Types Of Schemas Research Articles

The Use of Schema Theory in the Continuation Task

At present, many studies have proved the effectiveness of the combination of reading and writing, but there are still some problems in the actual teaching, such as the rupture of the relationship between reading and writing or the error of language structure, which cannot really implement the task of promoting writing by reading. Therefore, from the perspective of schema theory, this paper combines three types of schemas, namely, formal schema, content schema and language schema, to explore the essence of the combination of reading and writing, establish the deep connection between reading and writing, and promote the development of students' thinking quality. Schema theory offers fresh and innovative guidance for the development of the reading-to-writing instructional model, providing educators with a new perspective on how to effectively integrate reading and writing skills. Building upon this theoretical foundation, educators actively engage in exploring and refining effective strategies aimed at optimizing the current junior middle school English writing teaching landscape. These efforts are focused on enhancing the quality of instruction, fostering deeper understanding of language structures and content, and nurturing students' creative and analytical writing abilities. By leveraging the principles of schema theory, educators can create more engaging and effective learning experiences that cater to the unique needs and learning styles of junior middle school students, ultimately leading to improved outcomes in English writing proficiency.

Melodic Organization and Sequential Ordering of Galant Schemata

This article discusses the organization of galant schemata (Gjerdingen 2007) and its significance across the continuum of music-making from composition to improvisation (Nettl 1974). In Section 1, we argue that galant schemata should be defined more clearly as skeletal core tones, outlines for diminution, and surface formulas after Rabinovitch 2018, 2019a, and 2020a (see also Baragwanath 2020). We compare this organization briefly to additional musical systems discussed by Alaghband-Zadeh (2012), Stoia (2013), Mavromatis (2019), and Carter-Enyi (2021). In Section 2, we describe heuristics for moving from surface to individual soprano core tones, demonstrating how schematic melodic skeletons can be derived (bottom-up) through contrapuntal reduction. In Section 3, we address the sequential ordering of schemata within a first reprise or galant exposition (Burstein 2020) in the 1740s, based on a sample of 27 sections analyzed by hand according to the heuristics. We present a backbone of schemata featured in at least twelve of the pieces, which amounts to a tight script for schema successions. The emergent outline has implications for understanding schemata within form (Byros 2013, 2015; Caplin 2015; Neuwirth 2020; see also Burstein 2020), the linear constraints on skeletons, and schema successions in creative processes (Gjerdingen 2007; Sanguinetti 2012): we argue that it is possible to reconstruct broader linear and formal paths by tracking schema types recurring frequently in the sample. In Section 4, we discuss selected movements from the sixth collection of keyboard pieces for connoisseurs and amateurs by C. P. E. Bach, speculating on their mixture of compositional and improvisatory elements.

Cultures of Cultural Globalization: How National Repertoires and Political Ideologies Affect Literary and Artistic Circulation

While prior research foregrounds the economic and political conditions that shape cultural globalization, we focus on the effects of culture. We argue that diffusion itself is a cultural practice, and that two types of cultural schemas – ways of conceptualizing national belonging, on the one hand, and geopolitical ideologies, on the other – shape the people, policies, and infrastructures actors deploy to insert their cultural products into the global art and literary worlds. Based on fieldwork in Argentina, South Korea, and Lebanon, we show how two forms of trans-border nationalism – those that incorporate the diaspora based on ethnic or ancestral similarity, and those that incorporate regional neighbors based on common civic norms – are mobilized to circulate art and literature internationally. Who participates in these diasporic and regional networks, however, depends on diffusers’ ideological commitments. We identify two types of aspirational visions for a global (art) world order, which influence which people and institutions cultural makers and managers draw on to diffuse art and literature: a reformative vision, in which the core institutions in traditional centers of power maintain their centrality but become more inclusive of creators from historically underrepresented countries, and a transformative vision, in which the global art and literary world are restructured and power redistributed via new nodes and circuits that circumvent these traditional centers.

Legal Language as an Instrument for Describing Social Reality. Searching for Innovative Narrations

How we function in social reality is determined by various types of cognitive schemas. These concern people, social events and other phenomena. According to the concept offered by various postpositivist currents, including postmodernism, poststructuralism and critical theory, such schemata cannot be objective. The most important element of postmodern considerations is the discovery of the arbitrary nature of modernity. This means rejecting the Enlightenment belief in progress. Innovation, understood as modernity resulting from human reason, is illusory in the postmodern perspective. Innovation consists precisely in a rejection of the myth of the existence of some absolute, objective truths that constitute the social order. The world is textual, made up of many alternative narratives. Definitions, including legal definitions, are socially constructed. They arise from specific social conditions, at a particular stage of development of a particular group. The assumption made by postmodernists is that language, including professional language – such as the language of law or legal language – is neither neutral nor transparent. The innovative power of this language lies in its use of narratives that influence the functioning of social groups of varying degrees of complexity. It is therefore necessary, adopting a postmodern interpretation, to look at the text of legal language in a similar way as we look at other texts. That is, to see in the narrativity of this language structural similarities with other texts that constitute social reality.

Fair Data: History and Present Context

In this paper, we discuss FAIR Data, why it exists, and who it applies to. We further review the principles of FAIR data and how they are managed in research centers. We also discuss the types of problems that researchers encounter, and what an information professional can do to assist them. At present, the vast majority of centers subscribe to the FAIR principles. However, both center and researcher face the arduous task of understanding, managing, and implementing the model. They must know data formats and standards. For a correct description and to facilitate data retrieval and interoperability, they must know about different types of metadata schemas. They must know about digital preservation and specific aspects of knowledge and information management. In addition, there are also ethical issues, intellectual property, and cultural differences. All these controversies translate into extra workload for researchers, who only get a return in the form of citations. It is critical to note that these information professionals can play a key role in the proper management of research data, and can help achieve the objectives described in the principles: making data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable.

Troubled Images: Analysing the Republican Use of Visual Metaphors in Wall Paintings and Pictures in Northern Ireland

The republican movement in Northern Ireland was visually manifested in images drawn on walls and on the gable ends of houses in the towns of Belfast and (London) Derry. As well as being an iconographic expression of the social injustice they suffered (Rapp & Rhomberg, 2013; Goalwin, 2013), these wall paintings were employed by the republicans to convey political and ideological messages in order to heighten awareness and to mobilize people. Blank spaces on walls were increasingly exploited by republican groups and were converted into a visual medium sui generis for their political and ideological claims and demands. Over the years republicans developed this novel communication strategy geared to expressing highly emotional content that served to reflect and influence the sentiments of the communities involved in the conflict. It also served to channel collective memory, recording key events and contributing to the formation of an identity. Intense political disagreements and armed conflict between the Catholic and Protestant communities from 1968 to 1998 led to violent clashes during the period known as “the Troubles”. This complicated time frame has been metaphorically represented in various ways in wall paintings and posters in Northern Ireland. The aim of this paper is to analyze the political and ideological use of visual metaphors in the images of the republican movement during the “Troubles”. More specifically, by applying the most recent methodological tool derived from a socio-cognitive model of discourse analysis, namely Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), the purpose is to analyse, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, the three different types of Conceptual Metaphorical Schemas: Propositional, Image and Event Schema (Soares da Silva, 2016).

Approach to Software Integration of Heterogeneous Sources of Medical Data Based on Microservice Architecture

The task of processing medical information is currently being solved in our country and abroad by means of heterogeneous medical information systems, mainly at the local and regional levels. The ever-increasing volume and complexity of the accumulated information, along with the need to ensure transparency and continuity in the processing of medical data (in particular, for bronchopulmonary diseases) in various organizations, requires the development of a new approach to integrating their heterogeneous sources. At the same time, an important requirement for solving the problem is the possibility of web-oriented implementation, which will make the corresponding applications available to a wide range of users without high requirements for their hardware and software capabilities. The paper considers an approach to the integration of heterogeneous sources of medical information, which is based on the principles of building microservice web architectures. Each data processing module can be used independently of other program modules, providing a universal entry point and the resulting data set in accordance with the accepted data schema. Sequential execution of processing steps implies the transfer of control to the corresponding program modules in the background according to the Cron principle. The schema declares two types of data schemas - local (from medical information systems) and global (for a single storage system), between which the corresponding display parameters are provided according to the principle of constructing XSLT tables. An important distinguishing feature of the proposed approach is the modernization of the medical information storage system, which consists in creating mirror copies of the main server with periodic replication of the relevant information. At the same time, the interaction between clients and data storage servers is carried out according to the type of content delivery systems with the creation of a connection session between end points based on the principle of the nearest distance between them, calculated using the haversine formula. The computational experiments carried out on test data on bronchopulmonary diseases showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach both for loading data and for obtaining them by individual users and software systems. Overall, the reactivity score of the corresponding web-based applications was improved by 40% on a stable connection.

The Science of Children’s Religious and Spiritual Development

The Science of Children’s Religious and Spiritual Development

From visual perception to comprehension: Variations in construal and gaze behavior

The study explores the construal shifts from VISUAL PERCEPTION to COMPREHENSION image schemas (Grady, 2005) which the readers may face when they deal with the contexts employing the verb of visual perception видеть (see) in the Russian language. The aim of the study is to find out how different image schema types affect the readers’ gaze behavior and default interpretation. It develops a two-stage procedure which involves the corpus-based semantic analysis followed by the oculographic experiment and participants’ reports. The corpus-based search and semantic annotation help define a range of linguistic attractors (Gibbs, 2006) contingent on the image schema types of visual perception and comprehension with the latter exhibiting a more abstract character (Grady, 2005). To proceed, we appeal to the morphological, lexical, and syntactic attractors of the verbs of perception and abstract semantics outlined in (Kustova, 2004; Baicchi & Digonne, 2018; Béligon et al., 2019) and apply them for further samples annotation and contingency analysis. The typical attractors for VISUAL PERCEPTION image schema involve the verb in the perfective, visual semantics in pre-position, direct object in post-position, negation marker, animated direct object in post-position; whereas the COMPREHENSION image schema attractors are scarce and are restricted to attributes of evaluation in pre-position and several adverb types. The oculographic experiment tests the effects of perceptual construal priming and the construal entrenchment on gaze behavior and default interpretation. The experiment did not reveal significant schema type contingency on interpretation, however in terms of gaze behavior COMPREHENSION image schema was more demanding.

Action modus of the ethical category justice in the English language

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the action mode of the ethical category JUSTICE in the English language. The purpose of the study is to establish the basic mental schemas of the action mode of the JUSTICE category in the context of the theory of image schemas. The study highlights two types of such schemas. Basic image-schemas take a direct part in the conceptualization of objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality, which include “being” schema, “happening” schema, “doing” schema, “experiencing schema”, “having schema”, “moving” schema, “transferring” schema. Another type is syntactic propositional schemas, which are classified according to five basic frames: subject, action, possessive, comparative and identification ones and participate in onomasiological models of sentence construction. A method of correlating these two types of schemas is proposed using contextual and cognitive analysis. The material of the study was a selection of text fragments from the corpus of the English language iWeb, which totals 200 units. The selection of material was based on a qualitative parameter based on the MI (mutual information score) indicator, which represents the actual closeness of the concepts verbalized by the corresponding language units. This parameter makes it possible to identify concepts that are the closest domains of the analyzed category at the associative level of linguistic consciousness. It was established that the action mode is represented by the syntactic propositional sub-scheme “Agent acts on the patient”, which belongs to the basic action frame. Action mode differentiates between two aspects: the active and the passive. The active aspect is actualized within the framework of the proposition schema “Agent acts”, which includes two models “JUSTICE is an agent’ and “JUSTICE is a circumstance”. The passive aspect is actualized within the propositional schema “The agent acts on the patient” with the model “JUSTICE is a patient”.

Designing a professional e-portfolio to promote 3D printing-based entrepreneurial thinking as a case study: A technical writing project

The purpose of this project is to design a professional e-portfolio in the form of an interactive website that could be potentially accessed by budding entrepreneurs looking to get information to start a 3D-printing based business locally in the Aizu/Fukushima area. 3D printing here is used as a case study to understand how such technical content could be positioned most optimally in a professional context and with maximum impact. This paper outlines a process that leads towards the final design of the website and will focus on the technical writing, design, and usability principles. Adoption of such principles is expected to make the website more interactive and usable in the target situation. This website is geared towards helping anyone who wants to start a new 3D printing business. In this research, we will limit our consideration to help people living in Aizu to revitalise the Aizu area for the 3D printing business. The content in the e-portfolio includes types of 3D printers, 3D printing technologies, sharing of 3D models, with the web design based on various types of concept mapping schemas, faceted search, SWOT analysis, etc. From this information, users can search for and browse what they want towards customising their preferences. Users can also contact the administrator for business consultations and website requests for start-ups. This is a work-in-progress paper, as the design of the e-portfolio has been left at a preliminary level, with more focus on content placement and organisation, but without any usability testing.

Availability of Moral Schemas as a Basis for Spontaneous Judgments about Moral Qualities

Basic ideas of socio-cognitive approach are considered. This approach explains the moral personality from the viewpoint of availability of cognitive schemas. The results of testing the experimental model of D. Narvaez, D. Lapsley, S. Hagele and B. Lasky on Russian sample are presented. Primary trait inference method was used to determine if people with availability of moral schemas were more likely to make spontaneous inferences about moral qualities than people with availability of other types of schemas. The obtained results of the study coincided with the results of D. Narvaez et al. in conclusion that availability of moral constructions affects the processing of social information. People with a greater availability of moral schemas were more likely to make spontaneous inferences about moral qualities than people more oriented on other cognitive schemas.

The role of cognitive schemas in the relationship between attachment style and emotional intelligence

The current study focuses on the idea that the relationship between attachment styles and emotional intelligence can be influenced by cognitive schemas. It is well known that the first interaction between the child and his mother lays the foundations of attachment. The extent to which it develops guides the individual throughout his life making him responsible for his own actions and decisions. In this way studying the three variables becomes the main objective of the study. The data were collected on an online form, using the snowball method by which subjects were able to share the questionnaire to acquaintances to gather a larger number of people. The study was attended by 281 people aged between 18 to 40 years, M = 21.98, SD = 4.10, of which, 52 were males (18.50%) and 229 females (81.50%), 134 were single (47.69%) and 147 were in a relationship (52.31%), 48 people come from single-parent families (17.08%) and 233 come from two-parent families (82.92%). The results were as expected, secure attachment constitutes a significant positive predictor of emotional intelligence while the anxious attachment was a significant negative predictor of emotional intelligence. The results also showed that avoidant attachment would be a significant positive predictor of emotional intelligence. Following the results it was observed that there is a mediation between cognitive schema and the relationship between attachment styles and emotional intelligence. The secure attachment style was significantly negatively associated with all three types of schemas as expected.

The cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying false memory: An information processing perspective

<p id="C2">By reviewing both behavioral and neuroimaging research, the present article illustrates how processing of information from different sources (i.e., the target event/stimulus, internal cognitive schemas, and external interference) and at different stages (i.e., the encoding, storage, re-activation/reconsolidation and retrieval stages) contributes to false memory. We conclude that false memory may arise from three mechanisms: (1) The lack of distinctive item-specific memory representations that makes it difficult to distinguish targets from related lures; (2) The engagement of cognitive schemas strengthens the memory representations of non-target information (including related lures) in the schemas; and (3) Re-activated memory representations of targets are distorted and modified by external interference. Future research may use updated approaches, e.g., multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), to further investigate the brain regions responsible for representing item-specific details, the way different types of schema (e.g., event-based script) promote the representations of related lures, and the way re-activation of schema during memory retrieval influences false memory.

Representation of emotion in English syntax and teaching Russian EFL students

The article looks into English simple utterances about a person’s emotional state. The authors dwell on the ways the English simple sentence patterns are employed in utterances about emotional states and reveal the types of sentence patterns and types of propositions (event schemas) structuring emotional states. The authors also discuss the factors that determine the way a particular emotional event is conceptualized and structured and describe the mechanisms underlying the representation of emotional states in syntax and the choice of a sentence pattern for an utterance about this event. Special attention is given to the mechanism of conceptual metaphor that manifests itself in sentence patterns. The paper lists types of propositional schemas mapped onto concepts of emotional experiences and singles out regular correspondences between the source domain and the target-domain in these metaphorical mappings. The authors also tackle the issue of applying knowledge of sentence representation of emotional states in teaching Russian EFL students to use English syntax correctly and authentically. Teaching syntax in the proposed approach is aimed at helping students to assimilate propositional schemas of the English sentence as models of structuring reality with their metaphoric extensions and then to develop skills of employing these schemas in speaking.

Beautiful mind: grouping of actions into mental schemes leads to a full insight Aha! experience

ABSTRACT This paper explores the potential connection between solution, elegance and Aha! experience in insight problem-solving. We assume that the basic principle of both Aha! experience and elegance evaluations is a scheme encoding of solution. The compactness of the successful scheme determines the subjective aesthetic judgment of solution elegance and beauty. To investigate this claim, we used the ten-penny insight problem that has two types of solutions. The first is a schema type which can be portrayed as a simple shape (a star). The second is an asymmetric type described by a system of rules and restrictions. Two experiments were conducted in which participants were asked to find both solution types and evaluate each of them using Aha! experience scales with additional elegance scale. Both experiments indicated that the scheme type solution was rated as more insightful, elegant and sudden compared to the asymmetric type.

Schema of Analogical Reasoning - Thinking Process in Example Analogies Problem

Purpose: Analogical reasoning has been studied using a variety of tasks that generally required consideration of the relationship between the object and its integration to conclude an analog schema. The aim of this study was to describe the model of analogical reasoning schema based on some analogical problems. Research Method: In this study used qualitative research approach with design research is the case study. Data were taken from 16-year-old high school students, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. The researcher selected 4 students who answered two analogical problems correctly and used in analyzing qualitative data. Findings: The findings showed that there is a difference in the schema. The first type is that student can directly map between target problem and source problem, followed by structuring, applying, and verifying. The second type is that the student can not directly map between target problem with source problem, but the student need do a representation of the target problem so as to find a form of problem that has similarities with source problem. Then the student can map between target problem with source problem, followed by doing the process as the first schema type. The implication for Research and Practice: Findings of this study may have an impact on the way teachers teach mathematics on the analogical problems they use. Teachers can consider mathematical problems used in learning so that students easily understand the theory from the concepts being taught. And then, teachers need to develop an analogical problem that can develop critical and creative thinking to enhance the creativity of high school students with their analogical reasoning.

GenDE: A CRF-Based Data Extractor

Web site schema detection and data extraction from the Deep Web have been studied a lot. Although, few researches have focused on the more challenging jobs: wrapper verification or extractor generation. A wrapper verifier would check whether a new page from a site complies with the detected schema, and so the extractor will use the wrapper to get instances of the schema types. If the wrapper failed to work with the new page, a new wrapper/schema would be re-generated by calling an unsupervised wrapper induction system. In this paper, a new data extractor called GenDE is proposed. It verifies the site schema and extracts data from the Web pages using Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). The problem is solved by breaking down an observation sequence (a Web page) into simpler subsequences that will be labeled using CRF. Moreover, the system solves the problem of automatic data extraction from modern JavaScript sites in which data/schema are attached (on the client side) in a JSON format. The experiments show an encouraging result as it outperforms the CSP-based extractor algorithm (95% and 96% of recall and precision, respectively). Moreover, it gives a high performance result when tested on the SWDE benchmark dataset (84.91%).

A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Image Schemata in Selected English Proverbs

This study intends to examine image schemata in English proverbs based on the Johnson's image schemata types in a cognitive semantic approach. Thus, the present study considers firstly some theories concerning cognitive linguistics, cognitive semantics, image schemata and its types. Then it examines the three categories of the Johnson's (1987) image schemata, namely, container, force, and path image schemata. The fundamental aim of the study is to answer a set of questions such as (1) what are the main types of Johnson's image schemata in English proverbs? (2) How do image schemata play a dynamic role in structuring human physical experiences even before learning a language? (3) In which way does the use of certain linguistic items redound on deciding the type of image schemata? However, the consequences of the current study show that (1) Some of English proverbs contain Johnson's types of image schemata, namely, container, force, and path schemata, (2) image schemata have an experiential basis, and (3) the meaning of most of image schemata in English proverbs is associated with using certain linguistic items.

Considerations about the quality of UML and GML application schemas

Abstract Exchange of and access to spatial data is the principal goal of any Spatial Data Infrastructure, therefore, one of the key concepts of SDI is interoperability, especially semantic and syntactic. Whereas application schemas and quality issues are one of the aspects that have to be considered to ensure a successful data interchange in SDI. Two types of application schema are widely used in the European SDI as well as in the Polish SDI. They cover both semantic and syntactic interoperability and are an integral parts of spatial data specifications and relevant regulations in the form of data models. However, working out accurate and correct application schemas may be a challenge. Additionally, faulty or too complex application schemas can influence the ability for valid data interchange, and consequently, prevent achieving interoperability within SDI. Therefore, the capability to examine and estimate the UML and GML application schemas quality seems to be a worthwhile and important issue in the context of semantic and syntactic interoperability in SDI. The main subject of this article it to set out the context of performed studies, among others, the role of application schema in the interoperable data exchange, issues related to the concept of quality and its measures.