Schema Language Research Articles

Modulation of language switching by cue timing: Implications for models of bilingual language control.

The current study examines the interplay between global and local processes in bilingual language control. We investigated language-switching performance of unbalanced Arabic-Hebrew bilinguals in cued picture naming, using 5 different cuing parameters. The language cue could precede the picture, follow it, or appear simultaneously with it. Naming latencies were reduced with precuing, demonstrating bilinguals' ability to globally modulate language activation, and more strongly reduced with postcuing, demonstrating bilinguals' ability to locally activate lemmas in both languages. Precuing reduced switching costs in reaction time (RT), and postcuing significantly reduced switching costs in accuracy, but not in RT. Switching costs were mostly symmetric for both languages, although participants were unbalanced bilinguals. These results support the notion that both global language selection and resolution of competition between activated lemmas are involved in bilingual language control. They further demonstrate that persisting language schema activation and local lemma selection and inhibition are equal across both languages of unbalanced bilinguals. Finally, results demonstrate that experimental manipulations of cuing parameters can have dissociable influences on overall RTs, and switch costs in latency and accuracy, suggesting that language-switching performance reflects complex interactions of bilingual profiles and task demands. (PsycINFO Database Record

Automation of tool path generation in multi-process micromachine tool for micromachining of prismatic and rotational parts

ABSTRACTComputer numerical control (CNC) code generation is an inimitable activity of a Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system. Tool path formulation is considered as a machine-dependent activity, and expertise is essential to make attuned for a specific micromachine tool. This paper describes research for retrofitting of a multi-process micromachine tool for automatic CNC code generation for 2.5D micromachining. Micro turning, micro drilling and micro end milling processes are all considered. The proposed system comprises of three main elements: (i) part feature extraction through an extensible mark-up language (XML) schema, (ii) manufacturing logic formulation and CNC code generation by means of mathematical logic and (iii) online integration. XML-based feature extraction ensures trouble-free integration with the decision-making system. Automation of CNC code generation eliminates the need of human expertise, avoids compatibility issues and minimises program creation time. The developed system integrated with the micromachine tool through communication interface for real-time micromachining. The proposed system is intended for 2.5D machining of miniature and micro parts with external step, hole and slot features. The developed system performance has been validated through case study implementations.

An fMRI study of executive control during translation and oral reading in Cantonese-English bilingual speakers

An fMRI study of executive control during translation and oral reading in Cantonese-English bilingual speakers

First-order reality and reflexive practices in children's language development

From a phenomenological perspective, Maurice Merleau-Ponty distinguished between ideas about one's own body (body image) and the functioning of the body in its immediate environment (body schema). To capture the dynamics of the characteristics of language as suggested in second-order linguistic negotiation of meaning and in spontaneous first-order linguistic behaviour, this article proposes to conceptualize the embodiment of language in children's development in terms of a language image and a language schema. The article points to some of the complexities involved in processes of analytical imitation and reflexive enculturation and offers an interpretation of the first-order reality involved in a narrative performance of a four-year-old.

Development of flexible languages for scenario and team description in multirobot missions

AbstractThe work described in this paper is part of the development of a framework to support the joint execution of cooperative missions by a group of vehicles, in a simulated, augmented, or real environment. Such a framework brings forward the need for formal languages in which to specify the vehicles that compose a team, the scenario in which they will operate, and the mission to be performed. This paper introduces the Scenario Description Language (SDL) and the Team Description Language (TDL), two Extensible Markup Language based dialects that compose the static components necessary for representing scenario and mission knowledge. SDL provides a specification of physical scenario and global operational constraints, while TDL defines the team of vehicles, as well as team-specific operational restrictions. The dialects were defined using Extensible Markup Language schemas, with all required information being integrated in the definitions. An interface was developed and incorporated into the framework, allowing for the creation and edition of SDL and TDL files. Once the information is specified, it can be used in the framework, thus facilitating environment and team specification and deployment. A survey answered by practitioners and researchers shows that the satisfaction with SDL+TDL is elevated (the overall evaluation of SDL+TDL achieved a score of 4 out of 5, with 81%/78.6% of the answers ≥4); in addition, the usability of the interface was evaluated, achieving a score of 86.7 in the System Usability Scale survey. These results imply that SDL+TDL is flexible enough to represent scenarios and teams, through a user-friendly interface.

Towards a Normal Form and a Query Language for Extended Relations Defined by Regular Expressions

This paper introduces a generalized data base concept that unites relational and semi structured data models. As an important theoretical result we could find a quadratic decision algorithm for the implication problem of functional and join dependencies defined on the united data model. As practical contribution we presented a normal form for the new data model as a tool for data base design. With our novel representations of regular expressions, a more effective searching method could be developed. XML elements are described by XML schema languages such as a DTD or an XML Schema definition. The instances of these elements are semi-structured tuples. A semi-structured tuple is an ordered list of (attribute: value) pairs. We may think of a semi-structured tuple as a sentence of a formal language, where the values are the terminal symbols and the attribute names are the non-terminal symbols. In the authors' former work (Szabó and Benczúr, 2015) they introduced the notion of the extended tuple as a sentence from a regular language generated by a grammar where the non-terminal symbols of the grammar are the attribute names of the tuple. Sets of extended tuples are the extended relations. The authors then introduced the dual language, which generates the tuple types allowed to occur in extended relations. They defined functional dependencies (regular FD - RFD) over extended relations. In this paper they rephrase the RFD concept by directly using regular expressions over attribute names to define extended tuples. By the help of a special vertex labeled graph associated to regular expressions the specification of substring selection for the projection operation can be defined. The normalization for regular schemas is more complex than it is in the relational model, because the schema of an extended relation can contain an infinite number of tuple types. However, the authors can define selection, projection and join operations on extended relations too, so a lossless-join decomposition can be performed. They extended their previous model to deal with XML schema indicators too, e.g., with numerical constraints. They added line and set constructors too, in order to extend their model with more general projection and selection operators. This model establishes a query language with table join functionality for collected XML element data.

Taming Log Files From Game/Simulation‐Based Assessments: Data Models and Data Analysis Tools

AbstractExtracting information efficiently from game/simulation‐based assessment (G/SBA) logs requires two things: a well‐structured log file and a set of analysis methods. In this report, we propose a generic data model specified as an extensible markup language (XML) schema for the log files of G/SBAs. We also propose a set of analysis methods for identifying useful information from the log files and implement the methods in a package in the Python programming language, glassPy. We demonstrate the data model and glassPy with logs from a game‐based assessment, SimCityEDU.

Job Migration Policies for Grid Environment

For efficient resource management in Grid, the resources overloading must be prevented, which can be obtained by efficient Load Balancing and Job Migration (JM) mechanisms. JM addresses the problem of resource overloading through various techniques in a Grid environment. In this paper, JM model has been designed. The proposed JM model offers three policies based on the scheduling, checkpointing and replication for Grid environment decisions. The JM problem has been formulated as an optimization problem and resource scheduling algorithm minimizes the average finish time and makespan. For all the three proposed techniques, JM policies have been designed and the policy rules have been specified in Extensible Markup Language schema for decision making. Each of the above techniques has been executed according to its specific condition at run time. Finally, the performances of the proposed model, algorithms and techniques have been rigorously examined over the GridSim simulator using various parameters, such as makespan, hit-ratio etc. Experimental results establish the superiority of the proposed techniques over the existing techniques.

Integration of process planning and scheduling using mobile-agent based approach in a networked manufacturing environment

Effective and efficient implementation of intelligent and/or recently emerged networked manufacturing systems require an enterprise level integration. The networked manufacturing offers several advantages in the current competitive atmosphere by way to reduce, by shortening manufacturing cycle time and maintaining the production flexibility thereby achieving several feasible process plans. The first step in this direction is to integrate manufacturing functions such as process planning and scheduling for multi-jobs in a network based manufacturing system. It is difficult to determine a proper plan that meets conflicting objectives simultaneously. This paper describes a mobile-agent based negotiation approach to integrate manufacturing functions in a distributed manner; and its fundamental framework and functions are presented. Moreover, ontology has been constructed by using the Protégé software which possesses the flexibility to convert knowledge into Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema of Web Ontology Language (OWL) documents. The generated XML schemas have been used to transfer information throughout the manufacturing network for the intelligent interoperable integration of product data models and manufacturing resources. To validate the feasibility of the proposed approach, an illustrative example along with varied production environments that includes production demand fluctuations is presented and compared the proposed approach performance and its effectiveness with evolutionary algorithm based Hybrid Dynamic-DNA (HD-DNA) algorithm. The results show that the proposed scheme is very effective and reasonably acceptable for integration of manufacturing functions.

An Introduction to Shape Schema Grammars

Shape schema grammars generalize parametric shape grammars so that both rules and the objects to which they apply are expressed with shape schemata. This paper defines shape schema grammars. It starts with a notation for schemata in general and shape schemata in particular. Schema equality is shown to have at least three possible definitions, of which schema consistency is the most useful. A limited notion of shape schema maximality potentially reduces the size and redundancy of a given schema. Shape schema subpart is a multifunction returning all of the possible ways that one shape schema can be embedded in another. Shape schema difference and addition complete the basic mathematical operations over shape schemata required to define shape schema rules, grammars and languages.

Comparison of XReal and XDMA for Keyword Search in XML Databases: A Case Study

More research works have been carried out in the area of keyword search on XML databases. This is mainly because of the fact that users do not require knowledge of database schema and query language to search XML databases based on keyword queries. In the recent past, XReal and XDMA are the most prominent keyword search approaches for XML databases. Both XReal and XDMA make use of the numerical facts and hierarchical structure of XML databases. Never the less, these approaches are not reliant on schema information of XML data. In XReal, term frequency and document frequency have been mainly utilized. However, XDMA employs dual indices and mutual summation with the use of the frequency of keyword matching tags and data. In this paper, we discuss briefly the very important aspects of these approaches. Also, we compare these two keyword search approaches based on their methodologies and experimental results. It is found that both XReal and XDMA are generally effective XML keyword search approaches. Moreover, XDMA is comparatively slower than XReal for larger XML datasets. Notably, XDMA has identified a new keyword ambiguity and also addressed all ambiguities.

An occupant behavior modeling tool for co-simulation

Traditionally, in building energy modeling (BEM) programs, occupant behavior (OB) inputs are deterministic and less indicative of real world scenarios, contributing to discrepancies between simulated and actual energy use in buildings. This paper presents a new OB modeling tool, with an occupant behavior functional mock-up unit (obFMU) that enables co-simulation with BEM programs implementing functional mock-up interface (FMI). The components detailed in the development of the obFMU include an overview of the DNAS (drivers-needs-actions-systems) ontology and the occupant behavior eXtensible Markup Language (obXML) schema, in addition to details on the creation of the obFMU that contains the co-simulation interface, the data model and solvers. To demonstrate functionality of the tool, three examples of occupant behaviors were simulated, including: (1) turning on and off lights, (2) opening and closing windows, and (3) turning on and off the air conditioners. The obFMU can be used via co-simulation with all building simulation programs that implement the FMI, thus users are not limited to a particular tool. Another advantage is the use of obXML schema to represent occupant behavior, standardize the description of occupant behavior enabling information exchange.

Sino-Anglo Code-mixing and Persuasiveness of Chinese Newspaper Advertising: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

This article sets out to investigate a comprehensive sociolinguistic profile of Sino-Anglo code-mixing in Chinese newspaper advertising in terms of typology and functions. Based on a corpus formed of 603 advertisements from three newspapers in Guangdong province in China, the writer categorizes Sino-Anglo code-mixing in the identified cases into insertional code-mixing and alternational code-mixing, identifies the positioning of mixed English and explores how mixing English into Chinese advertising discourses contributes to persuasiveness of advertising from textual and contextual perspectives by use of Markedness Theory. It is concluded that mixing English into Chinese newspaper advertising is an effective verbal strategy to reach the goal of persuasion by enhancing the semantic, rhetoric and contextual effects. Construction of identity through activation of language schema, screening out the target readers and mitigating the tone with consumers through euphemism are three main contextual functions. To study Sino-Anglo code-mixing can shed light on the understanding of dynamism of language situation in China and the relationship between language and society.

Intersection Checking for Regular Expressions Based on Inference System

Decision problem of intersection checking for regular expressions plays an important role in the XML type checking. The typical technique is converted into the problem of automata intersection, which may generate a lot of redundant computing during the conversion. In the present paper, according to the features of XML schema languages, a new intersection checking algorithm based on inference system for regular expressions is proposed. This method is derived directly based on regular expression without the need for any conversion. For general regular expressions that is exponential time algorithm, but without constructing automata and for some special cases, especially for the oneunambiguous regular expressions used in XML type checking, is the polynomial time algorithm. Proofs of the correctness and completeness of the inference rules are given. Experiment results show that our approach are more effective than automatic approach in practical.

Solar Lab Notebook (SLN): An Ultra-Portable Web-Based System for Heliophysics and High-Security Labs

This paper introduces the Solar Lab Notebook (SLN), an electronic lab notebook for improving the process of recording and sharing solar related digital information in an organized manner. SLN is a pure web-based application (available online: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/sln) that runs client-side only, employing a clean and very friendly graphical user interface design, and thus providing a true cross-platform user experience. Furthermore, SLN leverages unique technologies offered by modern web browsers, such as the FileReader API, the Blob interface and Local Storage mechanism; it is coded entirely using HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript, and powered by the extremely well documented XML file format. For high-security labs, it can be utilized as an ultra-portable and secure digital notebook solution, since it is functionally self-contained, and does not require any server-side process running on either the local or a remote system. Finally, the W3C XML Schema language is used to define a list of rules, namely a data standard, that an SLN file must conform to in order to be valid. In this way, developers are able to implement their own validation functions in their projects, or use one of the freely available tools to check if a data file is properly structured. Similarly, scientific groups at different labs can easily share information, being confident about the integrity of the exchanged data.

A Platform to Build Mobile Health Apps: The Personal Health Intervention Toolkit (PHIT).

Personal Health Intervention Toolkit (PHIT) is an advanced cross-platform software framework targeted at personal self-help research on mobile devices. Following the subjective and objective measurement, assessment, and plan methodology for health assessment and intervention recommendations, the PHIT platform lets researchers quickly build mobile health research Android and iOS apps. They can (1) create complex data-collection instruments using a simple extensible markup language (XML) schema; (2) use Bluetooth wireless sensors; (3) create targeted self-help interventions based on collected data via XML-coded logic; (4) facilitate cross-study reuse from the library of existing instruments and interventions such as stress, anxiety, sleep quality, and substance abuse; and (5) monitor longitudinal intervention studies via daily upload to a Web-based dashboard portal. For physiological data, Bluetooth sensors collect real-time data with on-device processing. For example, using the BinarHeartSensor, the PHIT platform processes the heart rate data into heart rate variability measures, and plots these data as time-series waveforms. Subjective data instruments are user data-entry screens, comprising a series of forms with validation and processing logic. The PHIT instrument library consists of over 70 reusable instruments for various domains including cognitive, environmental, psychiatric, psychosocial, and substance abuse. Many are standardized instruments, such as the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Patient Health Questionnaire-8, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Autonomous instruments such as battery and global positioning system location support continuous background data collection. All data are acquired using a schedule appropriate to the app’s deployment. The PHIT intelligent virtual advisor (iVA) is an expert system logic layer, which analyzes the data in real time on the device. This data analysis results in a tailored app of interventions and other data-collection instruments. For example, if a user anxiety score exceeds a threshold, the iVA might add a meditation intervention to the task list in order to teach the user how to relax, and schedule a reassessment using the anxiety instrument 2 weeks later to re-evaluate. If the anxiety score exceeds a higher threshold, then an advisory to seek professional help would be displayed. Using the easy-to-use PHIT scripting language, the researcher can program new instruments, the iVA, and interventions to their domain-specific needs. The iVA, instruments, and interventions are defined via XML files, which facilities rapid app development and deployment. The PHIT Web-based dashboard portal provides the researcher access to all the uploaded data. After a secure login, the data can be filtered by criteria such as study, protocol, domain, and user. Data can also be exported into a comma-delimited file for further processing. The PHIT framework has proven to be an extensible, reconfigurable technology that facilitates mobile data collection and health intervention research. Additional plans include instrument development in other domains, additional health sensors, and a text messaging notification system.

Conversion of Radiology Reporting Templates to the MRRT Standard.

In 2013, the Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) Radiology workgroup developed the Management of Radiology Report Templates (MRRT) profile, which defines both the format of radiology reporting templates using an extension of Hypertext Markup Language version 5 (HTML5), and the transportation mechanism to query, retrieve, and store these templates. Of 200 English-language report templates published by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), initially encoded as text and in an XML schema language, 168 have been converted successfully into MRRT using a combination of automated processes and manual editing; conversion of the remaining 32 templates is in progress. The automated conversion process applied Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) scripts, an XML parsing engine, and a Java servlet. The templates were validated for proper HTML5 and MRRT syntax using web-based services. The MRRT templates allow radiologists to share best-practice templates across organizations and have been uploaded to the template library to supersede the prior XML-format templates. By using MRRT transactions and MRRT-format templates, radiologists will be able to directly import and apply templates from the RSNA Report Template Library in their own MRRT-compatible vendor systems. The availability of MRRT-format reporting templates will stimulate adoption of the MRRT standard and is expected to advance the sharing and use of templates to improve the quality of radiology reports.

Aircraft Design Markup Language for Multidisciplinary Aircraft Design and Analysis

The process of conceptual aircraft design has advanced tremendously in the past few decades due to rapidly developing computer technology. Today’s modern aerospace systems exhibit strong interdisciplinary coupling and require a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach. Efficient transfer, sharing, and manipulation of aircraft design and analysis data in such a collaborative environment demand a formal, structured representation of data. Extensible markup language, which is a World Wide Web Consortium recommendation, is one such standard concomitant with a number of powerful capabilities that alleviate interoperability issues in a collaborative environment. A compact, generic, and comprehensive extensible markup language schema for an aircraft design markup language is proposed here to represent aircraft conceptual design and analysis data. The purpose of this unified data format is to provide a common language for data communication and to improve efficiency and productivity within a multidisciplinary, collaborative aircraft design environment. An important feature of the proposed schema is the very expressive and efficient low-level schemata (raw data, mathematical objects, and basic geometry). As a proof of concept, the schema is used to encode an entire Convair B58. The reduction in effort (gain in value) to exchange data models and analysis results in the aircraft design markup language increases with the complexity of models and the number of disciplines.

A model-driven approach to semi-structured database design

Recently XML has become a standard for data representation and the preferred method of encoding structured data for exchange over the Internet. Moreover it is frequently used as a logical format to store structured and semi-structured data in databases. We propose a model-driven and configurable approach for modeling hierarchical XML data using object role modeling (ORM) as a flat conceptual model. First a non-hierarchical conceptual schema of the problem domain is built using ORM and then different hierarchical views of the conceptual schema or parts of it are specified by the designer using transformation rules. A hierarchical modeling notation called H-ORM is proposed to show these hierarchical views and model more complex semi-structured data constructs and constraints. We also propose an algorithm to map hierarchical H-ORM views to XML schema language.

Performance of the High Sensitivity Open Source Multi-GNSS Assisted GNSS Reference Server.

AbstractThe Open Source GNSS Reference Server (OSGRS) exploits the GNSS Reference Interface Protocol (GRIP) to provide assistance data to GPS receivers. Assistance can be in terms of signal acquisition and in the processing of the measurement data. The data transfer protocol is based on Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) schema. The first version of the OSGRS required a direct hardware connection to a GPS device to acquire the data necessary to generate the appropriate assistance. Scenarios of interest for the OSGRS users are weak signal strength indoors, obstructed outdoors or heavy multipath environments.This paper describes an improved version of OSGRS that provides alternative assistance support from a number of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The underlying protocol to transfer GNSS assistance data from global casters is the Networked Transport of RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) over Internet Protocol (NTRIP), and/or the RINEX (Receiver Independent Exchange) format. This expands the assistance and support model of the OSGRS to globally available GNSS data servers connected via internet casters. A variety of formats and versions of RINEX and RTCM streams become available, which strengthens the assistance provisioning capability of the OSGRS platform.The prime motivation for this work was to enhance the system architecture of the OSGRS to take advantage of globally available GNSS data sources. Open source software architectures and assistance models provide acquisition and data processing assistance for GNSS receivers operating in weak signal environments. This paper describes test scenarios to benchmark the OSGRSv2 performance against other Assisted-GNSS solutions. Benchmarking devices include the SPOT satellite messenger, MS-Based & MS-Assisted GNSS, HSGNSS (SiRFstar-III) and Wireless Sensor Networks Assisted-GNSS. Benchmarked parameters include the number of tracked satellites, the Time to Fix First (TTFF), navigation availability and accuracy.Three different configurations of Multi-GNSS assistance servers were used, namely Cloud-Client-Server, the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) Client-Server and PC-Client-Server; with respect to the connectivity location of client and server. The impact on the performance based on server and/or client initiation, hardware capability, network latency, processing delay and computation times with their storage, scalability, processing and load sharing capabilities, were analysed.The performance of the OSGRS is compared against commercial GNSS, Assisted-GNSS and WSN-enabled GNSS devices. The OSGRS system demonstrated lower TTFF and higher availability.