, groundwater, bottled mineral and tap water, bottom sediments of rivers, seas and oceans of the world is presented. It is clearly shown that there is a shortage of studies of MP and NP contamination in groundwater, although their content is also quite high.In addition, the paper touches upon the problem of measuring the MP and NP content and determining its composition, highlights the features, advantages, disadvantages and limitations of all the main detection methods. The summarized schemes of water and soil sampling and preparation for the following MP determination are presented. A reasonable conclusion is made that at the present moment there is no one optimum method, and only a combination of methods allows to identify MP and NP contamination in the best way.

Несентиментальное путешествие: письмо А. И. Тарасова-Родионова в Петроградское бюро ЦК РКП(б) о своей поездке в Сибирь летом 1918 г.

The paper presents the letter from Bolshevik Alexander Ignatievich Tarasov-Rodionov, who later became a famous Soviet writer, to the top party leadership describing his journey from red Petrograd to white Tyumen and back across the front line in July — August 1918. Excluded from the party on the eve of his trip to Tyumen, Alexander Tarasov-Rodionov decided to use his trip as a way to regain the trust of party leadership by collecting and providing the latter with valuable information about the state of white rear. To this end, during his journey, he was interested in the course of hostilities, the political and economic situation in the white-occupied areas of the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia. The source of the information received by Tarasov-Rodionov was his own observations, materials from anti-Bolshevik newspapers and conversations with fellow travelers. The result of his observations on his return from the trip, he outlined in a detailed letter to the Petrograd Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), written on August 27, 1918. This letter is a valuable historical source on the initial period of the Civil War in the East of Russia, containing interesting information about the White terror, about everyday life in the White rear, as well as about the tactics of combat operations at the front, collected by the author at the risk of his life during his journey. To visualize the route of Tarasov-Rodionov’s journey, a schematic map was prepared, published in the appendix to the paper.

УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ТУРИСТИЧНО-РЕКРЕАЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ НА РІВНІ ДЕСТИНАЦІЇ

Today, despite martial law and the crisis conditions that Ukraine's economy is facing, the tourism business is gradually recovering. In this regard, the country's leadership pays special attention to the formation of separate economic zones of tourist and recreational type and the creation of tourist clusters and destinations. Considering the aforesaid, it is important to provide a scientific justification for the specifics of the implementation of the territorial management system aimed at the development of tourism and regional tourism business. The article considers issues concerning the practice of implementing the methodology for managing the development of tourism and recreational activities at the destination level. The concepts of «tourist and recreational regionalisation» and «tourist and recreational zonation» are studied. In order to study the issue of territorial development and control of regional management processes in the sphere of tourism and recreation, the specific features of regional management processes are investigated on the basis of the methodology of regionalisation and zonation of territory. The article analyses approaches to zonation and regionalisation of tourist and recreational areas. It is specified that the types of tourist and recreational regionalisation and zonation depend on established goals, objectives, and indicators that are determined on the basis of the resource, physical and geographical approaches and socio-economic approaches. The key aspects of implementation of the methodology of regionalisation and zonation of tourist and recreational territories are identified. The approaches to zonation and regionalisation of tourist and recreational areas that have been considered, demonstrate a wide range of tasks that require further investigation and the search for effective solutions. With the purpose of studying the issue of territorial development and control of regional management processes in the sphere of tourism, the specific features of regional management processes have been investigated on the basis of the methodology of regionalisation and zonation of territory. On the basis of the methodology of regionalisation and zonation of the territory, a map of zonation of Cherkasy region by tourist and recreational microdistricts and a schematic map of tourist and recreational microdistricts of the region on the basis of homogeneity and coherence are built.

ПЕРВЫЕ ОБОБЩЕННЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ ПО ЖУЖЕЛИЦАМ (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) ЗЕЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА

Based on the scientifi c data and studies, the authors provide a generalized list of ground beetles from 52 species, 15 genera and 11 tribes of the Carabidae family, noted in the Zeya State Nature Reserve. According to the results of collections at the reserve in 2022, 12 of the species are listed for the first time.The timing and methodology of the studies are indicated. A schematic map of the Zeya State Nature Reserve is provided indicating the location of the surveyed biotopes, as well as their description.

EVALUATION OF THE CONTENT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE SURFACE WATER OF BELARUS

The article gives an estimate of the content of dissolved oxygen in the surface waters of the Republic of Belarus based on observational data for the period from 1994 to 2019. Using the methods of statistical modeling, the law of distri-bution of the provision of dissolved oxygen is determined; a schematic map of the spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in the surface waters of Belarus is presented. The quantitative assessment of dissolved oxygen is characterized by a gradient of change, the distribution of which is presented on a map-scheme, and is determined for each observed site.

Аnalysis of the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy workforce and prospects for its improvement

Aim. To analyze the state of the psychosocial climate in the workforce of a pharmacy institution and develop ways to improve it.
 Materials and methods. The methods used by the authors to measure the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy workforce include questionnaires, the method for determining value-orientational unity, the method of O. S. Mikhalyuk and A. Yu. Shalyto, the psychometric test of C. E. Seashore, the method for studying the job attractiveness, the method for studying the level of satisfaction of pharmacy employees with working conditions, the method “The schematic map of the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of the group”. In the expert survey 697 respondents took part. The study was conducted between March 2021 and January 2022.
 Results. Using the method of O. S. Mikhalyuk and A. Yu. Shalyto it was determined that 45.01 % of the respondents surveyed liked working in a pharmacy; 41.86 % of respondents expressed no desire to change their place of work. A negative psychosocial climate was observed in 11.38 % of the pharmacy institutions studied; 51.6 % of labor groups were characterized by a low level of organization.
 Conclusions. Using valid methods the psychosocial climate state in the workforce of the pharmacies under research, the needs of employees in material and social security, mutual relations in the team, communication and the level of group cohesion have been studied. Directions for improving the psychosocial climate in the pharmacy workforce have been proposed, namely: strict compliance with the rules of conduct adopted in the pharmacy institution; involvement of organizational psychologists; team cohesion based on joint projects, informal events; conducting social and psychological trainings; development of the corporate culture; the optimal placement of the personnel, etc.

Self-Reported Mandibular Impairment and Cervical Pain Comorbidity in Undergraduate Dental Students

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of co-existence of self-reported mandibular functional impairment and cervical pain in the same individuals. Participants answered a validated Mandibular Functional Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ) and also indicated in a schematic map the region of cervical pain when it was reported. The frequency of cervical pain in participants with or without mandibular functional was compared with Chi-squared test. The final evaluated population consisted of 80 participants, 28 men (35%) and 52 women (65%), with ages ranging between 18 and 55 years (median = 20). It was found that 43.75% (n = 35) reported cervical pain, 15% of participants reported some degree of mandibular impairment, and 11.25% presented the comorbidity. In conclusion, participants with mandibular impairment presented significantly more frequent cervical pain than participants without mandibular impairment.

Schematizing car routes with their surrounding street network

ABSTRACT Car drivers can benefit from schematized maps because they require a different level and type of information from different areas of the map. The technical challenge of creating such maps is that a schematic car route map should be optimized for the individual route, and yet simultaneously present the surrounding street network to support orientation. Existing schematization algorithms focus either on routes (without including the surrounding street network) or on the street network (without optimizing the route schematic layout). This paper addresses this lack of methods in schematization research and proposes an algorithm that is able to schematize both the route and the surrounding street network while resolving their conflicting layout criteria. We follow a two-step approach: we optimize the route layout criteria and afterward add the surrounding street network adapting it to the schematic route distortions. Our schematic ‘route + network’ maps aim to satisfy three requirements: (i) better readability of the route with respect to its decision points, (ii) preserving the qualitative characteristics of the surrounding street network while adapting it to route distortions, (iii) better visibility of alternative routes within the street network. A user study with six example maps validates our layout.

Drawing metro maps in concentric circles: A designer‐in‐the‐loop approach with visual examples

AbstractThis article presents a proof‐of‐concept designer‐in‐the‐loop schematic map drawing tool, based on the marriage of two approaches—manual and automated, which provides the technical interactivity of drawing tools between the user and the computer. We focus on concentric circle maps as opposed to the commonly used orthogonal mode representation, which is suggested by previous studies that it could promote better network learning. In comparison with existing methods, the proposed method is more compatible with the framework of effective map design from psychological and aesthetic perspectives, and a range of options can be provided in conjunction with users' preferences. We evaluated our approach on a set of iterations with case studies of Hong Kong metro with a group of three co‐authors from the fields of geography, transport engineering, and education.